High rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonisation in a Brazilian Intensive Care Unit.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the colonisation rate of Staphylococcus aureus in the oropharynx and the insertion site of central venous catheters in intensive care unit patients. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Brazilian intensive care unit. MEASUREMENTS: Samples were collected from October to December 2015 from the oropharyngeal cavity and central venous catheter insertion site of 110 patients. Samples that presented growth of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated and their sensitivity profiles were tested for several antimicrobials. FINDINGS: The study participants (110) were mostly females older than 60 years (53.6%). The mean length of hospitalisation was 15.5 days (±31.3). A total of 188 biological samples were collected: 110 collected from the oropharynx and 78 from the central venous catheter insertion site. A 35% (n = 38/110) S. aureus colonisation rate of the patients was observed in at least one collection site. In the oropharynx alone, a 31% rate (n = 34/110) was found, and a 12.8% rate (n = 10/78) at central venous catheter insertion sites only. MRSA colonisation in the oropharynx or at the central venous catheter occurred in 29 (26.4%) patients and vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus was present in 24 (22.4%) of the patients studied. Patients hospitalised for seven days or more were 4.8 times more likely to be colonised compared to patients hospitalised less than seven days (95% CI = 1.2-28.5). CONCLUSION: The oropharynx and the central venous catheter are important reservoirs of this bacterium that in critical conditions may become pathogenic. The data showed a high degree of resistance of the bacterial populations isolated to different drugs, which may hinder the control of these organisms.

Vantagens e usos do teste rápido molecular para tuberculose: uma revisão integrativa / Advantage and usage of molecular fast test for tuberculosis: an integrative review / Ventajas y usos de la prueba rápida molecular de la tuberculosis: una revisón integradora

Objetivo: investigar na literatura as vantagens e usos do teste rápido molecular para diagnóstico da tuberculose. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura com condução da questão norteadora elaborada por meio da estratégia PICO (P=Paciente ou Problema, I=Intervenção, C=Comparação ou controle, O=Outcomes ou desfechos). Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados BVS, LILACS, MEDLINE e Science Direct com artigos disponíveis na integra, de forma eletrônica publicados entre 2008-2015. Resultados: o teste molecular Gene Xpert, atualmente disponibilizado para o diagnóstico da tuberculose, tem a capacidade de detectar a presença do bacilo causador da doença e identificar se a bactéria tem resistência a rifampicina, em duas horas, além de maior sensibilidade e especificidade em relação à baciloscopia. Conclusões: o teste rápido molecular para o diagnóstico de tuberculose foi bem aceito principalmente pela agilidade, constituindo uma forma mais eficaz de controle da doença, possibilitando início mais rápido do tratamento, sendo importante para minimizar a disseminação da doença.

Aim: to investigate though the literature the advantages and uses of the molecular test for fast tuberculosis diagnosis. Method: integrative review of literature with considering the guiding question elaborated by the PICO (P=Patient or Problem, I=Intervention, C=Comparison or control, O=Outcomes) strategy. A research was performed with articles available in full electronically published from 2008 to 2015 in the following databases: Virtual Health Library (VHL), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences (LILACS), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) and Science Direct. Results: The molecular Gene Xpert test, currently available for the diagnosis of tuberculosis, has the ability of detecting the presence of the disease causative bacillus, and identifying if the bacteria is resistant to rifampicin, in the period of two hours, besides greater sensitivity and specificity in relation to smear. Conclusions: molecular test for fast tuberculosis diagnosis was well accepted mainly for its speed, enabling a faster onset of treatment, important to minimize the spread of the disease.

Objetivo: investigar en la literatura las ventajas y usos de la prueba molecular para el diagnóstico rápido de la tuberculosis. Método: revisión integradora de la literatura,a partir de la pregunta guía elaborada por la estrategia PICO (P=Paciente o Problema, I=Intervención, C=Comparación o control, O=Outcomes o resultados). Fue realizada una búsqueda en las bases de datos BVS, LILACS, MEDLINE, Science Directcon artículos completos disponibles, publicados electrónicamente entre 2008-2015. Resultados: la prueba genética Xpert molecular, disponible actualmente para el diagnóstico de la tuberculosis, es capaz de detectar la presencia del bacilo causador de la enfermedad e identificar las bacterias tiene una resistencia a la rifampicina, en dos horas, además de presentar mayor sensibilidad y especificidad con relación a la prueba de local. Conclusiones: la prueba rápida para el diagnóstico molecular de la tuberculosis fue bien aceptada, principalmente por la velocidad, que posibilita un control de la enfermedad más eficaz, permitiendo la iniciación más rápida del tratamiento, lo que es importante para minimizar la propagación de la enfermedad.

Nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in nursing students: ground for monitoring. / Colonização nasal por Staphylococcus aureus entre estudantes de Enfermagem: subsídios para monitorização.

OBJECTIVE:: to monitor bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus that are resistant or not to oxacillin in nursing undergraduate students, with an emphasis on the process of colonization. METHOD:: cross-sectional prevalence study carried out with 138 nursing students. The biological samples of the nasal cavity were collected in June 2015, by means of sterile swabs, which were subsequently submitted to confirmatory tests of catalase and coagulase. Isolated Staphylococcus aureus had their sensitivity profile determined by means of the Kirby Bauer method. Descriptive, univariate and bivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS:: the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 21.7. Regarding the resistance profile, 24.1% of strains were resistant to oxacillin, with ampicillin being the antimicrobial with the greatest resistance (82.8%). CONCLUSION:: the nasal cavity is an important bacterial flora of S. aureus in nursing students. The profile of isolated strains highlights the increase of Staphylococcus aureus resistance to antimicrobials such as oxacillin.

Colonização nasal por Staphylococcus aureus entre estudantes de Enfermagem: subsídios para monitorização / Colonización nasal por Staphylococcus aureus entre estudiantes de Enfermería: sugerencias para su monitoreo / Nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in nursing students: ground for monitoring

RESUMO Objetivo: monitorar as cepas de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes ou não à oxacilina, entre estudantes da graduação em enfermagem, com ênfase no processo de colonização. Método: estudo transversal de prevalência, realizado com 138 estudantes de Enfermagem. As amostras biológicas da cavidade nasal foram coletadas em junho de 2015, utilizando-se swabs estéreis, posteriormente submetidos a testes confirmatórios de catalase e coagulase. Os Staphylococcus aureus isolados tiveram seus perfis de sensibilidade determinados por meio da técnica de Kirby Bauer. Foram realizadas análises descritivas, univariadas e bivariadas. Resultados: a prevalência de Staphylococcus aureus foi de 21,7. Com relação ao perfil de resistência, 24,1% das cepas se mostraram resistentes à oxacilina, sendo a ampicilina o antimicrobiano com maior resistência (82,8%). Conclusão: a cavidade nasal é importante reservatório de S. aureus em estudantes de Enfermagem. O perfil das linhagens isoladas evidencia o aumento da resistência de Staphylococcus aureus a antimicrobianos, como a oxacilina.

RESUMEN Objetivo: monitorear las cepas de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes o no a oxacilina entre estudiantes de curso de graduación en enfermería, con énfasis en el proceso de colonización. Método: estudio transversal de prevalencia, realizado con 138 estudiantes de Enfermería. Muestras biológicas de la cavidad nasal recolectadas en junio de 2015, utilizándose swabs estériles, sometidos posteriormente a tests confirmatorios de catalasa y coagulasa. Se determinaron perfiles de sensibilidad de los Staphylococcus aureus aislados mediante técnica de Kirby Bauer. Fueron realizados análisis descriptivos, univariados y bivariados. Resultados: la prevalencia de Staphylococcus aureus fue de 21,7. Respecto al perfil de resistencia, 24,1% de las cepas se mostraron resistentes a oxacilina, resultando la ampicilina el antimicrobiano con mayor resistencia (81,8%). Conclusión: la cavidad nasal constituye importante reservorio de S. aureus en estudiantes de Enfermería. El perfil de las cepas aisladas evidencia un aumento de resistencia del Staphylococcus aureus a antimicrobianos como oxacilina.

ABSTRACT Objective: to monitor bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus that are resistant or not to oxacillin in nursing undergraduate students, with an emphasis on the process of colonization. Method: cross-sectional prevalence study carried out with 138 nursing students. The biological samples of the nasal cavity were collected in June 2015, by means of sterile swabs, which were subsequently submitted to confirmatory tests of catalase and coagulase. Isolated Staphylococcus aureus had their sensitivity profile determined by means of the Kirby Bauer method. Descriptive, univariate and bivariate analyses were performed. Results: the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 21.7. Regarding the resistance profile, 24.1% of strains were resistant to oxacillin, with ampicillin being the antimicrobial with the greatest resistance (82.8%). Conclusion: the nasal cavity is an important bacterial flora of S. aureus in nursing students. The profile of isolated strains highlights the increase of Staphylococcus aureus resistance to antimicrobials such as oxacillin.