ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common hereditary kidney disease and extrarenal manifestations may be observed in many organ systems. Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis was not evaluated extensively in patients with ADPKD. We aimed to evaluate this axis in these patients. METHODS: Twenty two patients with ADPKD and 27 healthy subjects were enrolled. Basal dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) levels and cortisol and DHEA responses to low dose short adrenocorticotropin stimulation test were assessed. Correlation analyses of these parameters with glomerular filtration rates (GFR), renal volumes and pain characteristics in patients with ADPKD were performed. RESULTS: Patients with ADPKD had higher basal cortisol levels (12.1 ± 3.4 vs. 9.6 ± 4.3 µg/dL, p=0.033), and higher basal cortisol/DHEAS ratios (0.073 ± 0.05 vs. 0.045 ± 0.02, p=0.015) compared to controls. None of the subjects had inadequate response to adrenocorticotropin stimulation. Patients with ADPKD had lower delta cortisol (absolute increase between peak and basal) levels (10.3 ± 2.8 vs. 12.6 ± 4.2 µg/dL, p=0.026) compared to controls. Subgroup analysis showed that significant differences existed only between female patients and female controls. There was no significant correlation between cortisol levels and renal volumes or GFR. A significant correlation was found only between delta cortisol and pain frequency in female patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ADPKD had higher basal cortisol levels, higher basal cortisol/DHEAS ratios and lower delta cortisol levels compared to controls, indicating promptly stimulated zona fasciculata function. Further studies are needed to confirm these results and to investigate possible underlying mechanisms.
Subject(s)
Adrenal Glands/physiopathology , Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant/physiopathology , Adrenal Glands/pathology , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone , Adult , Algorithms , Dehydroepiandrosterone/blood , Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate/blood , Female , Flank Pain/etiology , Glomerular Filtration Rate , Humans , Hydrocortisone/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Organ Size , Pain Measurement , Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant/blood , Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant/pathology , Sex Characteristics , Zona Fasciculata/physiopathology , Zona Reticularis/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Adrenarche was evaluated in five patients, aged 17.4 +/- 3 years, with combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD), caused by a PROP-1 gene defect. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) were determined prior to and following the administration of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in four of the five patients, while only basal values of ACTH, cortisol and DHEAS were determined in the fifth. In the four patients in whom a CRH test was carried out, the mean basal values of cortisol, ACTH and DHEAS were 289 +/- 140 nmol/l, 4.5 +/- 1.7 pmol/l and 0.26 +/- 0.36 micromol/l, respectively. The corresponding post-CRH peak values were 584 +/- 204 nmol/l, 12.7 +/- 3.9 pmol/l and 0.43 +/- 0.41 micromol/l. In the fifth patient, basal ACTH, cortisol and DHEAS values were 4 pmol/l, 411 nmol/l, and 2.33 micromol/l, respectively. Thus the basal and post CRH values of DHEAS (a marker of adrenarche) were low for age, while basal and post-CRH cortisol and ACTH values were within normal limits. For the interpretation of these findings two hypotheses can be proposed: 1) The PROP-1 gene is only expressed in the pituitary, and the role of PROP-1 is related to the maturation of the cells which synthesize the presumed adrenal androgen stimulating hormone (AASH). 2) The PROP-1 gene is also expressed in the adrenal cortex and, when defective, the zona reticularis does not function appropriately. Regardless of the interpretation
Subject(s)
Homeodomain Proteins/genetics , Mutation , Pituitary Hormones/deficiency , Puberty , Zona Reticularis/physiopathology , Adolescent , Adrenal Cortex/metabolism , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood , Adult , Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone , Dehydroepiandrosterone/blood , Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate/blood , Female , Gene Expression , Homeodomain Proteins/physiology , Humans , Hydrocortisone/blood , Male , Pituitary Gland/metabolismABSTRACT
We describe polysomnographic studies of a 44 years-old man who showed a defect in the central nervous regulation of the sleep-waking cycle (SWC), hypoventilation and cardiovascular hyperactivity after a right-sided tegmental pontine hematoma. A significant increase in total sleep time mainly depending upon stage 1 + 2 was observed. Predominant unilateral damage to the medial and central region of the reticularis pontis oralis (Poo) nucleus, extending into the central part of the rostral reticularis pontis caudalis (Poc) nucleus, was presumably responsible for the hypersomnia in this patient.
Subject(s)
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence/etiology , Hematoma/complications , Hematoma/physiopathology , Pons/physiopathology , Tegmentum Mesencephali/physiopathology , Adult , Disorders of Excessive Somnolence/diagnosis , Electromyography , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Polysomnography , Sleep Stages , Sleep, REM , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Wakefulness , Zona Reticularis/physiopathologyABSTRACT
A single stress effect activated the fascicular zone whereas repeated stress effects activated both the fascicular and the reticular zones in male rats. Therefore, these zones seem to have different modes of regulation despite the fact that their common basic regulating agent is ACTH. A new scheme of regulation of the reticular zone in repeated stress effects, has been presented.
