The tendency and affecting factors of nursing students' Xenophobia toward refugees from the perspective of ecological systems theory: A convergent parallel mixed method study.

AIM: This study aims to develop a comprehensive understanding of nursing students' xenophobic tendencies toward refugees and affecting factors from the perspective of Ecological Systems Theory. BACKGROUND: Nursing students' xenophobia toward refugees may negatively affect their care for patients. To effectively prevent xenophobia, it is essential to identify its underlying factors. DESIGN: A convergent parallel mixed method. METHODS: This study was conducted with third and fourth-grade nursing students at a university in Turkey. In the quantitative phase, online surveys were used, employing convenience sampling, with 227 participants. In the qualitative phase, purposive sampling was used and data were collected through in-depth interviews with 17 participants on the Zoom platform. Data were obtained using the Participant Information Form, Xenophobia Scale and Semi-Structured Interview Form. RESULTS: Nursing students who are male, in their third year, have low economic status, lack immigrant friends, lack immigrants in the family members, receive information about immigrants from social media and live in regions with a high concentration of immigrants have higher levels of xenophobia (p<0.05). In the qualitative phase, our study results showed that negative experiences with refugees, economic and social worries, perception of security threats, cultural conflicts and negative media messages toward refugees can lead to xenophobia. In addition, students stated that lessons about immigrants and caring for them in clinics can improve their ability to empathize with immigrants. CONCLUSION: Nursing curriculums should cover immigrant care and interaction to combat xenophobia, which can improve empathy skills and raise awareness.

Do Unheimlich ao semelhante: como o encontro com o outro pode nos ensinar sobre nossa condição estrangeira / Del Unheimlich al semejante: como el encuentro con el otropuede enseñarnos sobre nuestra condición extranjera / From Unheimlich to peership: how the encounter with the other can teach us about our foreign condition / De l´Unheimlich au semblable: comment la rencontre avec l´autre peut nous enseigner sur notre condition étrangère

Este artigo aborda questões de imigrações forçadas e como se dá o encontro entre nativos e migrantes. Para isso, busca-se, a partir do conceito de Freud (1919) de Unheimlich, discorrer como todos são constituídos psiquicamente por uma estranheza familiar e como tal encontro coloca isso em evidência. Se, por um lado, o nativo de um país se vê incomodado diante do estrangeiro e isso lhe evoca sua própria infamiliaridade, é preciso realçar que, para o estrangeiro, tudo no novo país lhe é estranho. Por isso, ele vive uma dupla estranheza, de si mesmo e do novo lugar que habita. Discute-se ademais a questão da inclusão de migrantes na escola e aponta-se para a possibilidade de deslizamento do migrante como Unheimlich para a condição de semelhante

Este artículo aborda temas de inmigraciones forzadas y cómo ocurre el encuentro entre nativos y migrantes. Para eso, buscamos, a partir del concepto de Unheimlich de Freud (1919), discutir cómo todos están constituidos psíquicamente por una extrañeza familiar y cómo tal encuentro pone eso en evidencia. Si, por un lado, el nativo de un país se siente incómodo frente al extranjero y eso le evoca su propio desconocimiento, hay que subrayar que para el extranjero todo en el nuevo país le es ajeno. Por lo tanto, él experimenta una doble extrañeza, de sí mismo y del nuevo lugar que habita. Además, se discute la cuestión de la inclusión de migrantes en la escuela y se señala la posibilidad de desplazamiento del migrante de Unheimlich a la condición de semejante

This article addresses issues of forced immigration and how the encounter between natives and migrants occurs. To do this, we seek, from Freud's (1919) concept of Unheimlich, to discuss how everyone is psychically constituted by a familiar strangeness and how this encounter puts it in evidence. If, on the one hand, the native of a country finds himself uncomfortable in front of the foreigner and this evokes his own unfamiliarity, on the other hand, it must be emphasized that for the foreigner everything in the new country is outlandish. Therefore, the foreign experiences a double strangeness, of himself and of the new place he inhabits. Furthermore, this work discusses the inclusion of migrants in school and points out the possibility of the migrant slipping from Unheimlich into the condition of peership

Cet article traite des questions d'immigration forcée et de la façon dont se déroule la rencontre entre les natifs et les migrants. Pour ce faire, nous nous sommes penchés sur le concept de Freud (1919) de Unheimlich, expliquer comment tous sont constitués psychologiquement par une étrangeté familiale et comment cette rencontre le met en évidence. Si, d'une part, le natif d'un pays se trouve gêné devant l'étranger et que cela lui évoque sa propre "non famille", il faut souligner que, pour l'étranger, tout dans le nouveau pays lui est étranger. C'est pourquoi il vit une double étrangeté, de lui-même et du nouvel endroit qu'il habite. On discute en outre de la question de l'inclusion des migrants à l'école et on souligne la possibilité de glissement du migrant comme Unheimlichà l'état de semblable

Does COVID-19 threat increase xenophobia? The roles of protection efficacy and support seeking.

BACKGROUND: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, people in many countries have shown xenophobia toward China, where the pandemic began. Within China, xenophobia has also been observed toward the people of Wuhan, the city where the first cases were identified. The relationship between disease threat and xenophobia is well established, but the reasons for this relationship are unclear. This study investigated the mediation role of perceived protection efficacy and moderation role of support seeking in the relationship between perceived COVID-19 risk and xenophobia within China. METHODS: An online survey was administered to a nationally representative sample (N = 1103; 51.7% women; ages 18 to 88) of Chinese adults during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants completed questionnaires about their perceived COVID-19 risk, perceived protection efficacy in reducing risk, support seeking, and xenophobic attitudes toward people of the Wuhan area. RESULTS: Regression based analyses showed that the perceived COVID-19 risk positively predicted xenophobia. Low perceived protection efficacy partly mediated the relationship between perceived COVID-19 risk and xenophobic attitudes, and this indirect effect was moderated by support seeking. Specifically, the indirect effect was weaker among individuals who sought more social support. CONCLUSIONS: Under disease threat, xenophobia can appear within a country that otherwise seems culturally homogeneous. This study extends the extant research by identifying a possible psychological mechanism by which individuals' perception of disease threat elicits xenophobia, and by addressing the question of why this response is stronger among some people than others. Increasing the public's perceived efficacy in protecting themselves from infection, and encouraging support seeking, could reduce xenophobic attitudes.

Psychology and the Threat of Contagion: Feeling Vulnerable to a Disease Moderates the Link Between Xenophobic Thoughts and Support for Ingroup-Protective Actions.

The widespread threat of contagious disease disrupts not only everyday life but also psychological experience. Building on findings regarding xenophobic responses to contagious diseases, this research investigates how perceived vulnerability to a disease moderates the psychological link between people's xenophobic thoughts and support for ingroup-protective actions. Three datasets collected during the time of Ebola (N = 867) and COVID-19 (Ns = 992 and 926) measured perceived disease risk, group-serving biases (i.e., xenophobic thoughts), and support for restrictive travel policies (i.e., ingroup-protective actions). Using correlational and quasi-experimental analyses, results indicated that for people who perceive greater disease risk, the association between group-serving bias and restrictive policy support is weakened. This weakened association occurred because people who felt more vulnerable to these diseases increased support for ingroup-protective actions more strongly than xenophobic thoughts. This research underscores the importance of understanding the impact of threats on psychological processes beyond the impact on psychological outcomes.

Discrimination experienced by Asian Canadian and Asian American health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Asian Canadians and Asian Americans face COVID-19-related discrimination. The objective of this qualitative study was to explore the experiences of Asian health care workers dealing with discrimination, with a focus on racial micro-agressions, in Canada and the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: We adopted a qualitative descriptive approach. We used convenience and snowball sampling strategies to recruit participants. We conducted individual, in-depth semistructured interviews with Asian health care workers in Canada and the US via videoconferencing between May and September 2020. Eligible participants had to self-identify as Asian and be currently employed as a health care worker with at least 1 year of full-time employment. We used an inductive thematic approach to analyze the data. RESULTS: Thirty participants were recruited. Fifteen (50%) were Canadians and 15 (50%) were Americans; there were 18 women (60%), 11 men (37%) and 1 nonbinary person. Most of the participants were aged 25-29 years (n = 16, 53%). More than half were nurses (n = 16, 53%); the other participants were attending physicians (n = 5), physiotherapists (n = 3), resident physicians (n = 2), a midwife, a paramedic, a pharmacist and a physician assistant. Two themes emerged from the data: a surge of racial microaggressions related to COVID-19 and a lack of institutional and public acknowledgement. Participants noted that they have experienced an increase in racial microaggressions during the COVID-19 pandemic. They have also experienced threats of violence and actual violence. The largely silent organizational response to the challenges being faced by people of Asian descent and the use of disparaging terms such as "China virus" in the early stages of the pandemic were a substantial source of frustration. INTERPRETATION: Asian health care workers have experienced challenges in dealing with racial microaggressions related to COVID-19 in the US and Canada. More research should be done on the experiences of Asian Americans and Asian Canadians, both during and after the pandemic, and supportive measures should be put in place to protect Asian health care workers.

Openness and COVID-19 induced xenophobia: The roles of trade and migration in sustainable development.

Along with the plight of the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 come the xenophobic behaviors and hate crimes against people with Asian descent around the globe. The threat of a public health emergency catalyzed underlying xenophobic sentiments, manifesting them into racial discrimination of various degrees. With most discriminatory acts reported in liberal societies, this article investigates whether an economy more open to trade and migration can be more susceptible to xenophobia. Using our first-hand survey data of 1767 Chinese respondents residing overseas from 65 different countries during February of 2020, we adopt an instrumental variable strategy to identify the causal effect of openness to trade and migration of their residence country on the likelihood of them receiving discriminatory behaviors during the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak. Our results show that greater openness to trade increases the likelihood of reported xenophobic behaviors, while openness to migration decreases it. On the other hand, stronger trade or immigration relationships with China are associated with less reported discrimination. And these effects primarily influence discriminatory behavior in interpersonal spaces, rather than through media outlets. Our findings highlight nuances of the effect of trade relations on the culture of a society.

An outbreak of xenophobia: Perceived discrimination and anxiety in Chinese American college students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, reports of xenophobic and racist incidents directed at Chinese Americans have escalated. The present study adds further understanding to potential psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic by comparing self-reported questionnaire data from two groups of Chinese students attending a public university in western United States: the group who participated in the study before the outbreak of COVID-19 (Pre-COVID, N = 134), and the group who participated at the beginning (during-COVID, N = 64). The aim of the study was to: (a) compare mean differences in perceived discrimination and anxiety between the two groups, (b) test whether COVID-19 moderated the link between perceived discrimination and anxiety, and (c) examine whether media exposure portraying Chinese individuals negatively mediated relations between COVID-19 and discrimination. Results showed that the During-COVID group reported higher perceived discrimination and anxiety than the Pre-COVID group. The link between perceived discrimination and anxiety was stronger for the During-COVID group. Mediation analyses suggested that negative Chinese media exposure partly accounted for the group difference in perceived discrimination. Results suggest that future studies on the psychosocial implications of the COVID-19 pandemic should consider the role of discrimination in understanding the mental health of Chinese American college students.

Standing and Responding in Solidarity with Disenfranchised Immigrant Families in the United States: An Ongoing Call for Action.

The status of immigrant families resettled to the United States in the past decade has been fraught with upsurges of governmental policies that have systematically increasing the levels of oppression, violence, and abuses of human rights. The socio-political-economic toll of xenophobic practices on specifically targeted immigrant populations is magnified by the psychological and relational impact they have on individuals, families, and communities. This manuscript is conceptualized as an ongoing call for social action and specific mobilization by mental health professionals in response to the increasing threats to civility and dignity faced by various immigrant communities. The paper is organized in three sections: (a) an overview of the effects of immigration policy on immigrant family experiences; (b) the impact of mental and relational health on immigrant populations; and (c) elaborations of three exemplar community projects designed to support immigrant families. The manuscript concludes with a discussion exploring avenues for promoting a stronger base for solidarity and social action.

COVID-19 Racism and Mental Health in Chinese American Families.

OBJECTIVES: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has fueled xenophobia against Chinese Americans. We examined the rates of 6 types of COVID-19 racism and racial discrimination experienced by Chinese American parents and youth and the associations with their mental health. METHODS: We recruited a population-based sample of Chinese American families to participate in this self-reported survey study conducted from March 14, 2020, to May 31, 2020. Eligible parent participants identified as ethnically/racially Chinese, lived in the United States, and had a 4- to 18-year-old child; their eligible children were 10 to 18 years old. RESULTS: The sample included 543 Chinese American parents (mean [SD] age, 43.44 [6.47] years; 425 mothers [78.3%]), and their children (N = 230; mean [SD] age, 13.83 [2.53] years; 111 girls [48.3%]). Nearly half of parents and youth reported being directly targeted by COVID-19 racial discrimination online (parents: 172 [31.7%]; youth: 105 [45.7%]) and/or in person (parents: 276 [50.9%]; youth: 115 [50.2%]). A total of 417 (76.8%) parents and 176 (76.5%) youth reported at least 1 incident of COVID-19 vicarious racial discrimination online and/or in person (parents: 481 [88.5%]; youth: 211 [91.9%]). A total of 267 (49.1%) parents and 164 (71.1%) youth perceived health-related Sinophobia in America, and 274 (50.4%) parents and 129 (56.0%) youth perceived media-perpetuated Sinophobia. Higher levels of parent- and youth-perceived racism and racial discrimination were associated with their poorer mental health. CONCLUSIONS: Health care professionals must attend to the racism-related experiences and mental health needs of Chinese Americans parents and their children throughout the COVID-19 pandemic via education and making appropriate mental health referrals.

Emerging infectious disease and the challenges of social distancing in human and non-human animals.

The 'social distancing' that occurred in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in humans provides a powerful illustration of the intimate relationship between infectious disease and social behaviour in animals. Indeed, directly transmitted pathogens have long been considered a major cost of group living in humans and other social animals, as well as a driver of the evolution of group size and social behaviour. As the risk and frequency of emerging infectious diseases rise, the ability of social taxa to respond appropriately to changing infectious disease pressures could mean the difference between persistence and extinction. Here, we examine changes in the social behaviour of humans and wildlife in response to infectious diseases and compare these responses to theoretical expectations. We consider constraints on altering social behaviour in the face of emerging diseases, including the lack of behavioural plasticity, environmental limitations and conflicting pressures from the many benefits of group living. We also explore the ways that social animals can minimize the costs of disease-induced changes to sociality and the unique advantages that humans may have in maintaining the benefits of sociality despite social distancing.

Need for a population health approach to understand and address psychosocial consequences of COVID-19.

This commentary article provides observations on the psychosocial consequences of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among people in China and articulates a population health perspective to understand and address identified issues. We highlight key psychosocial effects of COVID-19, such as anxiety, insomnia, and trauma response, in the context of salient factors that shape Chinese people's psychological experiences, including the availability of Internet and technology, large-scale quarantine, economic impact, and the rise of xenophobia globally. Further, from a population health perspective, we make recommendations in COVID-19-related research and interventions that aim to promote the psychosocial health of Chinese people. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

COVID-19-related prejudice toward Asian medical students: A consequence of SARS-CoV-2 fears in Poland.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2 has triggered global panic. We have conducted an anonymous online survey of Asian medical students in Poland to assess whether they experience any form of prejudice related to the ongoing pandemic. As demonstrated, the COVID-19 outbreak had triggered xenophobic reactions toward students of Asian-origin (n=85) before the first SARS-CoV-2 case was confirmed in Poland. Facing prejudice, including discrimination related to COVID-19, may add to feelings of isolation of students of Asian origin who study abroad, and affect career development, especially for students. We recommend that universities should proactively develop policies that support students, faculty, and staff affected by discriminatory behavior both during the current outbreak and in the future. However, preventing such behaviors should also be enforced by national authorities.

Local economic benefits increase positivity toward foreigners.

Can exposure to discernible economic benefits associated with the presence of a high-socioeconomic status immigrant group reduce xenophobic and antiforeigner attitudes? We explore this question using the case of Chinese internationals in the United States and an exogenous influx of foreign capital associated with their presence. Using a difference-in-differences design with panel data, along with analyses of pooled cross-sectional data, we find that immigration attitudes, as well as views towards China, became more positive over time among Americans residing in locales whose economies were stimulated by Chinese foreign investments. Our findings have implications for research on public attitudes towards immigration in an era of growing flows of high-socioeconomic status immigrants to the United States and other immigrant-receiving nations.

Gender-Bashing in Adolescents: Structural Relations with Heterosexual Matrix, Racism/Xenophobia and Attitudes Toward Bullying.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the combined influence of gender variables (specifically gender stereotypes, sexism, and genderism/transphobia) as well as racism/xenophobia and attitudes toward bullying roles on gender-bashing. METHODS: A trans-cultural sample of 2410 Spanish and Portuguese students participated in the study (mean age = 15.13). Structural equation modeling and multiple group analyses were used to examine the relationships among variables. RESULTS: The model revealed a good fit with the data for the whole sample. Results showed that instrumentality, hostile sexism, genderism/transphobia, racism/xenophobia, and positive attitudes toward the bully were positively correlated with gender-bashing. An inverse pattern was also observed: expressiveness, benevolent sexism, and positive attitudes toward the defender were negatively correlated with gender-bashing. Overall, the eight variables explained 48% of the variance of gender-bashing. Structural relationships among the assessed constructs were equivalent for girls and boys, and for Spain and Portugal. CONCLUSIONS: These results reveal the need to implement inclusive educational policies to improve school health, which promote expressiveness, egalitarian attitudes, and sexual and cultural diversity.

Mapeamento de políticas públicas para os refugiados no Brasil / Mapping public policies for refugees in Brazil / Mapeo de políticas públicas para los refugiados en Brasil

Frente à chegada de imigrantes refugiados ao Brasil, surge a preocupação acerca do alcance das políticas públicas estabelecidas para o acolhimento dessas pessoas no país. Para tanto, realizou-se a revisão documental e de literatura buscando mapear as legislações e documentos de órgãos oficiais sobre os refugiados, bem como a produção acadêmica sobre os eixos temáticos políticas públicas, saúde e xenofobia, no período entre 2007 a 2017. Não foram encontrados artigos brasileiros sobre refugiados e xenofobia. A falta de políticas públicas ampla foi um aspecto diagnosticado pelas produções relacionadas aos eixos saúde e políticas públicas. O problema das migrações forçadas tende a atingir cada vez mais o Brasil, de forma que este estudo pode contribuir para a sofisticação das estruturas legislativas e sociais para lidar com o acolhimento de refugiados no Brasil.(AU)

Faced with the arrival of refugee immigrants to Brazil, there is concern about the scope of the public policies established for the reception of these people in the country. A documentary and literature reviews were carried out to map the legislation and documents of institutional bodies on refugees and the academic production on the thematic axes public policies, health and xenophobia in the period between 2007 and 2017. No results were found for Brazilian articles on refugees and xenophobia, the lack of broad public policies was an aspect diagnosed by the productions related to health and public policies. The problem of forced migration tends to reach Brazil more and more, this study can contribute to the sophistication of the legislative and social structures to deal with the proper reception of refugees in Brazil.(AU)

Frente a la llegada de inmigrantes refugiados a Brasil, surge la preocupación sobre el alcance de las políticas públicas establecidas para la acogida de esas personas en el país. Para ello, se realizó una revisión documental y de literatura buscando mapear las legislaciones y documentos de órganos oficiales sobre los refugiados y la producción académica basada en los ejes temáticos políticas públicas, salud y xenofobia en el período entre 2007 a 2017. No se encontraron artículos brasileños relacionando refugiados y xenofobia, la falta de políticas públicas amplias fue un aspecto diagnosticado por las producciones relacionadas a los ejes salud y políticas públicas. El problema de las migraciones forzadas tiende a atingir cada vez más a Brasil, de forma que este estudio puede contribuir a la sofisticación de las estructuras legislativas y sociales para tratar con la acogida de refugiados en Brasil.(AU)

The Impact of Perceived Teacher Support on Anti-Immigrant Attitudes from Early to Late Adolescence.

Although research has shown that school context has consequences for intergroup attitudes, few studies have examined the role of teacher qualities, such as teacher support. In addition, previous research has paid limited attention to the mechanisms that could help to explain teacher effects. This 5-wave study (2010-2015) examined the effects of perceived teacher support on the anti-immigrant attitudes of Swedish majority youth (N = 671, Mage = 13.41, 50.2% girls, 34 classrooms). It also tested whether social trust would mediate these effects. The results of multilevel analyses showed that perceived teacher support was associated with less prejudice at all levels of analysis. At the within-person level, fluctuations in teacher support were related to fluctuations in youth prejudice: in years when, on average, adolescents perceived their teachers as more supportive, they reported lower prejudice. At the between-person level, adolescents who perceived their teachers as more supportive compared to their peers reported lower prejudice. Similarly, classrooms where students shared an experience of teacher support were lower in prejudice than classrooms with weaker teacher support. The results also showed that social trust explained teacher effects: adolescents who experienced their teachers as more supportive displayed higher levels of trust and, in turn, lower levels of prejudice than youth with less supportive teachers. These findings suggest that teachers can counteract the development of prejudice and facilitate social trust in adolescents by being supportive of them.

Medical mistrust in the context of Ebola: Implications for intended care-seeking and quarantine policy support in the United States.

This investigation explores Ebola conspiracy beliefs, a form of medical mistrust, and their potential impact on health behavior. Results of an online survey in the United States in December 2014 demonstrated that 16 percent of 202 participants held conspiracy beliefs. Participants who were less knowledgeable about Ebola, more mistrustful of medical organizations, and more xenophobic more strongly endorsed conspiracy beliefs. Participants who more strongly endorsed conspiracy beliefs reported that they would be less likely to seek care for Ebola and were less supportive of quarantining people returning from West Africa. Results suggest that medical mistrust may influence health behaviors during infectious disease outbreaks.

Xenophobia as a determinant of health: an integrative review.

Though xenophobia has become increasingly relevant in today's political climate, little is known about the impact of xenophobia on health. While some studies have shown that xenophobia, in local contexts, may contribute to worse mental health outcomes, none have attempted to review the published literature to integrate these findings. This integrative scoping review examines the strength of these publications, then synthesizes their findings to provide a global perspective on xenophobia. The results show that it is not merely a political threat, but also has real, negative impact on the health of individuals and their communities. Given the multiple negative effects on individual and community health, xenophobia warrants more attention from both a public health and political perspective. Policies that promote cultural integration and understanding are essential to improving community health.