Chitosan-functionalized nanostructured lipid carriers containing chloroaluminum phthalocyanine for photodynamic therapy of skin cancer.

The objective of this study was to obtain optimized nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) functionalized with chitosan containing chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) as a photosensitizer. Initially, the optimization of the preparation method of the NLC was performed, where the influence of different surfactants such as PVA and Tween 80, as well as different solid lipids such as stearic acid and Glycerol Monostearate (GM) was evaluated. The formulation containing GM and PVA (NLC10) was considered promising. Following, by the adsorption method (NLC10q), the formulation was functionalized with chitosan and characterized. NLC10 and NLC10q presented sizes of 131.5 and 231.5 nm, and ZP of -24.30 and + 19.96 mV, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency of NLC10q was 96 %, higher than NLC10 (79 %). The formulations were able to promote significant cutaneous retention of ClAlPc, after 2 h and 4 h of the study, and showed to be non-toxic to fibroblasts (biocompatible). PDT in BF16-F10 melanoma resulted in reduced cell viability to 70 % and 50 % for NLC10 and NLCq, respectively. In view of the results obtained, NLC showed to be promising in the treatment of skin cancer through PDT. NLC10q showed higher encapsulation efficiency and stability than NLC10, but, contrary to what was expected, it presented lower photodynamic efficiency.

Associação entre força de preensão manual e indicadores nutricionais em pacientes em tratamento hemodialítico / Association between handgrip strength and nutritional indicators in patients undergoing hemodialysis

Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre a força de preensão manual (FPM) e indicadores nutricionais em pacientes em tratamento hemodialítico do Oeste da Bahia. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com pacientes adultos e idosos, cadastrados em uma unidade de hemodiálise do Oeste da Bahia. Foi aplicado questionário estruturado com questões referentes às condições sociodemográficas e realizada análise das variáveis antropométricas, de composição corporal, clínicas e bioquímicas. A FPM foi medida do lado não fistuloso com um dinamômetro hidráulico da marca SAEHAN® (Saehan corporation ­ SH5001). A análise dos dados foi realizada com o auxílio do software Stata 13.1. Resultados: Foram avaliados 113 pacientes, com predominância do sexo masculino (60,55%) e faixa etária de 35 a 59 anos (57,52%). Foram encontradas associações positivas entre a altura e a FPM, sendo que quanto maior a altura, maior é a força (p = 0,020). O maior peso corporal após sessão de hemodiálise também se apresentou associado à maior FPM (p = 0,002). A medida da prega cutânea tricipital mostrou associação inversa (p = 0,007) e o ângulo de fase foi positivamente associado à FPM (p = 0,018). Conclusão: A força de preensão manual foi associada positivamente a altura, peso corporal após sessão de hemodiálise e ângulo de fase. Em contrapartida, a FPM associou-se negativamente à prega cutânea tricipital. (AU)

Objective: To assess the association between handgrip strength (HGS) and nutritional indicators in patients undergoing hemodialysis in western Bahia State, Brazil. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted with adult and elderly patients attending a hemodialysis unit in western Bahia. A structured questionnaire containing sociodemographic questions was administered, and anthropometric, body composition, clinical, and biochemical variables were analyzed. HGS was measured on the non-fistula side using a Saehan® hydraulic dynamometer. Data analysis was performed using Stata version 13.1. Results: A total of 113 patients were evaluated, most of whom were male (60.55%) and aged between 35 and 59 years (57.52%). Positive associations were found between height and HGS; the higher the patient height, the higher the HGS (p = 0.020). Higher post-dialysis body weight was also associated with higher HGS (p = 0.002). Triceps skinfold thickness was inversely associated (p = 0.007) with HGS, whereas phase angle showed a positive association (p = 0.018). Conclusion: HGS was positively associated with height, post-dialysis body weight, and phase angle but negatively associated with triceps skinfold thickness. (AU)

Microemulsion systems to enhance the transdermal permeation of ivermectin in dogs: A preliminary in vitro study.

This study aims to evaluate the influence of the phase behavior of microemulsions in the transdermal administration ("spot-on") of ivermectin, an antiparasitic drug widely used in the treatment of endoparasites and ectoparasites in dogs. In this regard, pseudoternary phase diagrams composed of water (aqueous phase), isopropyl myristate (oil phase), tween 80 (surfactant) and labrasol (cosurfactant) were obtained in a different surfactant: cosurfactant (S:CS) ratios. S:CS in 1:3 ratio presented a larger region of microemulsion formation and three microemulsions were selected from it and characterized. Subsequently, in vitro permeation and retention studies were conducted using canine skin as membrane. SAXS, rheology and conductivity data were employed to confirm the phase behavior of the microemulsions (w/o, bicontinuous or o/w). The cutaneous permeation and retention tests showed that the w/o microemulsion, followed by bicontinuous microemulsion, resulted in a higher amount of drug permeated through canine skin, suggesting better transdermal permeation. On the other hand, o/w microemulsion resulted in a higher amount of drug accumulated into the skin, suggesting better topical activity. Thus, it can be concluded that phase behavior of microemulsions influenced the drug permeation in the canine skin differently from other animal models. Microemulsions, especially w/o and bicontinuous, can be promising vehicles regarding the transdermal delivery of ivermectin.

Glaucoma de ângulo fechado devido a síndrome de íris em platô / Primary angle closure glaucoma due to plateau íris syndrome

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever um caso de glaucoma de ângulo fechado devido a síndrome de íris em platô. Descrição do caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, de 50 anos de idade, que há 13 meses foi tratada de fechamento angular primário a esquerda com sucesso com iridotomia periféria com Nd:YAG laser, compareceu ao serviço com queixa de embaçamento visual e dor intermitentes no olho esquerdo. Ao exame, observou-se fechamento angular à esquerda que se desfazia à gonioscopia de identação e pressão intraocular (PIO) de 16 e 42mmHg. O exame do ângulo da câmara anterior pela tomografia de coerência óptica evidenciou iridotomia patente em ambos os olhos e à esquerda o fechamento aposicional. Pelo estudo das imagens do ângulo foi possível identificar a configuração íris em platô, caracterizando a síndrome de íris em platô à esquerda. Foi procedida a goniosplastia com laser de argônio em ambos os olhos, o que permitiu a correção da configuração da íris e controle da PIO. Após o tratamento, foi realizado exame de campo visual que foi normal à direita e à esquerda identificou escotoma arqueado superior. O fundo de olho mostrou disco óptico normal a direita (0,2),e glaucomatoso à esquerda (0,6). Um ano após a gonioplastia, a acuidade visual foi de 20/30 sem correção por ambos os olhos, PIO de 12 e 13mmHg, sem medicações, com fundo de olho e campos visuais inalterados. Conclusão: A configuração íris em platô deve sempre ser considerada frente a casos de fechamento angular primário, sendo a tomografia de coerência óptica valiosa ferramenta para corroborar no seu diagnóstico.

Abstract Objective: To present a case of closed-angle glaucoma due to Plateau iris syndrome. Case Description: Female Patient, 50 years old, that 13 months ago was treated for primary angular closure to the left successfully with iridotomy with Nd: YAG Laser. She attended the service complaining of visual haze and intermittent pain in the left eye. On examination, it was observed angle closure in the left that could be openned with identation. Intraocular pressure (IOP) of 16 and 42mmHg respectively. The examination of the anterior chamber angle by optical coherence tomography showed patent iridotomy in both eyes and on the left the apositional angle closure. By studying the angle images it was possible to identify plaeau iris configuration, characterizing the iris syndrome of plateau iris. Gonioplasty with argon laser was performed in both eyes, which allowed the correction of iris configuration and control of IOP. After treatment, visual field examination was performed, which was normal to the right and to the left identified superior arcuate scotoma. The Fundus showed a normal right optical disc (0.2), and glaucomatous left (0.6). One year after gonioplasty, visual acuity was 20/30 without correction by both eyes, PIO of 12 and 13mmHg, without medications, with unaltered visual fields and optic discs. Conclusion: The Iris configuration in Plateau should always be considered in front of cases of primary angle closure, being the optical coherence tomography valuable tool to corroborate in its diagnosis.

Skin permeation, biocompatibility and antitumor effect of chloroaluminum phthalocyanine associated to oleic acid in lipid nanoparticles.

The objective of this study was to develop and characterize lipid nanoparticles (LNs) containing chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) to reduce the aggregation of the drug and improve its skin penetration and its antitumor effect. LNs were prepared and characterized by using stearic acid (SA) as solid lipid and oleic acid (OA) as liquid lipid in different proportions. in vitro and in vivo skin penetration was evaluated using modified Franz diffusion cells and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. in vitro biocompatibility and Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) were performed using L929-fibroblasts cell line and A549 cancer cell line and melanoma BF16-F10, respectively. OA promoted the increase in the encapsulation efficiency and drug loading, reaching values of 95.8% and 4%, respectively. The formulation with 40% OA (NLC 40) showed a significantly higher (p < 0.01) amount of drug retained in the skin compared to other formulations. All formulations developed were considered biocompatible. PDT evidenced the antitumor efficacy of NLC 40 with reduced cell viability for approximately 10% of cancer cells, demonstrating that the presence of OA in the NLC seems to potentialize this antitumor effect. PDT in BF16-F10 melanoma using NLC 40 resulted in a reduction in mean cell viability of approximately 99%. According to the results obtained, the systems developed may be promising for the incorporation of ClAlPc in the treatment of skin cancer by photodynamic therapy.

Third-Generation Transdermal Delivery Systems Containing Zidovudine: Effect of the Combination of Different Chemical Enhancers and a Microemulsion System.

This study aimed to examine the influence of the combination of chemical enhancers and a microemulsion on the transdermal permeation of zidovudine (AZT). Ethanol, 1,8-cineole, and geraniol were incorporated in a microemulsion. The droplet size, zeta potential, rheology, and SAXS analysis were performed. The permeation enhancer effect was evaluated using pig ear skin. Snake skin (Boa constrictor) treated with the formulations was also used as a stratum corneum model and studied by attenuated total reflectance-infrared spectroscopy. As a result, it was observed that the incorporation of the chemical enhancers promoted a decrease of the droplet size and some rheological modifications. The 1,8-cineole associated with the microemulsion significantly increased the permeated amount of AZT. Conversely, ethanol significantly increased the quantity of the drug retained in the skin. The probable mechanism for the cineole and ethanol effects was respectively: fluidization and increasing of the diffusion coefficient, and increasing of the partition coefficient. Surprising, geraniol + microemulsion drastically decreased both the permeated and the retained amount of AZT into the skin. Thus, the adequate association of microemulsion and chemical enhancers showed to be a crucial step to enable the topical or transdermal use of drugs.

Sleep EEG of Microcephaly in Zika Outbreak.

Microcephaly (MC), previously considered rare, is now a health emergency of international concern because of the devastating Zika virus pandemic outbreak of 2015. The authors describe the electroencephalogram (EEG) findings in sleep EEG of epileptic children who were born with microcephaly in areas of Brazil with active Zika virus transmission between 2014 and 2017. The authors reviewed EEGs from 23 children. Nine were females (39.2%), and the age distribution varied from 4 to 48 months. MC was associated with mother positive serology to toxoplasmosis (toxo), rubella (rub), herpes, and dengue (1 case); toxo (1 case); chikungunya virus (CHIKV) (1 case); syphilis (1 case); and Zika virus (ZIKV) (10 cases). In addition, 1 case was associated with perinatal hypoxia and causes of 9 cases remain unknown. The main background EEG abnormality was diffuse slowing (10 cases), followed by classic (3 cases) and modified (5 cases) hypsarrhythmia. A distinct EEG pattern was seen in ZIKV (5 cases), toxo (2 cases), and undetermined cause (1 case). It was characterized by runs of frontocentrotemporal 4.5-13 Hz activity (7 cases) or diffuse and bilateral runs of 18-24 Hz (1 case). In ZIKV, this rhythmic activity was associated with hypsarrhythmia or slow background. Further studies are necessary to determine if this association is suggestive of ZIKV infection. The authors believe that EEG should be included in the investigation of all newly diagnosed congenital MC, especially those occurring in areas of autochthonous transmission of ZIKV.

Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in acute and posttraumatic stress disorder: a case report study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in two patients, one with posttraumatic stress disorder and one with acute stress disorder, before and after treatment, and to compare those levels to those of healthy controls. METHOD: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor level, Davidson Trauma Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Global Assessment of Functioning, and Clinical Global Impression were assessed before and after 6 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels were higher in patients than in matched controls before treatment. After 6 weeks, there was a reduction in symptoms and an improvement in functioning in both cases. At the same time, brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels decreased after treatment, even in case 2, treated with psychotherapy only. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, as opposed to what has been described in mood disorders, are increased in posttraumatic stress disorder as well as in acute stress disorder.

Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in acute and posttraumatic stress disorder: a case report study / Nível sérico do fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro no transtorno de estresse agudo e no transtorno de estresse pós-traumático: relato de casos

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in two patients, one with posttraumatic stress disorder and one with acute stress disorder, before and after treatment, and to compare those levels to those of healthy controls. METHOD: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor level, Davidson Trauma Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Global Assessment of Functioning, and Clinical Global Impression were assessed before and after 6 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels were higher in patients than in matched controls before treatment. After 6 weeks, there was a reduction in symptoms and an improvement in functioning in both cases. At the same time, brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels decreased after treatment, even in case 2, treated with psychotherapy only. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, as opposed to what has been described in mood disorders, are increased in posttraumatic stress disorder as well as in acute stress disorder.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os níveis séricos do fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro em um paciente com transtorno de estresse pós-traumático e em um paciente com transtorno de estresse agudo antes e após o tratamento, comparando esses níveis aos de controles saudáveis. MÉTODO: Os níveis do fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro, a Escala Davidson de Trauma, o Inventário de Depressão de Beck, a Avaliação do Funcionamento Global e a Impressão Clínica Global foram medidos antes e após seis semanas de tratamento. RESULTADOS: Os níveis de fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro foram maiores nos pacientes, quando comparados aos controles, antes do tratamento. Depois de seis semanas houve redução dos sintomas e melhora do funcionamento nos dois casos. Ao mesmo tempo, houve redução dos níveis de fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro, mesmo no caso 2, tratado exclusivamente com psicoterapia. CONCLUSÕES: Esses resultados sugerem que o fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro está aumentado tanto no transtorno de estresse pós-traumático quanto no transtorno de estresse agudo, de forma oposta às alterações até então descritas nos transtornos do humor.

Does caffeine change the effect of sleep deprivation on moderate to severe depressed patients?

INTRODUCTION: Sleep deprivation (SD) has been used as an alternative approach to treat major depressive disorder (MDD). Caffeine, due to its stimulating effect, could be an alternative to promote sleep deprivation. However, there are no data about its potential influence on the antidepressive effect of SD. The objective of this study is to assess the effect of caffeine on SD in non-psychotic patients with moderate to severe unipolar depression. METHODS: Randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial comparing caffeine and placebo in moderate to severe depressed patients who underwent total sleep deprivation (SD). The patients were assessed with items of the Bond-Lader scale, the 6-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-6), and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI)-Severity/Improvement. RESULTS: Twenty patients participated in this study. The patients who consumed caffeine presented the same level of energy before and after sleep deprivation (lethargic-energetic item of the Bond-Lader scale), while the patients in the placebo group had a reduced level of energy after sleep deprivation (p=0.0045). There was no difference between the caffeine and placebo groups in the other items of the Bond-Lader scale. CONCLUSION: The combined use of caffeine and SD can be a useful strategy to keep the patient awake without impairing the effect of SD on depressed outpatients. However, further studies involving patients who have responded to SD are needed in order to verify if caffeine also does not interfere with the results in this group.

A pilot study of clonazepam versus psychodynamic group therapy plus clonazepam in the treatment of generalized social anxiety disorder.

BACKGROUND: Both psychodynamic group therapy (PGT) and clonazepam are used as treatment strategies in reducing symptoms of generalized social anxiety disorder (GSAD). However, many individuals remain symptomatic after treatment with PGT or clonazepam. METHOD: Fifty-eight adult outpatients with a diagnosis of GSAD according to DSM-IV were randomized to 12 weeks PGT plus clonazepam or clonazepam. The Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) Scale was the primary efficacy measure. Secondary efficacy measures included the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) total score, the World Health Organization Instrument to Assess Quality of Life-Brief (WHOQOL-Bref) Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). RESULTS: CGI-I data from 57 patients (intent-to-treat population) showed that patients who received PGT plus clonazepam presented significantly greater improvement than those who received clonazepam (P=0.033). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the secondary efficacy measures. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that the combination of PGT with clonazepam may be a promising strategy for the treatment of GSAD, regarding gains in the global functioning. However the present study failed to detect more specific changes in social anxiety symptomatology between the two groups.

Associação entre estilo defensivo e gravidade de sintomas de transtorno de estresse pós-traumático e de depressão em pacientes vítimas de estupro: resultados preliminares / Association between defensive style and symptom severity of post-traumatic stress disorders and depression in rape victims: preliminary results

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar associação entre estilo defensivo e gravidade de sintomas do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático e de depressão em mulheres vítimas de estupro. Métodos: as pacientes foram divididas em dois grupos (violência sexual na infância e na vida adulta) e preencheram três escalas auto-aplicáveis: Escala de Trauma de Davidson (DTS), Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI) e Questionários de Estilo Defensivo (DSQ). Resultados: as pacientes com trauma na infância apresentaram maiores escores na BDI e na DTS e maior uso de defesas imaturas. Discussão: as pacientes com trauma na infância apresentaram maiores escores nas escalas auto-aplicadas e um padrão defensivo mais imaturo, reforçando a importância do impacto do trauma precoce no seu funcionamento defensivo (personalidade) e nos sintomas apresentados na vida adulta.(AU)

The objective of this work was to investigate the association between defencive style and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms in famele rape victims. Methods: patients were separated in two groups, with childhood and with adulthood sexual violence, and they filled out three self-rated scales: Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Defensive Style Questionnaire (SDQ). Results: patients with childhood trauma presented higher DTS and BDI scores, and higher use of immature defenses. Discussion: childhood trauma patients presented higher scores in all self-rated scales and a mores immature defensive style, reinforcing the importance of the impact of early trauma in defencive style (personality) and symptoms in adulthood. (AU)

Associação entre estilo defensivo e gravidade de sintomas de transtorno de estresse pós-traumático e de depressão em pacientes vítimas de estupro: resultados preliminares / Association between defensive style and symptom severity of post-traumatic stress disorders and depression in rape victims: preliminary results

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar associação entre estilo defensivo e gravidade de sintomas do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático e de depressão em mulheres vítimas de estupro. Métodos: as pacientes foram divididas em dois grupos (violência sexual na infância e na vida adulta) e preencheram três escalas auto-aplicáveis: Escala de Trauma de Davidson (DTS), Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI) e Questionários de Estilo Defensivo (DSQ). Resultados: as pacientes com trauma na infância apresentaram maiores escores na BDI e na DTS e maior uso de defesas imaturas. Discussão: as pacientes com trauma na infância apresentaram maiores escores nas escalas auto-aplicadas e um padrão defensivo mais imaturo, reforçando a importância do impacto do trauma precoce no seu funcionamento defensivo (personalidade) e nos sintomas apresentados na vida adulta.

The objective of this work was to investigate the association between defencive style and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms in famele rape victims. Methods: patients were separated in two groups, with childhood and with adulthood sexual violence, and they filled out three self-rated scales: Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Defensive Style Questionnaire (SDQ). Results: patients with childhood trauma presented higher DTS and BDI scores, and higher use of immature defenses. Discussion: childhood trauma patients presented higher scores in all self-rated scales and a mores immature defensive style, reinforcing the importance of the impact of early trauma in defencive style (personality) and symptoms in adulthood.

Quality of life in unipolar and bipolar depression: are there significant differences?

In the present investigation, we compared the impact of illness on quality of life (QOL) in adult outpatients with unipolar (N = 89) and bipolar (N = 25) depression. While attending a university hospital in southern Brazil, patients completed the WHO's QOL Instrument-Short Version and the Beck Depression Inventory. After analyses, patients with bipolar depression reported significantly lower scores on the psychological QOL domain (p = .013) than patients with unipolar depression. There were no significant differences between the study groups in terms of social and demographic variables, in the other QOL domains assessed (i.e., physical health, social relationships, and environmental), and in the severity of depressive symptoms. In conclusion, our findings suggest that patients with bipolar and unipolar depressions have different QOL profiles, and that this difference is probably independent of the severity of the mood disturbance and might be related to the higher rates of suicide observed in the bipolar population.

Lúpus eritematoso sistêmico familiar / Familial systemic lupus erythematosus

O lupus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) é uma doença sistêmica de etiologia multi fatorial, com manifestações clínicas, laboratoriais, curso e prognóstico variáveis. Alterações imunológicas levam à excessiva produção de auto anticorpos, alguns dos quais levam à lesão celular, enquanto outros participam da formação de imune complexos, resultando em processos inflamatórios imune mediados. A hereditariedade no LES está fortemente sugerida em estudos com gêmeos idênticos, sendo conhecidas associações genéticas com o sistema HLA e o sistema do complemento. Estudos do genoma humano podem revelar novas ligações e alterar drasticamente o nosso entendimento do lúpus. Os autores apresentam 3 casos de pacientes da mesma família que preencheram os critérios de classificação do Colégio Americano de Reumatologia para o diagnóstico de LES e que iniciaram o quadro quase simultaneamente, o que pode levar à discussão de possíveis causas genéticas e ambientais no desencadeamento da doença.

Acidose metabólica em pacientes com doença renal crônica pré-dialítica / Metabolic acidosis in patients with pre dialysis chronic kidney disease

A doença renal crônica (DRC) acompanha-se da alta morbi-mortalidade e sua incidência e prevalência estäo aumentando continuamente no Brasil e no mundo. Ao longo de sua evoluçäo, a DRC apresenta várias co-morbidades e complicaçöes, dentre essas, a acidose metabólica, que,contudo, tem recebido pouca atençäo. No presente estudo, pesquisa-se a acidose metabólica (HCO < 22 mEq/L) em pacientes com DRC nos seus diferentes estágios. Embora frequentemente nos estágios mais avançados da DRC (estágios IV e V), a acidose metabólica foi diagnosticada em 45,5 por cento dos pacientes no estágio III da doença. Os nossos dados sugerem que a acidose metabólica é uma complicaçäo precoce da DRC, e deveria ser rastreada a partir de valores de filtraçäo glomerular inferiores a 60 ml/min/1,73m².

A glomerulopatia da imunoglobulina a na síndrome de anormalidades urinárias / The IGA glomerulopathy in the syndrome of urinary abnormalities

Foram analisadas 32 biópsias renais realizadas no Serviço de Nefrologia do HU-U.F.J.F. A glomerulopatia da imunoglobulina A (GlgA) foi a doença glomerular mais freqüente (25%), manifestando-se principalmente como síndrome de anormalidades urinárias (SAU) assintomática. Demonstrou-se ainda que os indivíduos com GlgA apresentaram tempo conhecido de doença até a realização da biópsia renal significativamente maior (p<0,05), traduzindo uma demora na elucidação da doença renal. Por outro lado, a depuração da creatinina plasmática nos casos de GlgA foi significativamente maior (p<0,05) do que aquela de outras doenças glomerulares. Observou-se que nos sete casos de GlgA com SAU, a esclerose focal e segmentar foi a glomerulopatia presente em quatro casos. A GlgA é uma doença glomerular freqüente em nosso meio, manifestando-se principalmente como síndrome de anormalidades urinárias assintomáticas. Estratégias clínicas e terapêuticas deverão ser traçadas com o objetivo de retardar a progressão da GlgA para insuficiência renal crônica.

The authors assessed 32 renal biopsies done at our Unit, and found that Immunoglobulin A (IgA) glomerulopathy was the most frequent glomerulonephritis, particularly among patients who presented with abnormal urinary syndrome. It was observed that the time course between clinical presentation and renal biopsy was longer time to confirm the diagnosis of the disease. On ther hand, creatinine clearance was higher in patients with IgA gomerulopathy (p<0,05) when compared to other histological patterns. The IgA glomerulopathy is frequent in our region, and its clinical prescritation is mainly as abnormal urinary syndrome. Clinical and therapeutic strategies should be used aiming to delay the progression of IgA nephroparhy to end stage renal failure.

Efeitos cardiorrespiratórios da associaçäo de tiletamina/zolazepam em cäes (Canis familiaris) pré-tratados ou näo pela acepromazina / Cardiorespiratory effects of tiletamine/zolazepam in dogs (Canis familiaris) given acepromazin

Avaliou-se o uso da acepromazina como pré-tratamento à associaçäo de tiletamina/zolazepam. Para tanto, utilizaram-se 20 animais da espécie canina, machos e fêmeas, adultos, hígidos, divididos em 2 grupos de igual número. O grupo 1 (controle) foi pré-tratado com 0,1 ml/kg de soluçäo salina a 0,9 por cento e o grupo 2 com 0,2 mg/kg de acepromazina, ambos por via intravenosa. Decorridos 20 minutos, todos os animais receberam, pela mesma via, 10 mg/kg da associaçäo tiletamina/zolazepam. Imediatamente antes da medicaçäo pré-anestésica (M1), antes da aplicaçäo da associaçäo (M2) e aos 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos após a administraçäo da tiletamina/zolazepam, realizou-se mensuraçäo de: freqüência cardíaca (FC); pressäo arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD) e média (PAM); débito (DC) e índice cardíaco (IC); volume sistólico (VS); eletrocardiograma (ECG); freqüência respiratória (FR); CO2 ao final da expiraçäo (ETCO2); saturaçäo da oxiemoglobina (SpO2); e temperatura retal (T0). Observou-se estabilidade cardiovascular, miorrelaxamento e aumento do período hábil anestésico com o uso da acepromazina na medicaçao pré-anestésica. O tratamento estatístco dos valores numéricos pela análise de perfil mostrou que a acepromazina diminuiu a FR; entretanto, a SpO2 e ETCO2 nao sofreram alteraçöes estatisticamente significativas, permitindo concluir que o emprego da fenotiazina apresenta vantagens sobre o uso isolado da associaçäo tiletamina/zolazepam, em cäes