Development of hybrid polyvinylpyrrolidone/carboxymethyl cellulose/collagen incorporated oregano scaffolds via direct ink write printing for potential wound healing applications.

Additive manufacturing can develop regenerative scaffolds for wound healing. 3D printing offers meticulous porosity, mechanical integrity, cell adhesion and cost-effectiveness. Herein, we prepared ink composed of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), collagen, and oregano extract for the fabrication of tissue constructs. The blend was optimized to form a homogeneous ink and rheological characterization demonstrated shear thinning behavior. The scaffolds were printed using Direct Ink Write (DIW) at a flow speed of 4 mm3/s and a layer height of 0.18 mm. The fabricated scaffolds demonstrated an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and toughness of 730 KPa and 2.72 MJ/m3, respectively. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed an average pore size of 300 ± 30 µm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed that all materials were present. The contact angle of the composite scaffold was 68° ± 1°. Moreover, the scaffolds presented 82 % mass loss (degradation) in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) over 14 days. The composite scaffold exhibited inhibition zones of 9 mm and 12 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. The PVP/CMC/collagen/oregano 3D printed scaffolds exhibited excellent biocompatibility with the mesenchymal stem cells and humman dermal fibroblast cells, confirmed by water-soluble tetrazolium - 8 (WST-8) assay (test conducted for 7 days). The enhanced angiogenic potential of said scaffold was assesed by release of vascular endothelial growth factor followed by further validation through in-vivo CAM assay. Thus, confirming suitability for the potential wound healing application.

Radiative flow of cross ternary hybrid nanofluid (MoS 2, TiO 2 , Ag/CMC-water) in a Darcy Forchheimer porous medium over a stretching cylinder with entropy minimization.

Stretching cylinders play a crucial role in the plastic and metal extrusion processes. This current investigation is to examine the Darcy Forchheimer flow of Carboxymethyl cellulose ( C M C ) /water-based tri-hybrid nanofluid through a stretching cylinder. A composite of ternary hybrid nanofluid containing M o S 2 , T i O 2 and A g with CMC-water-based fluid has been added to the Crossflow model. The equations regulating motion and the equation for entropy generation are both formulated using cylindrical coordinates. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) equations have been transformed into an ordinary differential equations (ODEs) system using a similar scaling operation. Afterward, the B V P 4 c function employs the finite difference method and then implements the Lobatto IIIa formula. To fully understand how the flow behaves close to the cylinder's surface, the effects of these various factors on the number of entropy generation, Bejan number, the speed of the flow, the temperature and concentration distributions have been carefully studied. The result reveals that enhancing the values of Weissenberg number W e and the porosity parameter declines the velocity profile. An increment in the curvature parameter ß declines the velocity gradient and temperature distribution. In addition, enhancement in the radiation parameter escalates the entropy minimization and Bejan number. Furthermore, the impact of drag friction, heat, and mass are displayed in tabular form and elaborated suitably. The outcomes are authenticated with previously published literature for accuracy and authenticity.

Assessment of the unwanted tooth movement associated with an extended maxillary fixed retainer (3D analysis).

BACKGROUND: Posttreatment changes after orthodontic treatment are challenging. One of the main reasons for such a phenomenon is the lack of patient compliance with removable retainers especially in the maxillary arch, due to palatal coverage, deterioration of speech, decreased masticatory efficiency, and loss of retainers. Fixed retainers have been introduced to overcome patient compliance and provide longer stable results. However, teeth still show movements when a six-unit fixed retainer is in place. Thus, in this study, an eight-unit fixed retainer was evaluated in an attempt to eliminate unwanted movements. THE AIM OF THIS RESEARCH: was to assess short-term positional changes associated with an eight-unit extended maxillary fixed retainer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-arm clinical trial was conducted to address the aim of the study. This research was approved by the institutional review board of the Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University (IORG:0008839, No-0479-8/2022). The registration date of this study was 5/06/2023. Twenty-eight patients (19.8 ± 4.5 years) who had finished the active orthodontic phase and started retention had an eight-unit extended maxillary fixed retainer that was bonded to the palatal surface of the maxillary incisors, canines, and the first premolars or the second premolars. Pre-retention and one-year post-retention intra-oral scans were made to produce STL files that were superimposed to determine the amount of tooth change. Additionally, analysis of digital casts and lateral cephalometric radiographs was performed. RESULTS: Statistically significant changes in all planes and the rotation of teeth after one year of retention were found. The upper right lateral incisor exhibited the most evident change in the vertical plane, while the upper right central incisor exhibited the greatest change overall. Minimal changes in the cast measurements were observed. Lateral cephalometric measurements showed minimal changes after one year of retention, and these changes were not statistically significant except in the interincisal angle and the angle between the upper incisor and the line connecting the A-point to the pogonion. CONCLUSION: Increasing the extension of maxillary fixed retainers did not eliminate unwanted tooth movement in the first year of retention.

Innovative optimization for enhancing Pb2+ biosorption from aqueous solutions using Bacillus subtilis.

Introduction: Toxic heavy metal pollution has been considered a major ecosystem pollution source. Unceasing or rare performance of Pb2+ to the surrounding environment causes damage to the kidney, nervous, and liver systems. Microbial remediation has acquired prominence in recent decades due to its high efficiency, environment-friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. Methods: The lead biosorption by Bacillus subtilis was optimized by two successive paradigms, namely, a definitive screening design (DSD) and an artificial neural network (ANN), to maximize the sorption process. Results: Five physicochemical variables showed a significant influence (p < 0.05) on the Pb2+ biosorption with optimal levels of pH 6.1, temperature 30°C, glucose 1.5%, yeast extract 1.7%, and MgSO4.7H2O 0.2, resulting in a 96.12% removal rate. The Pb2+ biosorption mechanism using B. subtilis biomass was investigated by performing several analyses before and after Pb2+ biosorption. The maximum Pb2+ biosorption capacity of B. subtilis was 61.8 mg/g at a 0.3 g biosorbent dose, pH 6.0, temperature 30°C, and contact time 60 min. Langmuir's isotherm and pseudo-second-order model with R2 of 0.991 and 0.999 were suitable for the biosorption data, predicting a monolayer adsorption and chemisorption mechanism, respectively. Discussion: The outcome of the present research seems to be a first attempt to apply intelligence paradigms in the optimization of low-cost Pb2+ biosorption using B. subtilis biomass, justifying their promising application for enhancing the removal efficiency of heavy metal ions using biosorbents from contaminated aqueous systems.

Impact of non-covalent interactions on the solvation of ovalbumin in an aqueous environment of different pHs: Thermodynamic and diffusion studies.

The solvation behavior of protein is an important factor in protein-based food products. In the present study, the xylitol (XY) - ovalbumin (OVN) interaction in an aqueous solution of different pH conditions is analyzed in two methods. In one method, the thermodynamic parameters Gibbs free energy, free volume, and internal pressure are calculated by using ultrasonic velocity, density, and viscosity in addition the refractive index is also measured. The second method is a theoretical method in which using the Laplace transform technique the diffused amount of protein have been calculated for OVN with and without XY in different pH environment. The addition of XY with OVN makes the system with more free energy and free volume as the internal pressure decreases. This trend shows that preferential interaction occurs between solvent-solute molecules. The diffusivity of OVN is reduced after the addition of XY representing the strength of protein-protein interaction. The effect of pH changes is well reflected in both experimental and theoretical results. The results confirm that acidic pH extremity offers more solvation of OVN compared to alkaline pH extremity.

Enhancing enzymatic catalysis efficiency: Immobilizing laccase on HHSS for synergistic bisphenol A adsorption and biodegradation through optimized external surface utilization.

Laccase, a prominent enzyme biomacromolecule, exhibits promising catalytic efficiency in degrading phenolic compounds like bisphenol A (BPA). The laccase immobilized on conventional materials frequently demonstrates restricted loading and suboptimal catalytic performance. Hence, there is a pressing need to optimized external surface utilization to enhance catalytic performance. Herein, we synthesized amino-functionalized modified silica particles with a hierarchical hollow silica spherical (HHSS) structure for laccase immobilization via crosslinking, resulting in HHSS-LE biocatalysts. Through Box-Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM), we achieved a remarkably high enzyme loading of up to 213.102 mg/g. The synergistic effect of adsorption by HHSS and degradation by laccase facilitated efficient removal of BPA. The HHSS-LE demonstrated superior BPA removal capabilities, with efficiencies exceeding 100 % in the 50-200 mg/L BPA concentration range. Compared to MCM-41 and solid silica spheres (SSS), HHSS showed the highest enzyme loading capacity and catalytic activity, underscoring its superior external surface utilization rate per unit mass. Remarkably, the HHSS-LE biocatalyst exhibited remarkable recyclability even after 11 successive cycles of reuse. By preparing high immobilization rate with efficient external surface utilization, this study lays the foundation for the design of universally applicable and efficient enzyme immobilization catalysts.

Synergistic enhancement: Exploring the potential of piperine in cancer therapeutics through chemosensitization and combination therapies.

Despite significant advancements in chemotherapy, effective treatments for advanced cancer stages remain largely elusive due to chemoresistance. Resistance to anticancer agents in cancer cells can arise through various mechanisms, including multi-drug resistance, inhibition of apoptosis, modification of drug targets, and enhancement of DNA repair capabilities. Consequently, there is a critical need for agents that can suppress the molecular signatures responsible for drug resistance. Piperine, an active alkaloid extracted from Piper nigrum L. (black pepper), is one such agent that has been extensively studied for its potential in addressing chronic diseases, including cancer. Piperine's antineoplastic properties are mediated through the regulation of numerous key cellular signaling pathways and the modulation of various biological processes. Its capability to enhance drug bioavailability and counteract mechanisms of drug resistance, such as the inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP-1), emphasizes its potential as an adjunct in cancer therapy. Research across various cancer types has demonstrated piperine's role in chemosensitization by targeting P-gp and MRP-1 and altering drug-metabolizing enzymes. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of piperine's pharmacological characteristics and its capacity to modulate several cellular signaling pathways involved in drug resistance. Furthermore, the review emphasizes how piperine, when used in conjunction with other chemotherapeutic agents or natural compounds, can enhance therapeutic effects, leading to improved outcomes in cancer treatment.

The interaction mechanisms of algal organic matter (AOM) and various types and aging degrees of microplastics.

Algal blooms can produce substantial amounts of algal organic matter (AOM). Microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments inevitably interact with AOM. Meanwhile, the aging and type of MPs may increase the uncertainty surrounding interaction. This study focused on polyethylene (PE) and polylactic acid (PLA) to investigate their interaction with AOM before and after aging. The results shw that PLA has a stronger adsorption capacity for AOM than PE. Meanwhile, aging enhanced and weakened the adsorption of PE and PLA for AOM. Compared to unaged PE (UPE) and aged PLA (APLA), aged PE (APE) and unaged PLA (UPLA) more significantly promote the humification of AOM and alter its functional groups. 2D-IR-COS analysis reveals that the sequence of functional group changes in AOM interacting with MPs is influenced by the type and aging of MPs. After interacting with AOM, surface roughness increased for all MPs. FTIR and XPS analyses show that the addition of AOM accelerated the oxidation of MPs surfaces, especially for UPE and APLA, with oxygen content increasing by 9.32 % and 1 %. Aging enhances the interaction between PE and AOM, while weakening the interaction between PLA and AOM. These findings provide new insights into understanding the interplay between AOM and MPs.

Nuclear receptors in ovarian cancer: changing paradigms in cancer therapeutics.

Ovarian cancer (OVC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. Despite advancements in detection and therapy, the prognosis of OVC remains poor due to late diagnosis and the lack of effective therapeutic options at advanced stages. Therefore, a better understanding of the biology underlying OVC is essential for the development of effective strategies for early detection and targeted therapies. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a superfamily of 48 transcription factors that, upon binding to their specific ligand, play a vital role in regulating various cellular processes such as growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis. Accumulating evidence from several studies has shown that their aberrant expression is associated with multiple human diseases. Numerous NRs have shown significant effects in the development of various cancers, including OVC. This review summarizes the recent findings on the role of NRs in OVC, as well as their potential as prognostic and therapeutic markers. Further, the basic structure and signaling mechanism of NRs have also been discussed briefly. Moreover, this review highlights their cellular and molecular mechanisms in chemoresistance and chemosensitization. Further, the clinical trials targeting NRs for the treatment of OVC have also been discussed.

Sex differences in long-term outcomes following transvenous lead extraction.

INTRODUCTION: Transvenous lead extraction (TLE) is generally considered a safe procedure, albeit not without risks. While gender-based disparities have been noted in short-term outcomes following TLE, a notable gap exists in understanding the long-term consequences of this procedure. The objective of this analysis was to investigate sex differences in both acute and long-term outcomes among patients who underwent TLE at a tertiary referral center. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, consecutive patients who underwent TLE between January 2014 and January 2016 were enrolled. The primary outcome comprised a composite of all-cause mortality and need for repeated TLE procedures. Secondary outcomes included fluoroscopy time, lead extraction techniques, success rates, and major and minor complications. Results were compared between female and male cohorts. RESULTS: The study population comprised 191 patients (median age, 70 years), 29 (15.2%) being women and 162 men (84.8%). Study groups had similar baseline characteristics. Complete procedural success was achieved in 189 out of 191 patients (99.0%), with no significant difference observed between the two groups (p = .17). No major complications were reported in the total cohort. However, there was a significantly higher incidence of minor complications in women compared to men (17.2% vs. 2.5%, p < .01). Following a median follow-up of 6.5 years, the incidence of the primary composite outcome occurred similarly between the study groups (log-rank p = .68). CONCLUSION: Women who underwent TLE exhibited a significantly higher incidence of minor acute intra- and peri-procedural complications than men. However, no differences in long-term outcomes between genders were observed.

Potential magnetic drug targeting with magnetite nanoparticles in cancer treatment by enhancer-modifier natural herb and loaded drug.

In the present study, we prepared magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) loaded with natural Moringa oleifera (M. olf) herb and Epilim (Ep) drug to evaluate the anti-cancerous activity against brain cancer cells. All the samples were prepared via co-precipitation approach modified with different concentrations of M. olf and Ep drug at room temperature. The MNPs loaded with drug and natural herb were studied in terms of crystal structure, morphology, colloidal stability, size distribution, and magnetic properties. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images exhibited the morphologies of samples with spherical shape as well as the particles size of 9 nm for MNPs and up to 23 nm for its composites. The results of vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) indicated the magnetization saturation (Ms) of 42.510 emu/g for MNPs. This value reduced to 16-35 emu/g upon loading MNPs with different concentrations of M. olf and Ep. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated the chemical interaction between the Ep, M.olf and MNPs. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis confirmed the largest surface area for MNPs (422.61 m2/g) which gradually reduced on addition of M. olf and Ep indicating the successful loading. The zeta potential measurements indicated that the MNPs and MNPs loaded with M. olf and Ep are negatively charged and can be dispersed in the suspension. Furthermore, U87 human glioblastoma cell line was used for the in vitro cellular studies to determine the efficacy of synthesized MNPs against cancer cells. The results confirmed the anti-proliferative activity of the MNPs loaded with M. olf and Ep.

Psychosocial outcomes following emergency laparotomy (POLO) study: a study protocol for a multicentre mixed-methods prospective cohort study assessing the psycho-social outcomes following emergency laparotomy in adults.

INTRODUCTION: Morbidity from an emergency laparotomy (EmLap) is difficult to define and poorly understood. Morbidity is a holistic concept, reliant upon an interplay of bio-psychosocial outcomes that evolve long after discharge. To date, no previous study has explored the psychosocial outcomes following EmLap as a collective, nor their change over time. This study aims to describe the holistic morbidity following EmLap within the first year following surgery. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is a multicentre, mixed-methods prospective 12-month cohort study with two participant populations: patient participants and family caregivers (FCGs). A target of 160 adult patients who undergo EmLap and can give informed consent will be included in the patient participant group. Patient participants will be asked to complete three patient surveys, incorporating validated patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) to assess bio-psychosocial outcomes (EuroQol five-dimension five-level (EQ5D-5L), Gastrointestinal Quality Life Index-36, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7, International Trauma Questionnaire, Caregiver Interaction Scale and Fatigue Severity Scale) in the 12 months following surgery. A subgroup of 15 patient participants will be asked to take part in two semistructured interviews at 6 and 12 months. A target of 15 associated family caregivers will be included in the FCG group. FCGs will be asked to take part in a semi-structured interview at 6 months to assess the EmLap impact on the wider support network. The primary outcome will be a change in quality of life (EQ5D-5L) at 12 months. Secondary outcomes will be changes in bio-psychosocial status at 3 and 12 months. Qualitative analysis will allow contextualisation of PROMS and further explore themes of EmLap morbidity. It is anticipated that the results of this study will help inform and develop standards of aftercare for future EmLap patients. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study has received ethical approval (Wales REC7;12/WA/0297) and will be undertaken in accordance with the principles of Good Clinical Practice. We intend to disseminate study results in peer-reviewed journals and medical conferences, as well as a lay report to study participants. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Clinical Trials.gov NCT05281627.

Critical Review on the Effect and Mechanism of Realgar Nanoparticles on Lymphoma: State of the Art on In-Vitro Biomedical Studies.

Lymphoma is a malignant tumor caused by abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes in the lymphatic system. Conventional treatments for lymphoma often have limitations, and new therapeutic strategies need to be explored. Realgar is an ancient Chinese medicine that has been used for centuries to treat a variety of ailments due to its therapeutic potential for various diseases, including cancer. However, it is a time-consuming waste and has a low absorption rate in the gastrointestinal tract, so it has the disadvantages of oral dose, potential toxicity, and low bioavailability. Recently, the development of nanotechnology has promoted the nanization of realgar particles, which have better physicochemical properties and higher bioavailability. The antitumor activity of Realgar nanoparticles against lymphoma has been demonstrated in preclinical studies. Realgar nanoparticles exhibit cytotoxic effects by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting the growth and proliferation of lymphoma cells. Moreover, these nanoparticles exert immunomodulatory effects by enhancing the activity of immune cells and promoting the cytotoxicity of T lymphocytes against lymphoma cells. Additionally, realgar nanoparticles have been shown to inhibit tumor angiogenesis, thereby restricting the blood supply and nutrient availability to lymphoma cells. Despite promising preclinical data, further research on the role and mechanism of realgar nanoparticles in the treatment of lymphoma remains to be studied. Moreover, the translation of these findings into clinical practice requires rigorous evaluation through well-designed clinical trials. Realgar nanoparticles hold great potential as a novel therapeutic approach for lymphoma, and their development may contribute to the advancement of precision medicine in the field of oncology.

Using PyCaret to model Chlorella vulgaris's growth response to salinity and oil contamination for crude oil bioremediation.

Crude oil spills significantly impact aquatic ecosystems, necessitating innovative remediation strategies. Microalgae-based bioremediation, particularly with Chlorella vulgaris, offers a promising solution. This study introduces a novel framework that evaluates the combined effects of selected environmental stressors on microalgal adaptability, advancing beyond traditional isolated factor analyses. By integrating a factorial experimental design with a machine learning approach using PyCaret AutoML and SHAP values, we provide a detailed examination of how crude oil concentration, salinity, and exposure duration affect C. vulgaris growth. The Extra Trees Regressor model emerged as highly accurate in predicting biomass concentration, a crucial adaptability indicator, achieving an MAE of 0.0202, RMSE of 0.029, and an R² of 0.8875. SHAP analysis highlighted salinity and crude oil as significant growth influencers, with exposure duration playing a minor role. Notably, C. vulgaris exhibited more sensitivity to salinity than to crude oil, indicating potential high-salinity challenges but also a strong tolerance to oil pollutants. These findings enhance our understanding of microalgal responses in polluted environments and suggest improved bioremediation approaches for saline waters affected by oil spills, leveraging the synergy of environmental factors and machine learning insights.

Feasibility of a new 'balanced binocular viewing' treatment for unilateral amblyopia in children aged 3-8 years (BALANCE): results of a phase 2a randomised controlled feasibility trial.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the safety of dichoptic balanced binocular viewing (BBV) for amblyopia in children, plus feasibility, adherence, acceptability, trial methodology and clinical measures of visual function. DESIGN: We carried out an observer-masked parallel-group phase 2a feasibility randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Two study sites, a secondary/tertiary and a community site. PARTICIPANTS: We enrolled 32 children aged 3-8 years with unilateral amblyopia who had completed optical adaptation where indicated. 20 children attended the 16-week exit visit (retention 63%). INTERVENTIONS: Children were randomised to BBV (movies customised to interocular acuity difference at baseline) for 1 hour a day (active intervention) or standard management as per parental choice (part-time occlusion or atropine blurring, control). All interventions were used at home, daily for 16 weeks. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE: 'VacMan suppression test' of interocular balance at 16 weeks from randomisation. SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: feasibility outcomes (recruitment and retention ratios, adherence with the allocated intervention); safety outcomes at other time points (changes in prevalence of diplopia, manifest strabismus, suppression/interocular balance on a range of tests); efficacy outcomes (clinical measures of visual function, such as best-corrected visual acuity, BCVA). Outcome measures were identical to those planned in the protocol. RESULTS: Primary outcome: At baseline, values for the interocular balance point were higher (indicating greater suppression of the amblyopic eye) in the occlusion group than in the BBV group. These values shifted downwards on average for the occlusion group, significantly decreasing from baseline to week 16 (t8=4.49, p=0.002). Balance values did not change between baseline and week 16 for the BBV group (t9=-0.82, p=0.435). At 16 weeks, there was no statistical difference in interocular balance/suppression change over time between the two arms. The difference at follow-up between the arms, adjusted for baseline, was -0.02 (95% CI -0.28 to 0.23, p=0.87). FEASIBILITY: We prescreened 144 records of potentially eligible children. Between 28 October 2019 and 31 July 2021, including an interruption due to the COVID-19 pandemic, 32 children were screened and randomised (recruitment rate 22%), 16 to BBV and 16 to standard treatment. 20 children attended the 16-week exit visit (retention 63%). Mean adherence with BBV as proportion of viewing time prescribed was 56.1% (SD36) at 8 and 57.9% (SD 30.2) at 16 weeks. Mean adherence with prescribed occlusion time was 90.1% (SD 19.7) at 8 and 59.2% (SD 24.8) at 16 weeks. SECONDARY SAFETY/EFFICACY OUTCOMES: One child in the BBV arm reported transient double vision, which resolved; two reported headaches, which led to withdrawal. BCVA improved from mean 0.47 (SD0.18) logMAR at randomisation to 0.26 (0.14) with standard treatment, and from 0.55 (0.28) to 0.32 (0.26) with BBV. Outcomes at 16 weeks did not differ between treatments. PARTICIPANT EXPERIENCE: Families were generally positive about BBV, but families found both patching and BBV difficult to integrate into family routines. CONCLUSIONS: Recruitment rates indicate that a future phase 3 trial will require multiple sites or a longer enrolment period. Retention and adherence rates were lower than anticipated, which will influence future study designs. Dichoptic treatment may be equal to occlusion treatment in safety and efficacy; headaches may lead to discontinuation. Integration into family routines may constitute a barrier to implementation. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03754153.

Optimization of two-wheeler Bike engine among three different designs using design of experiments.

This research presents the results of a fin heat transfer study of three different models of the motorcycle engine. The objective of this study is to minimize the external body temperature because the optimum design will be found when the heat transfer rate is maximized. The study obtains the procurement of a balance between the outer boundary temperature due to convective heat transfer and air-cooled fin design. Heat transfer coefficient varies according to wind velocity (Km/hr) and Nusselt Number. The analysis was performed on three different engine models, named A, B and C. The optimum design was design B through simulation which has lower temperature gain, lower deformation and lower normal stress. DOE (Design of Experiments) was performed on the optimum design of the engine among all with three parameters thickness of fin, size of fin, and shape of fin, and again analysis was performed according to DOE cases. The material used for manufacturing the models was aluminum alloy 6061 which has a thermal conductivity of 200 W/mK. The study was performed on the designed models by taking the outer boundary temperature of 750oC. The heat transfer coefficient was about 77.28 W/m2K at 40 Km/h velocity.

Nanoparticles in cancer theragnostic and drug delivery: A comprehensive review.

This comprehensive review provides an in-depth analysis of how nanotechnology has revolutionized cancer theragnostic, which combines diagnostic and therapeutic methods to customize cancer treatment. The study examines the unique attributes, uses, and difficulties linked to different types of nanoparticles, including gold, iron oxide, silica, Quantum dots, Carbon nanotubes, and liposomes, in the context of cancer treatment. In addition, the paper examines the progression of nanotheranostics, emphasizing its uses in precise medication administration, photothermal therapy, and sophisticated diagnostic methods such as MRI, CT, and fluorescence imaging. Moreover, the article highlights the capacity of nanoparticles to improve the effectiveness of drugs, reduce the overall toxicity in the body, and open up new possibilities for treating cancer by releasing drugs in a controlled manner and targeting specific areas. Furthermore, it tackles concerns regarding the compatibility of nanoparticles and their potential harmful effects, emphasizing the significance of continuous study to improve nanotherapeutic methods for use in medical treatments. The review finishes by outlining potential future applications of nanotechnology in predictive oncology and customized medicine.

A novel technique for leaf disease classification using Legion Kernels with parallel support vector machine (LK-PSVM) and fuzzy C means image segmentation.

Detection of plant disease and classificationare being investigated in many parts of the worldto save precious medical plants from becoming extinct.Major problem in this task, include the lack of advanced and technology driven solution. Manual identification is often time-consuming and prone to inaccuracies. Therefore, there is an urgent need for an automated and efficient method that can accurately identify and classify plant diseases. This article focuses on detecting the disease through classificationthrough a new technique using leaf images for automatic classification. This paper proposes a novel segmentation technique using Fuzzy C means and Particle Swarm Optimization for effective segmentation of leaf images and feature extraction that can help in classification of disease.The approach emphasizes on the integration of techniques such as image processing, segmentation and feature extraction and finally the classification, which offers a comprehensive solution for the disease detection. The work leverages on the advantages of Legion Kernels and Parallal support vector Machine (LK-PSVM) clubbed with fuzzy C means Image segmentation to offer a framework that can handle diverse leaf images and which can effectively differentiate the type of the disease.The proposed method LK-PSVM combined with Fuzzy C means presents a novel approach that is significantly deviated from the conventional methods of leaf disease classification.The proposed wok brings an integrated framework which can synergistically combine the Legion Kernels with the PSVM technique coupled with Fuzzy C Means Image segmentation which can handle the issue of overlapped data sets and support vector machines are used to handle the situation where the number of dimensions are more than the number of samples, which is more probable in the classification problem under consideration.By integrating these components, the proposed method achieves more accuracy and robustness when compared to the existing methods in the literature. The segmentation is carried out using PSO after pre-processing of images. The Gaussian functions are used to eliminate the background subtraction. Different features of the images are then computed. A total of 55,400 images were used for the experiment consisting of various plants' leaves spreading across 38 labels. A classifier is then proposed using Machine learning methods for the detection of disease in apple fruit leaves. The experiments prove that the proposed method have high degree of classification accuracy when compared to existing methods. The proposed method not only cater to the need in terms of accuracy but also making it scalable for different types of leaves.

Liquid phase selective oxidation of veratryl alcohol to veratraldehyde using pure and Mg-doped copper chromite catalysts.

Mg-doped copper chromite (CuCr2O4) nanocomposites were synthesised through conventional technique. The pure and doped CuCr2-xMgx O4 (x = 0.00-0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%) nanocomposites were characterized in terms of their morphology, crystal structure, surface area and catalytic performance. The chemical composition of CuCr2-xMgx O4 was confirmed via FT-IR. The formation of pure and doped catalysts was validated by XRD results. TEM/SEM confirmed the formation of CuCr2-xMgxO4 nanoparticles. Mg-doped samples possess a high specific surface area compared to pure CuCr2O4. Thus, the effects of temperature, solvent, time, oxidant and the amount of catalyst on the oxidation of veratryl alcohol were reported. Furthermore, detailed mechanisms of the catalytic oxidation of veratryl alcohol as well as the reusability and stability of the nanomaterial were investigated. The resulting composites were shown to be effective heterogeneous catalysts for the oxidation of veratryl alcohol.

Predicting concrete strength early age using a combination of machine learning and electromechanical impedance with nano-enhanced sensors.

To ensure the structural integrity of concrete and prevent unanticipated fracturing, real-time monitoring of early-age concrete's strength development is essential, mainly through advanced techniques such as nano-enhanced sensors. The piezoelectric-based electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) method with nano-enhanced sensors is emerging as a practical solution for such monitoring requirements. This study presents a strength estimation method based on Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) Techniques and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) as hybrid (NDT-LSTMs-ANN), including several types of concrete strength-related agents. Input data includes water-to-cement rate, temperature, curing time, and maturity based on interior temperature, allowing experimentally monitoring the development of concrete strength from the early steps of hydration and casting to the last stages of hardening 28 days after the casting. The study investigated the impact of various factors on concrete strength development, utilizing a cutting-edge approach that combines traditional models with nano-enhanced piezoelectric sensors and NDT-LSTMs-ANN enhanced with nanotechnology. The results demonstrate that the hybrid provides highly accurate concrete strength estimation for construction safety and efficiency. Adopting the piezoelectric-based EMI technique with these advanced sensors offers a viable and effective monitoring solution, presenting a significant leap forward for the construction industry's structural health monitoring practices.