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1.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 10133, 2024 05 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38698104

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the effect of the inclusion of extruded linseed and hazelnut skin on fatty acid (FA) metabolism in finishing lambs. Forty lambs were divided into 4 groups and fed for 60 d with: a conventional cereal-based diet, or the same diet with 8% of extruded linseed, or 15% of hazelnut skin, or 4% of linseed plus 7.5% of hazelnut skin as partial replacement of maize. Dietary treatments did not affect growth performances, carcass traits, and ruminal fermentation. The combined effect of linseed and hazelnut skin enriched the intramuscular fat with health promoting FA. Particularly, increases in α-linolenic acid (3.75-fold), and very long-chain n-3 poly-unsaturated FA (+ 40%) were attributed to the supplementation with linseed, rich in α-linolenic acid. In addition, increases in rumenic (+ 33%), and vaccenic (+ 59%) acids were attributed to hazelnut skin tannins modulating ruminal biohydrogenation and accumulating intermediate metabolites. The simultaneous inclusion of linseed and hazelnut skin can be a profitable strategy for enriching the intramuscular fat of lambs with health promoting FA, without adverse effects on ruminal fermentation and animal performance.


Subject(s)
Animal Feed , Corylus , Fatty Acids , Flax , Animals , Sheep , Animal Feed/analysis , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Diet/veterinary , alpha-Linolenic Acid/metabolism , alpha-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosage , Rumen/metabolism , Dietary Supplements , Fermentation
2.
Int J Mol Sci ; 25(9)2024 Apr 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38732139

ABSTRACT

The plant-derived α-linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential n-3 acid highly susceptible to oxidation, present in oils of flaxseeds, walnuts, canola, perilla, soy, and chia. After ingestion, it can be incorporated in to body lipid pools (particularly triglycerides and phospholipid membranes), and then endogenously metabolized through desaturation, elongation, and peroxisome oxidation to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), with a very limited efficiency (particularly for DHA), beta-oxidized as an energy source, or directly metabolized to C18-oxilipins. At this moment, data in the literature about the effects of ALA supplementation on metabolic syndrome (MetS) in humans are inconsistent, indicating no effects or some positive effects on all MetS components (abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired insulin sensitivity and glucoregulation, blood pressure, and liver steatosis). The major effects of ALA on MetS seem to be through its conversion to more potent EPA and DHA, the impact on the n-3/n-6 ratio, and the consecutive effects on the formation of oxylipins and endocannabinoids, inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion, as well as adipocyte and hepatocytes function. It is important to distinguish the direct effects of ALA from the effects of EPA and DHA metabolites. This review summarizes the most recent findings on this topic and discusses the possible mechanisms.


Subject(s)
Metabolic Syndrome , alpha-Linolenic Acid , Metabolic Syndrome/metabolism , Humans , alpha-Linolenic Acid/metabolism , alpha-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosage , Animals , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/metabolism , Dietary Supplements , Insulin Resistance
3.
Nutrients ; 16(10)2024 May 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38794645

ABSTRACT

To maintain a beneficial concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), the efficient conversion of its precursor, α-linolenic acid (α-LA), is important. Here, we studied the conversion of α-LA to EPA using ICR and C57BL/6 mice. A single dose of perilla oil rich-in α-LA or free α-LA had not been converted to EPA 18 h following administration. The α-LA was absorbed into the circulation, and its concentration peaked 6 h after administration, after which it rapidly decreased. In contrast, EPA administration was followed by an increase in circulating EPA concentration, but this did not decrease between 6 and 18 h, indicating that the clearance of EPA is slower than that of α-LA. After ≥1 week perilla oil intake, the circulating EPA concentration was >20 times higher than that of the control group which consumed olive oil, indicating that daily consumption, but not a single dose, of α-LA-rich oil might help preserve the physiologic EPA concentration. The consumption of high concentrations of perilla oil for 4 weeks also increased the hepatic expression of Elovl5, which is involved in fatty acid elongation; however, further studies are needed to characterize the relationship between the expression of this gene and the conversion of α-LA to EPA.


Subject(s)
Eicosapentaenoic Acid , Liver , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Inbred ICR , Plant Oils , alpha-Linolenic Acid , Animals , alpha-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosage , Eicosapentaenoic Acid/blood , Eicosapentaenoic Acid/administration & dosage , Male , Plant Oils/administration & dosage , Mice , Liver/metabolism , Fatty Acid Elongases/metabolism , Olive Oil/administration & dosage , Acetyltransferases/metabolism , Acetyltransferases/genetics
4.
Food Funct ; 13(5): 2768-2781, 2022 Mar 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35171190

ABSTRACT

Perilla (Perilla frutescens) seed oil (PO), rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA), can improve cognitive function in healthy elderly Japanese people. Here, supplements containing either PO alone or PO with nobiletin-rich air-dried immature ponkan powder were examined for their effects on cognitive function in 49 healthy elderly Japanese individuals. Patients were enrolled in a 12-month randomized, double-blind, parallel-armed study. Randomized participants in the PO group received soft gelatin capsules containing 1.47 mL (0.88 g of ALA) of PO daily, and those in the PO + ponkan powder (POPP) group received soft gelatin capsules containing both 1.47 mL of PO and 1.12 g ponkan powder (2.91 mg of nobiletin) daily. At the end of intervention, the POPP group showed significantly higher cognitive index scores than the PO group. The pro-cognitive effects of POPP treatment were accompanied by increases in ALA and docosahexaenoic acid levels in red blood cell plasma membranes, serum brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) levels, and biological antioxidant potential. We demonstrate that 12-month intervention with POPP enhances serum BDNF and antioxidant potential, and may improve age-related cognitive impairment in healthy elderly people by increasing red blood cell ω-3 fatty acid levels. Clinical Trial Registry, UMIN000040863.


Subject(s)
Antioxidants/pharmacology , Cognition/drug effects , Cognitive Dysfunction/prevention & control , Dietary Supplements , Flavones/pharmacology , Perilla frutescens , alpha-Linolenic Acid/pharmacology , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Antioxidants/administration & dosage , Antioxidants/chemistry , Double-Blind Method , Fatty Acids, Omega-3/metabolism , Female , Flavones/administration & dosage , Flavones/chemistry , Humans , Male , Plant Oils/administration & dosage , Plant Oils/chemistry , Plant Oils/pharmacology , Treatment Outcome , alpha-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosage , alpha-Linolenic Acid/chemistry
5.
Nutrients ; 14(2)2022 Jan 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35057481

ABSTRACT

The retina requires docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for optimal function. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and DHA are dietary sources of retinal DHA. This research investigated optimizing retinal DHA using dietary ALA. Previous research identified 19% DHA in retinal phospholipids was associated with optimal retinal function in guinea pigs. Pregnant guinea pigs were fed dietary ALA from 2.8% to 17.3% of diet fatty acids, at a constant level of linoleic acid (LA) of 18% for the last one third of gestation and retinal DHA levels were assessed in 3-week-old offspring maintained on the same diets as their mothers. Retinal DHA increased in a linear fashion with the maximum on the diet with LA:ALA of 1:1. Feeding diets with LA:ALA of 1:1 during pregnancy and assessing retinal DHA in 3-week-old offspring was associated with optimized retinal DHA levels. We speculate that the current intakes of ALA in human diets, especially in relation to LA intakes, are inadequate to support high DHA levels in the retina.


Subject(s)
Diet/methods , Dietary Fats/administration & dosage , Docosahexaenoic Acids/metabolism , Retina/metabolism , alpha-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosage , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Female , Guinea Pigs , Linoleic Acid/administration & dosage , Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Phospholipids/metabolism , Pregnancy
6.
J Clin Lipidol ; 15(5): 743-751, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34548243

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: There is little knowledge on the effects of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) on the LDL lipidome and aggregation of LDL particles. OBJECTIVE: We examined if consumption of Camelina sativa oil (CSO) as a source of ALA, fatty fish (FF) as a source of n-3 LCPUFA and lean fish (LF) as a source of fish protein affect the lipidome of LDL as compared to a control diet. METHODS: Participants with impaired glucose tolerance (39 women and 40 men) were randomized to 4 study groups (CSO providing 10 g/d ALA, FF and LF [both 4 fish meals/wk] and control limiting their fish and ALA intake) in a 12-week, parallel trial. Diets were instructed and dietary fats were provided to the participants. The lipidome of LDL particles isolated from samples collected at baseline and after intervention was analyzed with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: In the CSO group, the relative concentrations of saturated and monounsaturated cholesteryl ester species in LDL decreased and the species with ALA increased. In the FF group, LDL phosphatidylcholine (PC) species containing n-3 LCPUFA increased. There was a significant positive correlation between the change in total sphingomyelin and change in LDL aggregation, while total PC and triunsaturated PC species were inversely associated with LDL aggregation when all the study participants were included in the analysis. CONCLUSION: Dietary intake of CSO and FF modifies the LDL lipidome to contain more polyunsaturated and less saturated lipid species. The LDL surface lipids are associated with LDL aggregation.


Subject(s)
Camellia/chemistry , Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/administration & dosage , Eating/physiology , Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage , Fish Oils/administration & dosage , Fishes , Glucose Intolerance/metabolism , Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism , Plant Oils/administration & dosage , alpha-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosage , Aged , Animals , Female , Glucose Intolerance/blood , Humans , Lipoproteins, LDL/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Protein Aggregates , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
7.
J Invest Dermatol ; 141(10): 2391-2401.e13, 2021 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33857488

ABSTRACT

Clinical studies have shown that diets enriched with omega-3 (also know as n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids could relieve the symptoms of patients with psoriasis. However, the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of α-linolenic acid (ALA) on the proliferation and differentiation of psoriatic keratinocytes in a three-dimensional skin model. Skin models featuring healthy (healthy substitute) or psoriatic (psoriatic substitute) cells were engineered by the self-assembly method of tissue engineering using a culture medium supplemented with 10 µM ALA in comparison with the regular unsupplemented medium. ALA decreased keratinocyte proliferation and improved psoriatic substitute epidermal differentiation, as measured by decreased Ki67 staining and increased protein expression of FLG and loricrin. The added ALA was notably incorporated into the epidermal phospholipids and metabolized into long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly eicosapentaenoic acid and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid. ALA supplementation led to increased levels of eicosapentaenoic acid derivatives (15-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid and 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid) as well as a decrease in levels of omega-6 (also know as n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acid lipid mediators (9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and leukotriene B4). Furthermore, the signal transduction mediators extracellular signal‒regulated kinases 1 and 2 were the kinases most activated after ALA supplementation. Taken together, these results show that ALA decreases the pathologic phenotype of psoriatic substitutes by normalizing keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation in vitro.


Subject(s)
Keratinocytes/drug effects , Psoriasis/drug therapy , Tissue Engineering , alpha-Linolenic Acid/pharmacology , 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid/analysis , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Dietary Supplements , Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/physiology , Humans , Keratinocytes/pathology , Leukotriene B4/analysis , Psoriasis/metabolism , Psoriasis/pathology , alpha-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosage
8.
Nutrients ; 13(3)2021 Feb 27.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33673609

ABSTRACT

Obesity, a major public health problem, is the consequence of an excess of body fat and biological alterations in the adipose tissue. Our aim was to determine whether high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and/or α-linolenic acid supplementation (to equilibrate the n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratio) might prevent obesity disorders, particularly by modulating the mucosa-associated microbiota. Wistar rats received a low fat diet (LFD; control) or high fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks to induce obesity. Then, animals in the HFD group were divided in four groups: HFD (control), HFD + linseed oil (LO), HFD + HIIT, HFD + HIIT + LO. In the HIIT groups, rats ran on a treadmill, 4 days.week-1. Erythrocyte n-3 PUFA content, body composition, inflammation, and intestinal mucosa-associated microbiota composition were assessed after 12 weeks. LO supplementation enhanced α-linolenic acid (ALA) to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) conversion in erythrocytes, and HIIT potentiated this conversion. Compared with HFD, HIIT limited weight gain, fat mass accumulation, and adipocyte size, whereas LO reduced systemic inflammation. HIIT had the main effect on gut microbiota ß-diversity, but the HIIT + LO association significantly increased Oscillospira relative abundance. In our conditions, HIIT had a major effect on body fat mass, whereas HIIT + LO improved ALA conversion to DHA and increased the abundance of Oscillospira bacteria in the microbiota.


Subject(s)
Clostridiales/drug effects , Docosahexaenoic Acids/metabolism , Physical Conditioning, Animal , alpha-Linolenic Acid/pharmacology , Adipocytes , Animals , Blood Glucose , Body Composition , Erythrocytes , Fatty Acids , Fatty Acids, Volatile/chemistry , Feces/chemistry , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Glucose Tolerance Test , High-Intensity Interval Training , Intestinal Mucosa , Random Allocation , Rats , Rats, Wistar , alpha-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosage
9.
Nutrients ; 13(2)2021 Feb 18.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33670720

ABSTRACT

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), rumenic acid (RmA), and punicic acid (PunA) are claimed to influence several physiological functions including insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism and inflammatory processes. In this double-blind randomized controlled trial, we investigated the combined effect of ALA, DHA, RmA and PunA on subjects at risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Twenty-four women and men were randomly assigned to two groups. Each day, they consumed two eggs enriched with oleic acid (control group) or enriched with ALA, DHA, RmA, and PunA (test group) for 3 months. The waist circumference decreased significantly (-3.17 cm; p < 0.001) in the test group. There were no major changes in plasma insulin and blood glucose in the two groups. The dietary treatments had no significant effect on endothelial function as measured by peripheral arterial tonometry, although erythrocyte nitrosylated hemoglobin concentrations tended to decrease. The high consumption of eggs induced significant elevations in plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL)- and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (p < 0.001), which did not result in any change in the LDL/HDL ratio in both groups. These results indicate that consumption of eggs enriched with ALA, DHA, RmA and PunA resulted in favorable changes in abdominal obesity without affecting other factors of the metabolic syndrome.


Subject(s)
Diet/methods , Eggs , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/administration & dosage , Food, Fortified , Metabolic Syndrome/prevention & control , Obesity, Abdominal/diet therapy , Adult , Aged , Cardiometabolic Risk Factors , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Docosahexaenoic Acids/administration & dosage , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Linoleic Acids, Conjugated/administration & dosage , Linolenic Acids/administration & dosage , Lipoproteins, LDL/blood , Male , Metabolic Syndrome/etiology , Middle Aged , Obesity, Abdominal/blood , Obesity, Abdominal/complications , Waist Circumference , alpha-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosage
10.
Mol Nutr Food Res ; 65(9): e2001068, 2021 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33742729

ABSTRACT

SCOPE: Synthetic emulsifiers have recently been shown to promote metabolic syndrome and considerably alter gut microbiota. Yet, data are lacking regarding the effects of natural emulsifiers, such as plant lecithins rich in essential α-linolenic acid (ALA), on gut and metabolic health. METHODS AND RESULTS: For 5 days, male Swiss mice are fed diets containing similar amounts of ALA and 0, 1, 3, or 10% rapeseed lecithin (RL) or 10% soy lecithin (SL). Following an overnight fast, they are force-fed the same oil mixture and euthanized after 90 minutes. The consumption of lecithin significantly increased fecal levels of the Clostridium leptum group (p = 0.0004), regardless of origin or dose, without altering hepatic or intestinal expression of genes of lipid metabolism. 10%-RL increased ALA abundance in plasma triacylglycerols at 90 minutes, reduced cecal bile acid hydrophobicity, and increased their sulfatation, as demonstrated by the increased hepatic RNA expression of Sult2a1 (p = 0.037) and cecal cholic acid-7 sulfate (CA-7S) concentration (p = 0.05) versus 0%-lecithin. CONCLUSION: After only 5 days, nutritional doses of RL and SL modified gut bacteria in mice, by specifically increasing C. leptum group. RL also increased postprandial ALA abundance and induced beneficial modifications of the bile acid profile. ALA-rich lecithins, especially RL, may then appear as promising natural emulsifiers.


Subject(s)
Bile Acids and Salts/analysis , Brassica napus , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects , Glycine max , Lecithins/administration & dosage , Lipid Metabolism/drug effects , Animals , Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism , Lipids/blood , Male , Mice , Postprandial Period/physiology , alpha-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosage
11.
J Sci Food Agric ; 101(4): 1419-1427, 2021 Mar 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32833246

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Perilla seed oil (PSO) is the main constituent of perilla seeds currently being used in the food industry, however it also has great clinical potential in the regulation of lung function as a nutrition supplement because of the high content of α-linolenic acid (ALA). In this study, the pharmacological activities including anti-tussive, expectorant and anti-inflammatory effect of PSO were performed. Furthermore, the 90-day sub-chronic oral toxicity with a 30 day recovery period was evaluated in Wistar rats. RESULTS: The pharmacological studies demonstrated that PSO inhibited cough frequency induced by capsaicine in mice. PSO also inhibited the leukotriene B4 (LTB4) release from the calcium ionophore A23187-induced polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) to some extent. In this sub-chronic toxicity study, mortality, clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, hematology, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, organ weight, necropsy, and histopathology were used to evaluate the toxicity of PSO. Lower body weight and various negative impacts on liver related parameters without histopathological lesion were observed in the 16 g kg-1 groups. No clinically significant changes were discovered in the 4 g kg-1 group during the test period. CONCLUSION: In summary, PSO exhibited anti-tussive and anti-inflammatory activities in vivo and in vitro. These sub-chronic toxicity studies inferred that the 'no-observed adverse effect level' (NOAEL) of PSO in Wistar rats was determined to be 4 g kg-1 . These results may provide a safety profile and a valuable reference for the use of PSO. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.


Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage , Cough/drug therapy , alpha-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosage , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/adverse effects , Cough/immunology , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Female , Humans , Liver/drug effects , Male , Neutrophils/drug effects , Neutrophils/immunology , Plant Oils/administration & dosage , Plant Oils/adverse effects , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Toxicology , alpha-Linolenic Acid/adverse effects
12.
J Nutr ; 151(3): 513-522, 2021 03 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33097936

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Differences in health effects of dietary α-linolenic acid (ALA) and DHA are mediated at least in part by differences in their effects on oxylipins. OBJECTIVES: Time course and sex differences of plasma oxylipins in response to ALA- compared with DHA-rich supplements were examined. METHODS: Healthy men and women, aged 19-34 y and BMI 18-28 kg/m2, were provided with capsules containing ∼4 g/d of ALA or DHA in a randomized double-blind crossover study with >6-wk wash-in and wash-out phases. Plasma PUFA and oxylipin (primary outcome) concentrations at days 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 of supplementation were analyzed by GC and HPLC-MS/MS, respectively. Sex differences, supplementation and time effects, and days to plateau were analyzed. RESULTS: ALA supplementation doubled ALA concentrations, but had no effects on ALA oxylipins after 28 d, whereas DHA supplementation tripled both DHA and its oxylipins. Increases in DHA oxylipins were detected as early as day 1, and a plateau was reached by days 5-7 for 11 of 12 individual DHA oxylipins and for total DHA oxylipins. Nine individual DHA oxylipins reached a plateau in females with DHA supplementation, compared with only 4 in males. A similar time course and sex difference pattern occurred with EPA and its oxylipins with DHA supplementation. DHA compared with ALA supplementation also resulted in higher concentrations of 4 individual arachidonic acids, 1 linoleic acid, and 1 dihomo-γ-linolenic acid oxylipin, despite not increasing the concentrations of these fatty acids, further demonstrating that oxylipins do not always reflect their precursor PUFA. CONCLUSIONS: DHA compared with a similar dose of ALA has greater effects on both n-3 and n-6 oxylipins in young, healthy adults, with differences in response to DHA supplementation occurring earlier and being greater in females. These findings can help explain differences in dietary effects of ALA and DHA.This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02317588.


Subject(s)
Dietary Supplements , Docosahexaenoic Acids/administration & dosage , Eicosapentaenoic Acid/administration & dosage , Oxylipins/blood , alpha-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosage , Adult , Cross-Over Studies , Docosahexaenoic Acids/blood , Double-Blind Method , Eicosapentaenoic Acid/blood , Female , Humans , Male , Sex Factors , Time Factors , Young Adult , alpha-Linolenic Acid/blood
13.
Int J Food Sci Nutr ; 72(3): 386-390, 2021 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32746658

ABSTRACT

Consumption of omega-3 fatty acids, including the precursor α-linolenic acid (ALA) is often sub-optimal and not in line with international guidelines. Supplementation is debatable, but some individuals, e.g., pre-diabetic, low-grade inflammation, cardiometabolic yet otherwise healthy subjects, might benefit from supra-physiological omega-3 intake, particularly to lessen inflammation. We explored the feasibility of a large clinical trial by performing a pilot study to evaluate adherence, palatability, and self-reported side effects of ALA administration in a group of volunteers. We enrolled 12 individuals with borderline dyslipidemia or overweight, treated with dietary advice according to international guidelines and who had insufficient intakes of essential fatty acids. Subjects were followed for nutritional counselling and were matched with appropriate controls. Patients were administered 6 g/day of ALA, for two months. We report the absence of side effects. such as fishy aftertaste and gastrointestinal distress, in addition to a slight decrease of C-reactive protein concentrations (Identifier: ISRCTN13118704).


Subject(s)
Dietary Supplements , Inflammation/drug therapy , alpha-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosage , alpha-Linolenic Acid/therapeutic use , Adult , Aged , Blood Pressure , C-Reactive Protein , Diet , Fatty Acids, Essential/metabolism , Feasibility Studies , Female , Heart , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Overweight/drug therapy , Patient Compliance , Pilot Projects
14.
J Int Soc Sports Nutr ; 17(1): 57, 2020 Nov 16.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33198755

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Among n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), the most important is α-linolenic acid (ALA). The biological activity of ALA is not equivalent to that of the long-chain n-3 PUFAs, and it has pleiotropic effects, such as functioning as an energy substrate during long-term training when carbohydrate reserves are depleted. The purpose of this investigation was to study the link between the essential dietary and plasma ALA and aerobic performance, which is estimated via maximal fat oxidation (MFO), among skiers. METHODS: Twenty-four highly trained male athletes from the Russian cross-country skiing team participated in the study. ALA intake was determined by an original program used to assess the actual amount and frequency of fat consumption. The plasma level of ALA was determined using gas-liquid chromatography. The skiers' aerobic performance was estimated via MFO and determined by indirect calorimetry using the system "Oxycon Pro". RESULTS: The consumption of ALA in the diet in half of the skiers was below the recommended level at 0.5 ± 0.2 g/day. The deficiency of plasma ALA levels was on average 0.2 ± 0.1 Mol% for almost all participants. The consumption of ALA in the diet and its level in plasma were associated with MFO (rs = 0.507, p = 0.011; rs = 0.460, p = 0.023). Levels of ALA in plasma (p = 0.0523) and the consumption of ALA in the diet (p = 0.0039) were associated with high aerobic performance. CONCLUSIONS: ALA in the diet of the athletes may be used as nutritional support to increase MFO and aerobic performance.


Subject(s)
Dietary Fats/metabolism , Exercise/physiology , Skiing/physiology , alpha-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosage , alpha-Linolenic Acid/blood , Adult , Athletic Performance/physiology , Calorimetry, Indirect , Exercise Test , Heart Rate , Humans , Lipids/deficiency , Male , Oxidation-Reduction , Recommended Dietary Allowances , Russia , Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Young Adult
15.
Nutrients ; 12(10)2020 Oct 16.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33081119

ABSTRACT

Cardiovascular diseases remain a global challenge, and lipid-associated biomarkers can predict cardiovascular events. Extensive research on cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFAs) is geared towards fish oil supplementation and fish-rich diets. Nevertheless, vegetarianism and veganism are becoming more popular across all segments of society, due to reasons as varied as personal, ethical and religious values, individual preferences and environment-related principles, amongst others. Due to the essentiality of PUFAs, plant sources of n3-PUFAs warrant further consideration. In this review, we have critically appraised the efficacy of plant-derived n3-PUFAs from foodstuffs and supplements upon lipid profile and selected cardiometabolic markers. Walnuts and flaxseed are the most common plant sources of n3-PUFAs, mainly alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and feature the strongest scientific rationale for applicability into clinical practice. Furthermore, walnuts and flaxseed are sources of fibre, potassium, magnesium, and non-essential substances, including polyphenols and sterols, which in conjunction are known to ameliorate cardiovascular metabolism. ALA levels in rapeseed and soybean oils are only slight when compared to flaxseed oil. Spirulina and Chlorella, biomasses of cyanobacteria and green algae, are important sources of n3-PUFAs; however, their benefits upon cardiometabolic markers are plausibly driven by their antioxidant potential combined with their n3-PUFA content. In humans, ALA is not sufficiently bioconverted into eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. However, evidence suggests that plant sources of ALA are associated with favourable cardiometabolic status. ALA supplementation, or increased consumption of ALA-rich foodstuffs, combined with reduced omega-6 (n6) PUFAs intake, could improve the n3/n6 ratio and improve cardiometabolic and lipid profile.


Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Dietary Supplements , Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage , Lipid Metabolism , Phytotherapy , Antioxidants , Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism , Chlorella/chemistry , Fatty Acids, Omega-3/isolation & purification , Fatty Acids, Omega-3/pharmacology , Flax/chemistry , Food Analysis , Humans , Juglans/chemistry , Spirulina/chemistry , alpha-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosage
16.
J Agric Food Chem ; 68(33): 8996-9003, 2020 Aug 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32806119

ABSTRACT

In this work, a microemulsion emitting fluorescence was fabricated as a potential oral delivery system for bioactive compounds. In simulated oral administration, the microemulsion was characterized for its microstructure by 1hydrogen-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). Results showed that microemulsions not only have good resistance to oral and gastric phases, but also lay a solid foundation for the release of bioactive compounds in the intestine. Fluorescence stability tests showed that microemulsions exhibit a remarkable fluorescence intensity in the digestive environment, indicating feasibility as a label-free delivery carrier. Moreover, in vitro release tests of bioactive compounds confirmed that an α-linolenic acid (ALA)-loaded microemulsion mainly released in the intestine, thereby achieving the aim of controlling the release of bioactive compounds. These results suggest that the synthesized fluorescent microemulsion, combining the favorable features of nontoxicity, antidigestive stability, remarkable fluorescence intensity, and controllable release, can be regarded as a promising label-free delivery carrier for oral administration.


Subject(s)
Drug Delivery Systems/instrumentation , Emulsions/chemistry , alpha-Linolenic Acid/chemistry , Administration, Oral , Emulsions/administration & dosage , Fluorescence , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Particle Size , alpha-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosage
17.
Food Funct ; 11(8): 7164-7174, 2020 Aug 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32756661

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Plant oil for cooking typically provides 40% to 50% of dietary fat, 65% of linoleic acid, 44% of α-linolenic acid and 41% of oleic acid in the Chinese diet. However, the comparative effects of fatty acids derived from plant oil on cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese are still inconclusive. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate whether cardiovascular risk factors are altered depending on various types of plant oils such as peanut oil rich in oleic acid, corn oil rich in linoleic acid, and blend oil fortified by α-linolenic acid. DESIGN: A randomized, double-blinded, parallel-designed trial. SETTING: The First and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 251 volunteers with fasting blood total cholesterol between 5.13 and 8.00 mmol L-1 were enrolled. INTERVENTION: Volunteers received peanut oil, corn oil or blend oil to use for cooking for one year. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition, fasting plasma lipids, glucose and insulin concentrations and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels were measured before, during and after the intervention. The level of α-linolenic acid in erythrocyte membranes was significantly increased in the blend oil group after the intervention (P < 0.001). The level of other fatty acids did not show any statistically significant differences between the three groups. No significant differences were observed in the concentrations of fasting plasma lipids, hsCRP, glucose, and insulin among the three groups using different types of plant oils. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that although ingesting cooking oil with different fatty acid composition for one year could change erythrocyte membrane fatty acid compositions, it did not significantly modify cardiovascular risk factors in moderately hypercholesteremic people.


Subject(s)
Diet, Fat-Restricted/methods , Dietary Fats/administration & dosage , Fatty Acids/administration & dosage , Hypercholesterolemia/diet therapy , Plant Oils/administration & dosage , Adult , Aged , Asian People , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , China , Cholesterol/blood , Corn Oil/administration & dosage , Corn Oil/chemistry , Double-Blind Method , Fasting/blood , Fatty Acids/chemistry , Female , Heart Disease Risk Factors , Humans , Hypercholesterolemia/blood , Hypercholesterolemia/complications , Linoleic Acid/administration & dosage , Male , Middle Aged , Oleic Acid/administration & dosage , Peanut Oil/administration & dosage , Peanut Oil/chemistry , Plant Oils/chemistry , alpha-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosage
18.
Molecules ; 25(9)2020 Apr 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32365849

ABSTRACT

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) is known to be highly atherogenic. Thus, decreasing the blood levels of Ox-LDL through dietary means is an important approach to reduce cardiovascular events in high-risk individuals. In this randomized placebo-controlled human interventional trial, we aimed to evaluate whether Perilla frutescens leaf powder (PLP) ameliorates Ox-LDL and home blood pressure, along with its biological antioxidant potential. Healthy Japanese volunteers aged 30-60 years (n = 60) were randomized to PLP and placebo groups. The PLP group consumed PLP dried using a microwave under reduced pressure, and the placebo group consumed pectin fiber daily for 6 months. Home blood pressure, serum biochemical parameters, and fatty acid profiles of erythrocyte plasma membranes were analyzed. Plasma Ox-LDL levels significantly decreased in the PLP group but not in the placebo group. Mean changes in the biological antioxidant potential and alpha-linolenic acid levels in the erythrocyte plasma membrane were significantly increased in the PLP group than in the placebo group. In subjects with prehypertension (systolic blood pressure [SBP] ³ 120 mmHg), the mean reduction in morning or nocturnal SBP was significantly greater in the PLP group than in the placebo group. Thus, PLP intake may be an effective intervention to prevent cardiovascular diseases.


Subject(s)
Blood Pressure/drug effects , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology , Lipoproteins, LDL/blood , Perilla frutescens/chemistry , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Powders , alpha-Linolenic Acid/pharmacology , Adult , Biomarkers , Body Composition , Dietary Supplements , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry , Erythrocyte Membrane/drug effects , Erythrocyte Membrane/metabolism , Fatty Acids/blood , Female , Humans , Japan , Lipid Metabolism/drug effects , Male , Middle Aged , Powders/administration & dosage , alpha-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosage , alpha-Linolenic Acid/chemistry
19.
J Nutr ; 150(6): 1631-1643, 2020 06 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32243527

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The cognitive impairments that characterize Down syndrome (DS) have been attributed to brain hypocellularity due to neurogenesis impairment during fetal stages. Thus, enhancing prenatal neurogenesis in DS could prevent or reduce some of the neuromorphological and cognitive defects found in postnatal stages. OBJECTIVES: As fatty acids play a fundamental role in morphogenesis and brain development during fetal stages, in this study, we aimed to enhance neurogenesis and the cognitive abilities of the Ts65Dn (TS) mouse model of DS by administering oleic or linolenic acid. METHODS: In total, 85 pregnant TS females were subcutaneously treated from Embryonic Day (ED) 10 until Postnatal Day (PD) 2 with oleic acid (400 mg/kg), linolenic acid (500 mg/kg), or vehicle. All analyses were performed on their TS and Control (CO) male and female progeny. At PD2, we evaluated the short-term effects of the treatments on neurogenesis, cellularity, and brain weight, in 40 TS and CO pups. A total of 69 TS and CO mice were used to test the long-term effects of the prenatal treatments on cognition from PD30 to PD45, and on neurogenesis, cellularity, and synaptic markers, at PD45. Data were compared by ANOVAs. RESULTS: Prenatal administration of oleic or linolenic acid increased the brain weight (+36.7% and +45%, P < 0.01), the density of BrdU (bromodeoxyuridine)- (+80% and +115%; P < 0.01), and DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole)-positive cells (+64% and +22%, P < 0.05) of PD2 TS mice with respect to the vehicle-treated TS mice. Between PD30 and PD45, TS mice prenatally treated with oleic or linolenic acid showed better cognitive abilities (+28% and +25%, P < 0.01) and a higher density of the postsynaptic marker PSD95 (postsynaptic density protein 95) (+65% and +44%, P < 0.05) than the vehicle-treated TS animals. CONCLUSION: The beneficial cognitive and neuromorphological effects induced by oleic or linolenic acid in TS mice suggest that they could be promising pharmacotherapies for DS-associated cognitive deficits.


Subject(s)
Down Syndrome/physiopathology , Maternal Exposure , Oleic Acid/administration & dosage , alpha-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosage , Animals , Body Weight/drug effects , Brain/drug effects , Cognition/drug effects , Disease Models, Animal , Down Syndrome/pathology , Female , Mice , Mice, Inbred C3H , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Transgenic , Neurogenesis/drug effects , Oleic Acid/pharmacology , Organ Size/drug effects , Pregnancy , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , alpha-Linolenic Acid/pharmacology
20.
J Nutr ; 150(6): 1370-1378, 2020 06 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32135009

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6) has been considered to promote low-grade chronic inflammation and adiposity. Studies show adiposity and inflammation are inversely associated with bone mass. OBJECTIVES: This study tested the hypothesis that decreasing the dietary ratio of LA to α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), while keeping ALA constant, mitigates high-fat diet (HF)-induced adiposity and bone loss. METHODS: Male C57BL/6 mice at 6 wk old were assigned to 4 treatment groups and fed 1 of the following diets ad libitum for 6 mo: a normal-fat diet (NF; 3.85 kcal/g and 10% energy as fat) with the ratio of the PUFAs LA to ALA at 6; or HFs (4.73 kcal/g and 45% energy as fat) with the ratio of LA to ALA at 10:1, 7:1, or 4:1, respectively. ALA content in the diets was kept the same for all groups at 1% energy. Bone structure, body composition, bone-related cytokines in serum, and gene expression in bone were measured. Data were analyzed using 1-factor ANOVA. RESULTS: Compared with those fed the NF, mice fed the HFs had 19.6% higher fat mass (P < 0.01) and 13.5% higher concentration of serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) (P < 0.05), a bone resorption cytokine. Mice fed the HFs had 19.5% and 12.2% lower tibial and second lumbar vertebral bone mass, respectively (P < 0.01). Decreasing the dietary ratio of LA to ALA from 10 to 4 did not affect body mass, fat mass, serum TRAP and TNF-α, or any bone structural parameters. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that decreasing the dietary ratio of LA to ALA from 10 to 4 by simply reducing LA intake does not prevent adiposity or improve bone structure in obese mice.


Subject(s)
Adiposity , Dietary Fats/administration & dosage , Linoleic Acid/administration & dosage , Obesity/pathology , Osteoporosis/pathology , alpha-Linolenic Acid/administration & dosage , Animals , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL
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