Analysis of Biomaterials as Green Coagulants to Control Suspended Solids for Surface Water Treatment.

This study explores the use of natural, ecological coagulant-flocculants to reduce suspended particles in water. Three compounds were tested, namely: diatomaceous earth, calcium lactate and lactic acid. For this purpose, experiments in jar tests were carried out and the best compound was submitted to an optimization in order to evaluate the most significant parameters affecting its use as coagulant-flocculant. First results evidenced that lactic acid remove 71% of the suspended particles during the first five minutes, and up to 83% during the first 15 min. To optimize its use, the range of suspended particles concentration, lactic acid dose and salinity gradient was tested by means of an incomplete 33 factorial design. This technique allows reducing the number of experiments to be carried out through a response surface methodology, which enables to infer the values of the dependent variables in not studied situations, by means of predictive equations. As a result of the experiments carried out, optimal conditions to remove suspended particles were set at a lactic acid concentration of 1.75 g·L-1. As lactic acid may be obtained biotechnologically from organic wastes, this use supposes a promising area by keeping products and materials in use and contributing to a circular economy.

Consensus document on the progression and treatment response criteria in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Purpose: Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are a heterogeneous group of low incidence neoplasms characterized by a low proliferative activity and slow growth. Their response to targeted therapies is heterogeneous and often does not lead to tumor shrinkage. Thus, evaluation of the therapeutic response should differ from other kind of tumors. Methods: To answer relevant questions about which techniques are best in the assessment of progression or treatment response a RAND/UCLA-based consensus process was implemented. Relevant clinical questions were listed followed by a systematic search of the literature. The expert panel answered all questions with recommendations, combining available evidence and expert opinion. Recommendations were validated through a questionnaire and a participatory meeting. Results: Expert recommendations regarding imaging tools for tumor assessment and evaluation of progression were agreed upon. Available imaging techniques were reviewed and recommendations for best patient monitoring practice and the best way to evaluate treatment response were formulated

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Consensus document on the progression and treatment response criteria in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

PURPOSE: Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are a heterogeneous group of low incidence neoplasms characterized by a low proliferative activity and slow growth. Their response to targeted therapies is heterogeneous and often does not lead to tumor shrinkage. Thus, evaluation of the therapeutic response should differ from other kind of tumors. METHODS: To answer relevant questions about which techniques are best in the assessment of progression or treatment response a RAND/UCLA-based consensus process was implemented. Relevant clinical questions were listed followed by a systematic search of the literature. The expert panel answered all questions with recommendations, combining available evidence and expert opinion. Recommendations were validated through a questionnaire and a participatory meeting. RESULTS: Expert recommendations regarding imaging tools for tumor assessment and evaluation of progression were agreed upon. Available imaging techniques were reviewed and recommendations for best patient monitoring practice and the best way to evaluate treatment response were formulated.

Recommendations on managing lenvatinib and everolimus in patients with advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: There are several second-line treatment options for patients with renal cell carcinoma after first-line failure of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, especially with the recent approvals of cabozantinib, nivolumab, and the lenvatinib plus everolimus combination. A lack of reliable biomarkers and an overall lack of prospective head-to-head comparisons make it a challenge to choose a second-line treatment in the clinic. Areas covered: In this review/meta-opinion, we describe the safety profile of the lenvatinib plus everolimus combination in renal cell carcinoma. The combination of lenvatinib plus everolimus has achieved the highest rates of objective responses and the longest progression free and overall survival in cross-comparison trials. At the same time, the safety profile of this combination, including the rate of total and severe adverse events, the percentage of dose reductions required, and the rate of treatment discontinuation, was less favorable compared with available monotherapy options, suggesting that better management could help to maximize the activity of this combination while protecting patients from undue harm. Expert opinion: Herein, we aim to postulate multidisciplinary recommendations on the advice to offer to patients and caregivers before starting treatment and how to manage the combination from the perspective of daily clinical practice.

Translational research in neuroendocrine tumors: pitfalls and opportunities.

Interest in research on neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) has grown in the past 10 years, coinciding with improvements in our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of NETs. In addition, NETs have become one of the most exciting settings for drug development. Two targeted agents for the management of advanced pancreatic NETs have been approved, but the development of targeted agents for NETs is limited by problems with both patient selection and demonstration of activity. In this review, we analyze these limitations and discuss ways to increase the predictive value of preclinical models for target discovery and drug development. The role of translational research and 'omics' methodologies is emphasized, with the final aim of developing personalized medicine. Because NETs usually grow slowly and metastatic tumors are found at easily accessible locations, and owing to improvements in techniques for liquid biopsies, NETs provide a unique opportunity to obtain tumor samples at all stages of the evolution of the disease and to adapt treatment to changes in tumor biology. Combining clinical and translational research is essential to achieve progress in the NET field. Slow growth and genetic stability limit and challenge both the availability and further development of preclinical models of NETs, one of the most crucial unmet research needs in the field. Finally, we suggest some useful approaches for improving clinical drug development for NETs: moving from classical RECIST-based response end points to survival parameters; searching for different criteria to define response rates (for example, antiangiogenic effects and metabolic responses); implementing randomized phase II studies to avoid single-arm phase II studies that produce limited data on drug efficacy; and using predictive biomarkers for patient selection.

Safety of long-term treatment with Pegvisomant: analysis of Spanish patients included in global ACROSTUDY.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term safety of Pegvisomant (PEG) in the Spanish cohort of ACROSTUDY. METHODS: As of July 2013, 199 Spanish patients were included in ACROSTUDY, a global non interventional safety PEG surveillance study. Patients were observed for safety, biochemical outcome and magnetic resonance imaging evaluations. RESULTS: PEG was administered during an average period of 6.7 ± 2.1 years and a mean daily dose of 15.5 ± 7.5 mg. 48.2% of patients received PEG monotherapy. 90.9% of patients had received other medical treatment before PEG start. 195 adverse events (AEs) were reported in 88 patients (44.2%), and serious AEs were described in 31 patients (15.6%). There were no cases of liver tests >10 ULN, or permanent liver damage. Tumor size changes were locally reported in 61 cases (33.5%), with increases observed in 11 patients (6%). In acromegalic patients with diabetes mellitus a decrease in fasting serum glucose value was reported, reaching statistical significance after 1 and 4 years of treatment (-24.6 and -25.9 mg/dl, p = 0.04). After 60 months, normal or lower limit of normal (LLN) IGF-I levels were found in 67.9% of patients. 85.5% of patients showed an IGF-I normal or

Health-related quality of life in well-differentiated metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are rare neoplasms capable of producing hormones. The development of new treatments has improved progression-free survival, albeit with increased toxicity. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has become an important endpoint in clinical research to evaluate patients' well-being in such a contradictory scenario. In this review, we examine key reported outcomes across clinical studies exploring HRQoL in patients with GEP-NETs. We have conducted a review of the literature using PubMed, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Google Scholar. Selection criteria for articles were (1) publication in English between 1995 and 2014, (2) patients with GEP-NET, and (3) analysis of HRQoL, including mental health and psychological symptoms. Forty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria (31 clinical trials, 14 observational studies, and 4 developments of NET-specific HRQoL instruments). The scope and nature of the literature was diverse with 27 instruments used to measure aspects of HRQoL. EORTC QLQ-C30 was the most frequently used, in 38 of the 49 studies. Standardized measures revealed that in spite of generally good HRQoL, GEP-NET patients have specific psychological and physical complaints. The clinical benefit of somatostatin analogs and sunitinib has been clearly supported by HRQoL assessment. Improvement in HRQoL scores or symptom relief over time was also reported in 14 trials of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, however the absence of randomized studies obviate definitive conclusions. We have also identified several unanswered questions that should be addressed in further research concerning chemotherapy, everolimus, surgery, local ablative therapies, and chemoembolization. Future research should incorporate GEP-NET-specific HRQoL instruments into phase III trials. This review may help both clinicians and researchers to select the most appropriate tools to assess changes in HRQoL in this population.

Effect of seminal plasma on post-thaw quality and functionality of corriedale ram sperm obtained by electroejaculation and artificial vagina.

We have already shown that seminal collection method affects seminal plasma composition and sperm quality in Corriedale rams. In this study, we evaluated the effect of seminal plasma collected by electroejaculation or artificial vagina on sperm resistance to cryodamage. Seminal plasma of five rams of the Corriedale breed collected by artificial vagina or electroejaculation was added before freezing to sperm cells collected by the two methods, and post-thaw quality parameters were evaluated. We found that seminal plasma has no effect on sperm resistance to cryodamage. However, we observed significantly higher percentages of sperm with intact and functional plasma membrane, intact acrosome and greater fertilizing potential after thawing in samples obtained by electroejaculation. This study demonstrates that sperm collected by electroejaculation are more resistant to damage caused by cryopreservation than those collected by artificial vagina.

Biochemical and steroid concentrations in follicular fluid and blood plasma in different follicular waves of the estrous cycle from normal and superovulated beef cows.

The objectives of the current study were to (i) define the changes in size and number of follicles populations, (ii) determine the follicular fluid (FF) biochemical and steroid concentrations collected from different-sized follicles (5-9 and ≥ 10 mm) and (iii) compare between biochemical and hormonal concentrations of FF with those in blood plasma in relation to the first two follicular waves of the estrous cycle (days 4 and 13) from normal and cows primed for superovulation. After estrus, cows (n=20) were assigned randomly to each of four treatment groups. Group 1: ovariectomy on day 4 (day 0 = ovulation). Group 2: FSH treatment and ovariectomy on day 4. Group 3: dominant follicle ablation (DFA) on day 8 and ovariectomy on day 13. Group 4: DFA on day 8, FSH treatment and ovariectomy on day 13. Blood samples were collected and FF was aspirated and pooled per follicle class within cow to determine glucose, urea, triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatin phosphokinase, estradiol-17ß and progesterone concentrations. Follicular class×follicular wave interaction was detected for albumin and lactate dehydrogenase. Results showed that FF concentrations of cholesterol increased from medium to large follicles and decreased for urea and aspartate aminotransferase. Tryglycerides and total protein were greater in the second than in the first follicular wave. FSH treatment decreased FF alkaline phosphatase, E2 and P4 concentrations. Quantitative differences between these fluids are discussed with respect to follicular development.

Effect of repeated eCG treatments and ovum pick-up on ovarian response and oocyte recovery during early pregnancy in suckling beef cows.

This study was designed to evaluate in suckling early pregnant beef cows with and without eCG-pre-stimulation: (i) the influence of day gestation (from 40 to 101 days) and the consecutive eCG treatments on the follicular growth induced by means of ultrasound-guided transvaginal follicle ablation (FA; all follicles ≥ 5 mm) and the number and quality oocytes recovered by ovum pick-up (OPU) and (ii) the possible effects of repeated hormonal stimulation and FA/OPU on pregnancy outcome. Twelve suckling early pregnant Angus cows (40 days post fixed-time artificial insemination) were randomly assigned to each of two groups (n=6 group(-1)). Group 1 treatments included: FA (Day 0), eCG (1600 IU; Day 1) and OPU (Day 5). Group 2: as cited Group 1 with no eCG treatment. In both groups, OPU was repeated five times (Days 45, 59, 73, 87 and 101 of gestation). The numbers (mean ± SEM) of class II (5-9 mm; 4.3 ± 0.9) and class III (≥10 mm; 2.5 ± 0.4) follicles visualized per cow per OPU session in eCG-treated cows were greater (P<0.05) than for non-treated cows (0.9 ± 0.1 and 0.9 ± 0.1, respectively). In contrast, the number (mean ± SEM) of class I (<5mm) follicles per cow per OPU session was lower for cows with eCG treatment (2.8 ± 0.4) than for non-treated cows (5.7 ± 0.5). The mean number of aspirated follicles was not significantly different (P<0.05) between eCG-treated cows and non-treated cows at 45 and 59 days of pregnancy. However, the mean number of aspirated follicles was greater (P=0.03) in eCG-treated cows than non-treated cows from 73 day of pregnancy onwards. The numbers (mean ± SEM) of recovered oocytes and viable oocytes/cow/session were greater (P<0.05) for eCG-treated cows (2.2 ± 0.2 and 1.6 ± 0.4, respectively) than for non-treated cows (1.0 ± 0.2 and 0.9 ± 0.2, respectively). No donor pregnancies were lost either during or following OPU procedure. We can conclude that (1) eCG-treated pregnant suckled cows can be a source of oocytes for IVF at least to 100 days of gestation and (2) repeated FA/eCG treatment/OPU procedures did not affect the pregnancy outcome.

Influence of the length of progestagen treatment and the time of oestradiol benzoate application on the ovulatory follicle size and ovulation time in anoestrous and cyclic beef cows.

Previous research from our laboratory in beef cattle suggests that the pre-ovulatory follicle size, maturity and subsequent susceptibility to gonadotropin are influenced by the length of progestagen treatment in artificial insemination programme in beef cows. To test this hypothesis, two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, 35 anoestrous beef cows received an intravaginal sponge containing 200 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate. The treatment lasted for 7 (n = 12), 8 (n = 11) or 9 (n = 12) days. Half of the animals in each group were injected with 0.7 mg of oestradiol benzoate (EB) at device removal (0 h) and the other half 24 h later. In experiment 2, 38 cycling beef cows were treated with the same protocols as in experiment 1. Ultrasound examinations were performed to determine the follicular diameter at device removal (dominant follicle), interval to ovulation and ovulatory follicle diameter. The dominant follicle of anoestrous cows with progestagen for 7 days (8.4 ± 1.6 mm) resulted smaller (p < 0.05) than the cows treated for 8 (10.5 ± 1.6 mm) and 9 days (10.6 ± 1.2 mm). However, regardless of the length of the treatments, ovulation time after device removal was longer (p < 0.05) when EB was injected 24 h after withdrawal than at 0 h in anoestrous cows (EB0 = 52.7 ± 4.0 h; EB24 = 70.8 ± 6.2 h) and in cyclic cows (EB0 = 50.0 ± 21.0 h; EB24 = 73.0 ± 20.0 h). In anoestrous cows, the treatment with progestagen for 9 days and EB at 24 h increased the diameter of the ovarian follicle (p = 0.033) but did not affect the diameter of the ovulatory follicle in cyclic cows. In conclusion, increasing the length of progestagen treatment for 8 or 9 days compared to 7 days increased the diameter of the dominant follicle, in anoestrous and cyclic beef cows. Oestradiol benzoate administered at device removal resulted in a shorter interval from device removal to ovulation compared with EB injection 24 h after the end of a progestagen treatment.

Fluidized muds: a novel setting for the generation of biosphere diversity through geologic time.

Reworked and fluidized fine-grained deposits in energetic settings are a major modern-day feature of river deltas and estuaries. Similar environments were probably settings for microbial evolution on the early Earth. These sedimentary systems act as efficient biogeochemical reactors with high bacterial phylogenetic diversity and functional redundancy. They are temporally rather than spatially structured, with repeated cycling of redox conditions and successive stages of microbial metabolic processes. Intense reworking of the fluidized bed entrains bacteria from varied habitats providing new, diverse genetic materials to contribute to horizontal gene transfer events and the creation of new bacterial ecotypes. These vast mud environments may act as exporters and promoters of biosphere diversity and novel adaptations, potentially on a globally important scale.

Effect of estradiol benzoate used at the start of a progestagen treatment on superovulatory response and embryo yield in lactating and non-lactating llamas.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of estradiol benzoate (EB) and intravaginal progestagen treatment on ovarian follicular dynamics and superstimulatory response in eCG-treated llamas. The purpose of Experiment 1 was to evaluate the effect of EB and progestagen treatment starting at different phases of dominant follicle (DF1) development on regression pattern and subsequent follicle wave emergence (WE2) in lactating and non-lactating llamas. Early lactating (n=24, 30+/-4 days postpartum) and non-lactating (n=24) females were assigned in equal numbers (n=8) to one of three groups according to the phase of DF1 (growing, static or regressing) determined by ultrasonography from day -3 to day 0. At day 0, llamas received an intravaginal sponge (MPA, 150 mg) and 5mg of MPA (i.m.). Half of the females (n=4) of each group were injected with 2mg (i.m.) of EB and half were not (control group). A 2 x 2 x 3 (lactational status, EB treatment and follicular phases) factorial design was used. Each sponge was removed 8 days later. Ovaries were monitored from day 0 to day 12. Daily blood samples were taken to determine 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) profiles from day 0 to day 8. The DF1 regression pattern was not affected (P>0.05) by the phase of follicle wave at the start of the treatment or any interactions among main effects. Follicle wave emergence in EB-treated llamas was delayed (P<0.05) by 2.3 days compared with non-treated llamas. Following EB treatment, plasma concentrations of E(2) were greater (P<0.05) from day 1 to day 5 in the treated than in non-treated females, but not from day 6 onward (P>0.05). Experiment 2 was designed to evaluate the effect of this treatment on the ovarian superovulatory response and embryo yield following eCG treatment administered on day of follicular wave emergence as determined in the Experiment 1. The same lactating (n=18, 61+/-4 days postpartum) and non-lactating (n=18) llamas at random stages of follicle wave were treated as those in Experiment 1 and received 1200IU of eCG at the time of WE2 (EB-treated=day 6.5 and non-treated=day 4.5). Llamas were mated 5 days after sponge withdrawal. A second mating was allowed 24h later. Embryos were collected between 7 and 8 days after the first mating and blood samples were taken to determine progesterone (P(4)) concentrations. The mean number of follicles on day of mating and the number of CL on day of embryo collection were not affected by lactational status, EB treatment or their interactions (P>0.05). Ovulation rate and mean (+/-SEM) number of recovered embryos for EB treatment group (67.5% and 2.4+/-0.4) were greater (P<0.05) than for no EB treatment (51.1% and 1.1+/-0.4). Plasma P(4) concentrations and number of CL per llama were correlated (r=0.49; P=0.014). In conclusion, progestagen plus EB treatment facilitates the prediction of the emergence of a new follicular wave approximately 6 days after treatment and resulted in a higher ovulation rate and embryo production in ovarian superstimulated llamas regardless of lactational status.

Transvaginal follicular aspiration and embryo development in superstimulated early postpartum beef cows and subsequent fertility after artificial insemination.

This study was conducted to investigate in early postpartum suckled beef cows with and without FSH pre-stimulation: (i) the influence of the postpartum period on the number and quality of oocytes recovered by ovum pick-up (OPU), (ii) the overall efficiency of the OPU/IVP embryos from days 30 to 80 postpartum and (iii) if repeated OPU negatively affect fertility following a fixed-time artificial insemination protocol. After parturition suckled Angus cows (n = 30) were divided in three groups (n = 10 group(-1)). All cows were anestrous at the commencement of experimental treatments (30.0 +/- 3.2 days postpartum, mean +/- SD; range 25-34 days). Group 1 treatments included: dominant follicle ablation (DFA), FSH treatment and OPU procedure 5 days after DFA. A total of 9 mg FSH (Ovagen) was administered s.c. once a day over 2 days at equal doses (4.5 + 4.5mg). For fertility test the cows received an intravaginal progesterone treatment from Days 78 to 86 postpartum and were fixed-time artificially inseminated (FTAI) at 56 and 72 h after device removal. Group 2: as cited for Group 1 with no FSH treatment. In both groups, OPU was repeated four times (Days 35, 49, 63 and 77 postpartum) and the collected oocytes classified as viable were in vitro matured, fertilized and presumptive embryos cultured for 8 days. Group 3 (Control FTAI): cows that had not previously aspirations were FTAI as Groups 1 and 2. Pregnancy was diagnosed by means ultrasonography 39 days after FTAI. The numbers (mean +/- SEM) of follicles visible and aspirated at the time of OPU in FSH-treated cows were greater (P < 0.05) than in non-treated cows (10.6 +/- 0.6 and 8.4 +/- 0.4 vs. 8.0 +/- 0.5 and 4.6 +/- 0.3, respectively). Following FSH treatment, the number (mean +/- SEM) of recovered oocytes per cow per OPU session and percentage of viable oocytes were greater in the treated (P < 0.05) than in non-treated animals (3.0 +/- 0.1 and 39.5% vs. 1.5 +/- 0.1 and 30.0%). The cleavage and embryo development rates were similar (P > 0.05) for both groups (14.8 and 6.4% vs. 16.6 and 5.5%). After FTAI the pregnancy rates were not different (P > 0.05) among groups (70, 60 and 90% for Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively). We can conclude that (1) FSH-treated suckled postpartum cows can be a source of oocytes for in vitro fertilization and (2) repeated DFA/OPU applied during postpartum period did not affect the subsequent fertility following FTAI.

Fixed-time artificial insemination in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Argentina.

Synchronization of estrous and fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) was conducted during the reproductive season of 2008 (March-April) in a local red deer breeding farm in Argentina. Multiparous suckling hinds (n=38) were artificially inseminated following hormonal treatment (intravaginal sponge containing 100mg of medroxiprogesterone acetate). At the time of sponge removal (day 12) 250 IU of eCG and 500 microg of PGF2alpha were given to each hind. The FTAI was performed at 48-55 h after device removal with cryopreserved semen imported from New Zealand. Rectal-transcervical AI method (similar to that in cattle) was performed and semen was deposited within the uterine body (n=28) or the cervix (n=10). Pregnancy was diagnosed by means of ultrasonography 44 days after FTAI. The overall pregnancy rate was 36.8% (14/38). Percentage of does that became pregnant with intrauterine seminal deposition was 42.9% (12/28) whereas pregnancy rate in the hinds with intracervical AI was 20% (2/10; P=0.27).

Effect of progesterone administration on the ovarian response to superovulatory treatments in cattle.

To evaluate ovarian response in Angus cows previously treated with progesterone (P4), animals were randomly assigned to two groups: T600 group (n=14), 600 mg of P4/day. P4 was injected from days 3 to 7 of the estrous cycle. On day 7, superovulatory treatments began. The control group (n=12) was given vehicle only. The superovulatory treatments in the control group began on days 7-9 of the estrous cycle. The superovulatory total treatment dose of 400mg NIH FSH P1 was given twice a day over a 4-day period. Ultrasonography of the ovaries was conducted 3 days preceding the initiation of superovulatory treatment, every 24h. In both groups, an additional ultrasonographic evaluation was made at 24h after the end of superovulatory treatment. Blood samples were collected 4 days preceding the initiation of superovulatory treatment, every 24h. Additional samples were taken from the P600 group for 12 day after of initiation of superovulatory treatment every 24h, except on the fifth day after the initiation of superovulatory treatment. In the P600 group, P4 concentrations were greater than in the control group (P<0.01) and remained over 1 ng/ml up to day 11 after beginning of superovulatory treatment. The diameter of the dominant follicle was larger in the animals of the control group (P<0.01). Cows of the P600 group had a greater number of Class I (3-4mm) follicles (P<0.01). A significant day and treatment effect (P<0.01) were observed in Class II (5-9 mm) follicles. Effects due to treatment on the number of Class III follicles (P<0.05) were observed. In the P600 group, no estrous post-superovulatory was observed and there were no ovulations that occurred. Conversely, 100% of the cows of the control group showed estrous. In the P600 group, there were a greater number of Class III follicles (P<0.01) and a lesser number of Class II follicles (P<0.05) at 24h after the end of superovulatory. In the control group, 66.7% of the cows responded to superovulatory treatments. In conclusion, the daily administration of 600 mg of P4, from days 3 to 7 of the estrous cycle, produces an increase of plasma concentrations of this hormone from day 4, resulting in changes in follicular dynamics (absence of follicles greater than 10mm of diameter and an increase of the population of Class I follicles). As to the ovarian stimulation using Folltropin V in animals receiving a daily injection of 600 mg of P4 from days 3 to 7 of the estrous cycle, a greater population of follicles>or=10mm developed by 24h after superovulatory treatments were completed.

Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer with fresh, frozen and vitrified red deer (Cervus elaphus) embryos in Argentina.

Two multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) programs with fresh, frozen and vitrified red deer embryos were carried out during the reproductive season of 2005 and 2006 in a local breeding farm in Argentina. Multiparous (n=10 and 9, respectively) weaned hinds were used as donors for each year. The estrous synchronization treatment of donors and recipients consisted of inserting an ovine intravaginal sponge containing medroxiprogesterone acetate (MAP) for 12 days. Superovulation was conducted with a total dose of 180 mg of NIH-FSH-P1 (Folltropin-V, Bioniche, Belleville, Ontario, Canada), given i.m. in eight decreasing doses every 12h (40, 40; 27, 27; 15, 15; 8, 8 mg), from days 10 to 13. Donor females were mated with one stag of proven fertility. The recovery rate was 84.1% (122/145), obtaining 45.1% (55/122) of transferable embryos, 24.6% (30/122) of degenerated embryos and 30.3% (37/122) of unfertilized oocytes. Pregnancy rates after transfer of fresh, OPS vitrified/warmed and ethylene glycol (EG) frozen/thawed embryos were 64.3% (18/28), 53.3% (8/15) and 70.0% (7/10), respectively. Vitrification and freezing with ethylene glycol procedures constitute an interesting alternative for red deer embryo cryopreservation.

Otros tumores neuroendocrinos pancreáticos: glucagonomas, VIPomas, somatostatinomas, no funcionantes y tumores con secreción ectópica / Other pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: glucagonomas, vipomas, somatostatinomas, nonfunctioning tumors and ectopic hormonesecreting tumors

Los tumores neuroendocrinos pancreáticos son poco frecuentes y representan entre el 1 y el 2% de los tumores pancreáticos. Habitualmente se presentan de forma aislada, pero pueden hacerlo asociados a otros tumores dentro del síndrome de neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo 1 (MEN1) o el síndrome de Von Hippel-Lindau. Los tumores neuroendocrinos no funcionantes suponen aproximadamente el 30-40% de los tumores neuroendocrinos pancreáticos, se presentan con síntomas derivados de la compresión o invasión de estructuras cercanas y su diagnóstico se basa en la determinación de marcadores tumorales no específicos, como la cromogranina A. Los tumores endocrinos funcionantes distintos de gastrinoma e insulinoma (glucagonomas, VIPomas, somatostatinomas) son extremadamente raros y suelen acompañarse de un síndrome clínico muy característico. Su diagnóstico se basa en la determinación de los péptidos específicos segregados por cada tumor. En ocasiones, los tumores neuroendocrinos pancreáticos pueden liberar hormonas peptídicas características de otras glándulas endocrinas, no presentes en el tejido pancreático en condiciones normales (secreción hormonal ectópica). Estos tumores generalmente son de gran tamaño y fáciles de localizar, pero en ocasiones son necesarias técnicas muy específicas para su localización (ecografía endoscópica, gammagrafía con octreótida, angiografía). El diagnóstico suele realizarse de forma tardía, y es frecuente la presencia de metástasis. A pesar de la existencia de enfermedad diseminada un subgrupo de pacientes presentan una supervivencia prolongada. De los múltiples tratamientos disponibles (quimioembolización, radiofrecuencia, quimioterapia, análogos de somatostatina, interferón α) ninguno, salvo la resección completa del tumor, puede curar la enfermedad (AU)

Endocrine tumors of the pancreas are infrequent, representing between 1 and 2% of pancreatic tumors. These tumors are usually solitary, but may occur in association with other tumors within multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1) syndrome or Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Nonfunctioning endocrine tumors represent approximately 30 to 40% of endocrine tumors of the pancreas, manifesting as compression symptoms or invasion of surrounding structures. Diagnosis of these tumors is based on determination of general tumoral markers such as chromogranin A. Functioning endocrine tumors other than gastrinoma and insulinoma (glucagonomas, vipomas, somatostatinomas) are extremely infrequent and are usually accompanied by a characteristic clinical syndrome. The diagnosis of these tumors is based on determination of specific peptides segregated for each tumor. Pancreatic endocrine tumors can sometimes release peptide hormones characteristic of other endocrine glands, which are not present in pancreatic tissue under normal conditions (ectopic hormone secretion). These tumors are usually large and easy to localize. However, highly specific techniques are sometimes required for their localization (endoscopic ultrasonography, octreotide scintigraphy, angiography). Diagnosis is usually made late and metastases are common. Despite the presence of disseminated disease, a subgroup of patients show prolonged survival. Of the multiple treatments available (chemoembolization, radiofrequency, chemotherapy, somatostatin analogs, interferon-alpha), the only curative therapy is complete tumoral resection (AU)