Epigenetic Reprogramming of Autophagy Drives Mutant IDH1 Glioma Progression and Response to Radiation.

Mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (mIDH1; IDH1 R132H ) exhibits a gain of function mutation enabling 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) production. 2HG inhibits DNA and histone demethylases, inducing epigenetic reprogramming and corresponding changes to the transcriptome. We previously demonstrated 2HG-mediated epigenetic reprogramming enhances DNA-damage response and confers radioresistance in mIDH1 gliomas harboring p53 and ATRX loss of function mutations. In this study, RNA-seq and ChIP-seq data revealed human and mouse mIDH1 glioma neurospheres have downregulated gene ontologies related to mitochondrial metabolism and upregulated autophagy. Further analysis revealed that the decreased mitochondrial metabolism was paralleled by a decrease in glycolysis, rendering autophagy as a source of energy in mIDH1 glioma cells. Analysis of autophagy pathways showed that mIDH1 glioma cells exhibited increased expression of pULK1-S555 and enhanced LC3 I/II conversion, indicating augmented autophagy activity. This dependence is reflected by increased sensitivity of mIDH1 glioma cells to autophagy inhibition. Blocking autophagy selectively impairs the growth of cultured mIDH1 glioma cells but not wild-type IDH1 (wtIDH1) glioma cells. Targeting autophagy by systemic administration of synthetic protein nanoparticles packaged with siRNA targeting Atg7 (SPNP-siRNA-Atg7) sensitized mIDH1 glioma cells to radiation-induced cell death, resulting in tumor regression, long-term survival, and immunological memory, when used in combination with IR. Our results indicate autophagy as a critical pathway for survival and maintenance of mIDH1 glioma cells, a strategy that has significant potential for future clinical translation. One Sentence Summary: The inhibition of autophagy sensitizes mIDH1 glioma cells to radiation, thus creating a promising therapeutic strategy for mIDH1 glioma patients. Graphical abstract: Our genetically engineered mIDH1 mouse glioma model harbors IDH1 R132H in the context of ATRX and TP53 knockdown. The production of 2-HG elicited an epigenetic reprogramming associated with a disruption in mitochondrial activity and an enhancement of autophagy in mIDH1 glioma cells. Autophagy is a mechanism involved in cell homeostasis related with cell survival under energetic stress and DNA damage protection. Autophagy has been associated with radio resistance. The inhibition of autophagy thus radio sensitizes mIDH1 glioma cells and enhances survival of mIDH1 glioma-bearing mice, representing a novel therapeutic target for this glioma subtype with potential applicability in combined clinical strategies.

Systemic Delivery of an Adjuvant CXCR4-CXCL12 Signaling Inhibitor Encapsulated in Synthetic Protein Nanoparticles for Glioma Immunotherapy.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive primary brain cancer, with a 5 year survival of ∼5%. Challenges that hamper GBM therapeutic efficacy include (i) tumor heterogeneity, (ii) treatment resistance, (iii) immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), and (iv) the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The C-X-C motif chemokine ligand-12/C-X-C motif chemokine receptor-4 (CXCL12/CXCR4) signaling pathway is activated in GBM and is associated with tumor progression. Although the CXCR4 antagonist (AMD3100) has been proposed as an attractive anti-GBM therapeutic target, it has poor pharmacokinetic properties, and unfavorable bioavailability has hampered its clinical implementation. Thus, we developed synthetic protein nanoparticles (SPNPs) coated with the transcytotic peptide iRGD (AMD3100-SPNPs) to target the CXCL2/CXCR4 pathway in GBM via systemic delivery. We showed that AMD3100-SPNPs block CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling in three mouse and human GBM cell cultures in vitro and in a GBM mouse model in vivo. This results in (i) inhibition of GBM proliferation, (ii) reduced infiltration of CXCR4+ monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs) into the TME, (iii) restoration of BBB integrity, and (iv) induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD), sensitizing the tumor to radiotherapy and leading to anti-GBM immunity. Additionally, we showed that combining AMD3100-SPNPs with radiation led to long-term survival, with ∼60% of GBM tumor-bearing mice remaining tumor free after rechallenging with a second GBM in the contralateral hemisphere. This was due to a sustained anti-GBM immunological memory response that prevented tumor recurrence without additional treatment. In view of the potent ICD induction and reprogrammed tumor microenvironment, this SPNP-mediated strategy has a significant clinical translation applicability.

Detection of Barrett's neoplasia with a near-infrared fluorescent heterodimeric peptide.

BACKGROUND: Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a molecularly heterogeneous disease with poor prognosis that is rising rapidly in incidence. We aimed to demonstrate specific binding by a peptide heterodimer to Barrett's neoplasia in human subjects. METHODS: Peptide monomers specific for EGFR and ErbB2 were arranged in a heterodimer configuration and labeled with IRDye800. This near-infrared (NIR) contrast agent was topically administered to patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE) undergoing either endoscopic therapy or surveillance. Fluorescence images were collected using a flexible fiber accessory passed through the instrument channel of an upper gastrointestinal endoscope. Fluorescence images were collected from 31 BE patients. A deep learning model was used to segment the target (T) and background (B) regions. RESULTS: The mean target-to-background (T/B) ratio was significantly greater for high grade dysplasia (HGD) and EAC versus BE, low grade dysplasia (LGD), and squamous epithelium. At a T/B ratio of 1.5, sensitivity and specificity of 94.1 % and 92.6 %, respectively, were achieved for the detection of Barrett's neoplasia with an area under the curve of 0.95. No adverse events attributed to the heterodimer were found. EGFR and ErbB2 expression were validated in the resected specimens. CONCLUSIONS: This "first-in-human" clinical study demonstrates the feasibility of detection of early Barrett's neoplasia using a NIR-labeled peptide heterodimer.

Cribriform colon cancer: a morphological growth pattern associated with extramural venous invasion, nodal metastases and microsatellite stability.

BACKGROUND: Cribriform comedo-type adenocarcinoma was a colon cancer subtype recognised in the previous WHO classification of tumours that is no longer included in the recent edition. Previous reports have described colon cancers with cribriform growth as having worse overall survival and being associated with microsatellite stability. We sought to validate whether cribriform carcinoma (CC) is a distinct morphological subtype with clinical relevance in the context of modern colon cancer diagnosis. METHODS: Consecutive cases of non-neoadjuvantly treated colon cancer resections were identified (n=177) and reviewed to evaluate for CC and other histopathological and clinical features. CC was defined as solid nests of cancer with round, 'punched out' spaces and intraluminal bridges, reminiscent of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. RESULTS: CC was present in 18.6% of the consecutive case cohort. Compared with all other cases, CC was associated with positive lymph nodes, increased depth of invasion, extramural venous involvement (EMVI), and microsatellite stability, and was less likely to have tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (p<0.05). In contrast to previous reports, we did not find significantly worse overall, disease-specific or recurrence-free survival for CC. Morphological features mimicking CC occurred in 33.3% of all other colon cancer cases. CONCLUSION: Identifying CC may be useful due to its association with worse stage at presentation and EMVI, but given that cribriform-like appearance may be found in many colon cancer cases and that we did not find a survival difference for CC, CC may not necessitate its own subtype classification.

Membrane Bound Peroxiredoxin-1 Serves as a Biomarker for In Vivo Detection of Sessile Serrated Adenomas.

Aim: Sessile serrated adenomas (SSAs) are premalignant lesions driven by the BRAFV600E mutation to give rise to colorectal cancers (CRCs). They are often missed during white light colonoscopy because of their subtle appearance. Previously, a fluorescently labeled 7mer peptide KCCFPAQ was shown to detect SSAs in vivo. We aim to identify the target of this peptide. Results: Peroxiredoxin-1 (Prdx1) was identified as the binding partner of the peptide ligand. In vitro binding assays and immunofluorescence staining of human colon specimens ex vivo supported this result. Prdx1 was overexpressed on the membrane of cells with the BRAFV600E mutation, and this effect was dependent on oxidative stress. RKO cells harboring the BRAFV600E mutation and human SSA specimens showed higher oxidative stress as well as elevated levels of Prdx1 on the cell membrane. Innovation and Conclusion: These results suggest that Prdx1 is overexpressed on the cell surface in the presence of oxidative stress and can serve as an imaging biomarker for in vivo detection of SSAs. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 39-56.

Per-oral Endoscopic Myotomy Biopsies of Achalasia Patients Reveal Schwann Cell Depletion in the Muscularis Propria.

Achalasia is a neurodegenerative condition resulting in abnormal lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and impaired upstream esophageal body peristalsis.1 The pathophysiology and natural history of achalasia remain unclear, and evaluation of the histopathogenesis of achalasia has traditionally been challenging because the esophageal wall muscularis propria is not typically accessible via routine endoscopic biopsies.

Inhibition of 2-hydroxyglutarate elicits metabolic reprogramming and mutant IDH1 glioma immunity in mice.

Mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1-R132H; mIDH1) is a hallmark of adult gliomas. Lower grade mIDH1 gliomas are classified into 2 molecular subgroups: 1p/19q codeletion/TERT-promoter mutations or inactivating mutations in α-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX) and TP53. This work focuses on glioma subtypes harboring mIDH1, TP53, and ATRX inactivation. IDH1-R132H is a gain-of-function mutation that converts α-ketoglutarate into 2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG). The role of D-2HG within the tumor microenvironment of mIDH1/mATRX/mTP53 gliomas remains unexplored. Inhibition of D-2HG, when used as monotherapy or in combination with radiation and temozolomide (IR/TMZ), led to increased median survival (MS) of mIDH1 glioma-bearing mice. Also, D-2HG inhibition elicited anti-mIDH1 glioma immunological memory. In response to D-2HG inhibition, PD-L1 expression levels on mIDH1-glioma cells increased to similar levels as observed in WT-IDH gliomas. Thus, we combined D-2HG inhibition/IR/TMZ with anti-PDL1 immune checkpoint blockade and observed complete tumor regression in 60% of mIDH1 glioma-bearing mice. This combination strategy reduced T cell exhaustion and favored the generation of memory CD8+ T cells. Our findings demonstrate that metabolic reprogramming elicits anti-mIDH1 glioma immunity, leading to increased MS and immunological memory. Our preclinical data support the testing of IDH-R132H inhibitors in combination with IR/TMZ and anti-PDL1 as targeted therapy for mIDH1/mATRX/mTP53 glioma patients.

Evidence of Duodenal Epithelial Barrier Impairment and Increased Pyroptosis in Patients With Functional Dyspepsia on Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy and "Ex Vivo" Mucosa Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Duodenal epithelial barrier impairment and immune activation may play a role in the pathogenesis of functional dyspepsia (FD). This study was aimed to evaluate the duodenal epithelium of patients with FD and healthy individuals for detectable microscopic structural abnormalities. METHODS: This is a prospective study using esophagogastroduodenoscopy enhanced with duodenal confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) and mucosal biopsies in patients with FD (n = 16) and healthy controls (n = 18). Blinded CLE images analysis evaluated the density of epithelial gaps (cell extrusion zones), a validated endoscopic measure of the intestinal barrier status. Analyses of the biopsied duodenal mucosa included standard histology, quantification of mucosal immune cells/cytokines, and immunohistochemistry for inflammatory epithelial cell death called pyroptosis. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured using Ussing chambers. Epithelial cell-to-cell adhesion proteins expression was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Patients with FD had significantly higher epithelial gap density on CLE in the distal duodenum than that of controls (P = 0.002). These mucosal abnormalities corresponded to significant changes in the duodenal biopsy samples of patients with FD, compared with controls, including impaired mucosal integrity by TEER (P = 0.009) and increased number of epithelial cells undergoing pyroptosis (P = 0.04). Reduced TEER inversely correlated with the severity of certain dyspeptic symptoms. Furthermore, patients with FD demonstrated altered duodenal expression of claudin-1 and interleukin-6. No differences in standard histology were found between the groups. DISCUSSION: This is the first report of duodenal CLE abnormalities in patients with FD, corroborated by biopsy findings of epithelial barrier impairment and increased cell death, implicating that duodenal barrier disruption is a pathogenesis factor in FD and introducing CLE a potential diagnostic biomarker in FD.

Family History of Colorectal or Esophageal Cancer in Barrett's Esophagus and Potentially Explanatory Genetic Variants.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to estimate the effects of a family history of colorectal cancer (CRC) or esophageal cancer on the risk of Barrett's esophagus (BE) and identify variants in cancer genes that may explain the association. METHODS: Men scheduled for screening colonoscopy were recruited to undergo upper endoscopy. Cases and noncases were screenees with and without BE, respectively. The effects of family histories on BE were estimated with logistic regression, adjusting for the potential confounders. We additionally recruited men recently diagnosed with BE by clinically indicated endoscopies. Banked germline DNA from cases of BE with ≥2 first-degree relatives (FDRs) with CRC and/or an FDR with esophageal cancer underwent next-generation sequencing using a panel of 275 cancer genes. RESULTS: Of the 822 men screened for CRC who underwent upper endoscopy, 70 were newly diagnosed with BE (8.5%). BE was associated with family histories of esophageal cancer (odds ratio = 2.63; 95% confidence interval = 1.07-6.47) and CRC in ≥2 vs 0 FDRs (odds ratio = 3.73; 95% confidence interval = 0.898-15.4). DNA analysis of subjects with both BE and a family history of cancer identified one or more germline variants of interest in genes associated with cancer predisposition in 10 of 14 subjects, including the same novel variant in EPHA5 in 2 unrelated individuals. DISCUSSION: We found an increased risk for BE associated with a family history of esophageal cancer or CRC. Although analysis of germline DNA yielded no clinically actionable findings, discovery of the same EPHA5 variant of uncertain significance in 2 of 14 cases merits additional investigation.

Integrated Imaging Methodology Detects Claudin-1 Expression in Premalignant Nonpolypoid and Polypoid Colonic Epithelium in Mice.

OBJECTIVES: Conventional colonoscopy with white light illumination detects colonic adenomas based on structural changes alone and is limited by a high miss rate. We aim to demonstrate an integrated imaging strategy that combines wide-field endoscopy and confocal endomicroscopy in real time to visualize molecular expression patterns in vivo to detect premalignant colonic mucosa. METHODS: A peptide specific for claudin-1 is labeled with Cy5.5 and administrated intravenously in genetically engineered mice that develop adenomas spontaneously in the distal colon. Wide-field endoscopy is used to identify the presence of nonpolypoid and polypoid adenomas. Anatomic landmarks are used to guide placement of a confocal endomicroscope with side-view optics to visualize claudin-1 expression patterns with subcellular resolution. RESULTS: Wide-field fluorescence images show peak uptake in colon adenoma at ∼1 hour after systemic peptide administration, and lesion margins are clearly defined. Further examination of the lesion using a confocal endomicroscope shows dysplastic crypts with large size, elongated shape, distorted architecture, and variable dimension compared with normal. The mean fluorescence intensity is significantly higher for dysplasia than normal. Increased claudin-1 expression in dysplasia vs normal is confirmed ex vivo, and the binding pattern is consistent with the in vivo imaging results. DISCUSSION: Wide-field endoscopy can visualize molecular expression of claudin-1 in vivo to localize premalignant colonic mucosa, and confocal endomicroscopy can identify subcellular feature to distinguish dysplasia from normal.

A Contemporary Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment of Combined Hepatocellular-Cholangiocarcinoma.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To provide updates on terminology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CCA). RECENT FINDINGS: cHCC-CCAs are tumors that in the same nodule contain a variable degree of HCC and CCA components with a transition zone. cHCC-CCAs develop in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic livers like and is associated with poor outcomes. Mutations in TP53, TERT promoter, and ARID1A are the most common genetic aberrations in cHCC-CCA. Fusion gene PTMS-AP1G1 is unique for cHCC-CCA. A biopsy is required for diagnosis. Surgical resection remains treatment of choice, while liver transplantation for early cHCC-CCA is associated with favorable outcomes. Gemcitabine-based therapy shows benefits for advanced cHCC-CCA. SUMMARY: cHCC-CCAs are a heterogeneous group of primary liver cancers with unique biological behavior. Multicenter studies are required for a molecular analysis to inform novel therapeutic approaches, and understand epidemiology and benefits of liver transplantation, liver-directed and targeted therapies for this rare aggressive cancer.

Detection of colonic neoplasia in vivo using near-infrared-labeled peptide targeting cMet.

White light colonoscopy is widely used to detect colorectal polyps, but flat and depressed lesions are often missed. Here, we report a molecular imaging strategy to potentially improve diagnostic performance by developing a fluorescently-labeled peptide specific for cMet. This 7mer is conjugated to Cy5.5, a near-infrared (NIR) cyanine dye. Specific binding to cMet was confirmed by cell staining, knockdown, and competition assays. The probe showed high binding affinity (kd = 57 nM) and fast onset (k = 1.6 min) to support topical administration in vivo. A mouse model (CPC;Apc) that develops spontaneous adenomas that overexpress cMet was used to demonstrate feasibility for real time in vivo imaging. This targeting ligand showed significantly higher target-to-background (T/B) ratio for polypoid and non-polypoid lesions by comparison with a scrambled control peptide. Immunofluorescence staining on human colon specimens show significantly greater binding to tubular and sessile serrated adenomas versus hyperplastic polyps and normal mucosa. These results demonstrate a peptide specific for cMet that is promising for endoscopic detection of pre-malignant lesions and guiding of tissue biopsy.

Autoimmune Gastritis.

CONTEXT.­: Autoimmune gastritis (AG) is a corpus-restricted chronic atrophic gastritis associated with intrinsic factor deficiency, either with or without pernicious anemia. Autoimmune gastritis is a microscopic disease because patients present with no or vague symptoms, and clinicians rarely find endoscopic changes. Autoimmune gastritis only becomes a clinical disease when pathologists diagnose it in gastric biopsies performed for a variety of clinical indications. Unfamiliarity with this disease can result in misdiagnosis of patients, and thus inadequate patient management. OBJECTIVE.­: To review the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnoses, sequelae, and surveillance recommendations for AG. DATA SOURCES.­: The sources of the study include a review of the pertinent literature for AG. CONCLUSIONS.­: Autoimmune gastritis is an important disease characterized by a loss of oxyntic mucosa and presence of metaplastic epithelium and enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia. Awareness and proper diagnosis are critical to prevent mismanagement of patients.

Sorafenib encapsulated in nanocarrier functionalized with glypican-3 specific peptide for targeted therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer in the world with increasing incidence. Chemotherapy is required for HCC patients after receiving surgical resection. Serious off-target induced side effects and systemic toxicity limit the clinical utility of drugs. Targeting therapeutic nanomedicine is an innovative strategy for enhancing drug delivery efficiency and reducing side effects. Here, we successfully formulated nanocarriers to encapsulate sorafenib, an FDA approved drug for treatment of HCC. Sorafenib is encapsulated with an entrapment efficiency >80% over 20 days. The effective aqueous solubility is improved over 1900-fold. The release ratio in vitro is characterized by a half-life of T1/2 = 22.7 h. The peak target-to-background ratio for nanocarrier uptake by tumor occurs at 24 h post-injection, and is significantly greater for the target peptide versus controls. Ex vivo biodistribution confirms the in vivo results. Tumor regression is significantly greater for the target peptide versus controls after 21 days of therapy. No acute toxicity is found by blood chemistry or necropsy. In summary, a peptide specific for GPC3 has been identified, and used to modify the surface of a nanocarrier that encapsulates sorafenib with high entrapment efficiency. Regression of HCC xenograft tumors showed promise for targeted drug delivery.

Outcomes of Endoscopic Surveillance in Individuals With Genetic Predisposition to Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Pathogenic germline variants in CDH1 are associated with risk for diffuse gastric cancer (DGC) and lobular breast cancer. The reported high incidence of DGC and limited sensitivity of endoscopy in detection have prompted recommendation for total prophylactic gastrectomy for carriers of pathogenic or likely pathogenic (PLP) germline variants of CDH1. Multigene panel tests have identified increasing numbers of carriers of PLP variants in CDH1 who lack a family history of DGC. We evaluated outcomes of endoscopic surveillance for carriers of PLP variants of CDH1 with and without family history of DGC. METHODS: Individuals from 13 families with germline PLP variants of CDH1 were evaluated at the Michigan Medicine Cancer Genetics Clinic from January 1998 through May 2018. Outcomes of esophagogastroduodenoscopy examinations, histopathology analyses, and surgery were compared between individuals with and without a family history of DGC. RESULTS: We identified 20 carriers of germline CDH1 PLP variants; they underwent endoscopic examinations and/or gastrectomy. None had abnormal findings visible during endoscopy. Signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) was detected in 12 of 20 subjects. All but 1 of the carcinomas were tiny and confined to the lamina propria, and 1 was transmural. Seven of 12 subjects who had SRCC reported no diagnoses of DGC in first-degree relatives and did not meet established criteria for CDH1 analysis based on a 3-generation family pedigree. CONCLUSIONS: More than half of individuals with germlines variants of CDH1 that are PLP had histopathologic evidence for DGC on endoscopy and/or gastrectomy. Family history of DGC and endoscopic findings therefore do not appear to be reliable determinants of risk of SRCC in individuals with genetic predisposition to DGC.

Identification of Tumor Specific Peptide as EpCAM Ligand and Its Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Clinical Application.

Tumor targeting agents are being developed for early tumor detection and therapeutics. We previously identified the peptide SNFYMPL (SNF*) and demonstrated its specific binding to human esophageal specimens of high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and adenocarcinoma with imaging ex vivo. Here, we aim to identify the target for this peptide and investigate its potential applications in imaging and drug delivery. With SNF* conjugated affinity chromatography, mass spectrum, Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and molecular docking, we found that the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) was the potential target of SNF*. Next, we showed that FITC-labeled SNF* (SNF*-FITC) colocalized with EpCAM antibody on the surface of esophageal adenocarcinoma cells OE33, and SNF*-FITC binding patterns significantly changed after EpCAM knockdown or exogenous EpCAM transfection. With the data from TCGA, we demonstrated that EpCAM was overexpressed in 17 types of cancers. Using colon and gastric adenocarcinoma cells and tissues as examples, we found that SNF*-FITC bound in a pattern was colocalized with EpCAM antibody, and the SNF* binding did not upregulate the EpCAM downstream Wnt signals. Subsequently, we conjugated SNF* with our previously constructed poly(histidine)-PEG/DSPE copolymer micelles. SNF* labeling significantly improved the micelle binding with colon and gastric adenocarcinoma cells in vitro, and enhanced the antitumor effects and decreased the toxicities of the micelles in vivo. In conclusion, we identified and validated SNF* as a specific peptide for EpCAM. The future potential use of SNF* peptide in multiple tumor surveillance and tumor-targeted therapeutics was demonstrated.

Disrupting Inflammation-Associated CXCL8-CXCR1 Signaling Inhibits Tumorigenicity Initiated by Sporadic- and Colitis-Colon Cancer Stem Cells.

Dysfunctional inflammatory pathways are associated with an increased risk of cancer, including colorectal cancer. We have previously identified and enriched for a self-renewing, colon cancer stem cell (CCSC) subpopulation in primary sporadic colorectal cancers (CRC) and a related subpopulation in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients defined by the stem cell marker, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Subsequent work demonstrated that CCSC-initiated tumors are dependent on the inflammatory chemokine, CXCL8, a known inducer of tumor proliferation, angiogenesis and invasion. Here, we use RNA interference to target CXCL8 and its receptor, CXCR1, to establish the existence of a functional signaling pathway promoting tumor growth initiated by sporadic and colitis CCSCs. Knocking down either CXCL8 or CXCR1 had a dramatic effect on inhibiting both in vitro proliferation and angiogenesis. Likewise, tumorigenicity was significantly inhibited due to reduced levels of proliferation and angiogenesis. Decreased expression of cycle cell regulators cyclins D1 and B1 along with increased p21 levels suggested that the reduction in tumor growth is due to dysregulation of cell cycle progression. Therapeutically targeting the CXCL8-CXCR1 signaling pathway has the potential to block sustained tumorigenesis by inhibiting both CCSC- and pCCSC-induced proliferation and angiogenesis.