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BACKGROUND: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents a group of cancers characterized by diverse origins and changing epidemiological patterns. The significance of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in certain HNSCC cases has gained attention for its impact on the disease's behavior. Our current research focused on exploring the importance of using p16 as an HNSCC biomarker, particularly in the context of HPV infection, assessing its value in prognosis, and examining its variation across different tumor locations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was carried out on 100 HNSCC patients from a tertiary care center, with particular attention paid to p16 expression, HPV status, clinic-pathological characteristics, and prognosis. HPV was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, and p16 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. According to the ethical guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, multivariate analysis assessed the prognostic value of p16. RESULTS: Our analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between HPV status and p16 expression in HNSCC cases. A vast majority of 58 (96.7%) HPV-+ cases exhibited p16 overexpression, contrasting sharply with only two (5%) in the HPV-- group. Patients with tumors that were both p16+ and HPV+ exhibited more favorable overall survival rates. In contrast, those with p16- and HPV- tumors experienced the poorest survival outcomes. Notably, having a p16-- status in HPV+ cases emerged as an independent factor for reduced survival. Additionally, the study revealed distinct variations in p16 expression based on tumor location, particularly within the oropharyngeal area. CONCLUSION: The study established that p16 is a dependable indication for the existence of HPV in HNSCC and highlights its significant role as a prognostic factor, particularly in cases that are p16-- yet HPV-+. These findings underscore the importance of adopting site-specific treatment approaches in HNSCC management and contribute to a deeper understanding of p16's role in the disease, thereby aiding in more effective risk assessment and treatment planning.
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The escalating global threat of antimicrobial resistance necessitates prospecting uncharted microbial biodiversity for novel therapeutic leads. This study mines the promising chemical richness of Bacillus licheniformis LHG166, a prolific exopolysaccharide (EPSR2-7.22 g/L). It comprised 5 different monosaccharides with 48.11% uronic acid, 17.40% sulfate groups, and 6.09% N-acetyl glucosamine residues. EPSR2 displayed potent antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS+, TAC and FRAP assays. Of all the fungi tested, the yeast Candida albicans displayed the highest susceptibility and antibiofilm inhibition. The fungi Aspergillus niger and Penicillium glabrum showed moderate EPSR2 susceptibility. In contrast, the fungi Mucor circinelloides and Trichoderma harzianum were resistant. Among G+ve tested bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis was the most susceptible, while Salmonella typhi was the most sensitive to G-ve pathogens. Encouragingly, EPSR2 predominantly demonstrated bactericidal effects against both bacterial classes based on MBC/MIC of either 1 or 2 superior Gentamicin. At 75% of MBC, EPSR2 displayed the highest anti-biofilm activity of 88.30% against B. subtilis, while for G-ve antibiofilm inhibition, At 75% of MBC, EPSR2 displayed the highest anti-biofilm activity of 96.63% against Escherichia coli, Even at the lowest dose of 25% MBC, EPSR2 reduced biofilm formation by 84.13% in E. coli, 61.46% in B. subtilis. The microbial metabolite EPSR2 from Bacillus licheniformis LHG166 shows promise as an eco-friendly natural antibiotic alternative for treating infections and oxidative stress.
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Personalized medicine is a novel and rapidly evolving approach to clinical practice that involves making decisions about disease prediction, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment by utilizing modern technologies. The concepts of precision medicine have grown as a result of ongoing developments in genomic analysis, molecular diagnostics, and technology. These advancements have enabled a deeper understanding and interpretation of the human genome, allowing for a personalized approach to clinical care. The primary objective of this research is to assess personalized medicine in terms of its indications, advantages, practical clinical uses, potential future directions, problems, and effects on healthcare. An extensive analysis of the scientific literature regarding this topic demonstrated the new medical approach's relevance and usefulness, as well as the fact that personalized medicine is becoming increasingly prevalent in various sectors. The online, internationally indexed databases PubMed and Cochrane Reviews were used to conduct searches for and critically evaluate the most relevant published research including original papers and reviews in the scientific literature. The findings suggest that precision medicine has a lot of potential and its implementation lowers the incidence of stroke as well as coronary heart disease and improves patient health in cardiology.