RESUMEN
Coronary artery disease (CAD), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and heart failure (HF) are major global health issues with high morbidity and mortality rates. Biomarkers like cardiac troponins (cTn) and natriuretic peptides (NPs) are crucial tools in cardiology, but numerous new biomarkers have emerged, proving increasingly valuable in CAD/ACS. These biomarkers are classified based on their mechanisms, such as fibrosis, metabolism, inflammation, and congestion. The integration of established and emerging biomarkers into clinical practice is an ongoing process, and recognizing their strengths and limitations is crucial for their accurate interpretation, incorporation into clinical settings, and improved management of CVD patients. We explored established biomarkers like cTn, NPs, and CRP, alongside newer biomarkers such as Apo-A1, IL-17E, IgA, Gal-3, sST2, GDF-15, MPO, H-FABP, Lp-PLA2, and ncRNAs; provided evidence of their utility in CAD/ACS diagnosis and prognosis; and empowered clinicians to confidently integrate these biomarkers into clinical practice based on solid evidence.
RESUMEN
Revolutionary advancements in regenerative medicine have brought stem cell therapy to the forefront, offering promising prospects for the regeneration of ischemic cardiac tissue. Yet, its full efficacy, safety, and role in treating ischemic heart disease (IHD) remain limited. This literature review explores the intricate mechanisms underlying stem cell therapy. Furthermore, we unravel the innovative approaches employed to bolster stem cell survival, enhance differentiation, and seamlessly integrate them within the ischemic cardiac tissue microenvironment. Our comprehensive analysis uncovers how stem cells enhance cell survival, promote angiogenesis, and modulate the immune response. Stem cell therapy harnesses a multifaceted mode of action, encompassing paracrine effects and direct cell replacement. As our review progresses, we underscore the imperative for standardized protocols, comprehensive preclinical and clinical studies, and careful regulatory considerations. Lastly, we explore the integration of tissue engineering and genetic modifications, envisioning a future where stem cell therapy reigns supreme in regenerative medicine.
RESUMEN
To evaluate the role of oVEMP and multidetector CT scan in patients with superior canal dehiscence syndrome. Prospective study was conducted on nine patients with superior canal dehiscence syndrome (5 females, 4 males) age ranged 19-49 with mean age of 32.7 ± 9.3 years, complaining of intolerance to loud sounds and/or oscillopsia. The mean duration of illness was 18.7 ± 6.9 months, nine normal individuals as control (age and gender matched) were also included in the study. All of them underwent oVEMP and MDCT scan. Patients were of bilateral normal hearing sensitivity with no conductive impairment. All of the studied subjects (patients and controls) had identifiable contralateral oVEMP responses. MDCT scan showed dehiscence in all the patients. The dehiscence was unilateral (n = 7) and bilateral [n = 2 the other ear had a defect of 2 mm and thus was excluded from the study for fear or false diagnosis of Superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome (SCDS)]. Unlike the normal subject (nI = 0.94 µV ± 0.03 and pI = -0.42 µV ± 0.09), with stimulation of the affected side in SCDS, there were augmented amplitude responses (nI = 2.64 µV ± 0.35 and pI = -3.10 µV ± 0.44) in the eye contralateral to the stimulus "contralateral to the lesion". Mean oVEMP threshold for SCDS ears were 82.5 ± 7.55 dBnHL compared to 100 ± 5.77 dBnHL of the control ears. We concluded that combination of physiological and anatomical information from oVEMP and MDCT increased accuracy for diagnosis of dehiscence of superior semicircular canal.
