Melatonin induces neuritogenesis at early stages in N1E-115 cells through actin rearrangements via activation of protein kinase C and Rho-associated kinase.

Melatonin increases neurite formation in N1E-115 cells through microtubule enlargement elicited by calmodulin antagonism and vimentin intermediate filament reorganization caused by protein kinase C (PKC) activation. Microfilament rearrangement is also a necessary process in growth cone formation during neurite outgrowth. In this work, we studied the effect of melatonin on microfilament rearrangements present at early stages of neurite formation and the possible participation of PKC and the Rho-associated kinase (ROCK), which is a downstream kinase in the PKC signaling pathway. The results showed that 1 nm melatonin increased both the number of cells with filopodia and with long neurites. Similar results were obtained with the PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Both melatonin and PMA increased the quantity of filamentous actin. In contrast, the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide abolished microfilament organization elicited by either melatonin or PMA, while the Rho inhibitor C3, or the ROCK inhibitor Y27632, abolished the bipolar neurite morphology of N1E-115 cells. Instead, these inhibitors prompted neurite ramification. ROCK activity measured in whole cell extracts and in N1E-115 cells was increased in the presence of melatonin and PMA. The results indicate that melatonin increases the number of cells with immature neurites and suggest that these neurites can be susceptible to differentiation by incoming extracellular signals. Data also indicate that PKC and ROCK are involved at initial stages of neurite formation in the mechanism by which melatonin recruits cells for later differentiation.

El efecto de la melatonina sobre la fosforilación de proteínas en una preparación de sinaptosomas del hipotálamo de la rata / Melatonin effects on rat hypothalamic synaptosome protein phosphorylation

Hay evidencias de que la melatonina podría participar en la patofisiología de algunas enfermedades mentales. Esta hormona modifica la síntesis y liberación de neurotransmisores en el sistema nervioso central. La fosforilación de proteínas desempeña un papel crucial en la fisiología neuronal. El particular, la fosforilación de la sinapsina I por la cinasa II dependiente de calmodulina, modula el transporte de las vesículas y la liberación de los neurotransisores en la terminal sináptica. Recientemente se describió que la melatonina in vitro inhibe la actividad y la autofosforilación de la cinasa II dependiente de calmodulina. Como una primera etapa para entender el mecanismo por medio del cual la melatonina modula la liberación de neurotransmisores, en este trabajo se estudiaron los efectos de la hormona sobre la fosforilación de proteínas en una preparación de sinaptosaomas obtenidos del hipotálamo de la rata. Los resultados señalaron que los sinaptosomas despolarizados con concentraciones altas de potasio liberaron 3H-GABA y aumentaron la fosforilación de las proteínas en un 50 por ciento. La melatonina (1 nM) inhibió la fosforilación de las proteínas de peso moleculara de 50,54, 58-60 y 87 kd en sinaptosomas basales (30 por ciento) y despolarizados con concentraciones altas de potasio (50 por ciento). Los resultados sugieren que la hormona, al actuar como un antagonista de calmodulina e inhibir la fosforilación de proteínas, puede modular la liberación de neurotransmisores

Hypotalamic monoamine oxidase activity in ovariectomized rats after sexual behavior restoration

The effect of estradiol benzoate, progesterone and a sequential treatment with both on the activity of the enzyme monoamine-oxidase (MAO) was assessed in mitochondria from hypothalami of ovariectomized rats. A differential effect on the subtypes A and B MAO was found according to the type of treatment. Estradiol benzoate administration decreases MAO activity, mainly that of MAO-A. Progesterone alone had no effect, and sequential treatment with estradiol benzoate plus progesterone restored sexual behavior and produced a significant increase of MAO-A activity, whitout changes in total MAO activity. Since MAO-A is an isoform of MAO that preferentially uses norepinephrine and serotonin as substrates and MAO-B acts on phenylethylamine and benzylamine as substrates, our findings suggest that the restoration of sexual behabior after the treatment with estradiol benzoate followed by progesterone may be associated with the differential effect exerted by the hormones on MAO subtypes, rather than to the simple decrease in hypothalamic monoamine concentrations as reported in the literature