[Excessive daytime sleepiness in older adults of a municipal physical activity program] / Somnolencia diurna excesiva en adultos mayores de un programa municipal de actividad física.

Introduction: Physical exercise has been shown to have a favorable impact on the health of the individual. Its combination with other healthy lifestyles can positively impact various areas, including sleep quality. Objective: To determine the frequency of excessive daytime sleepiness in older adults of a municipal physical activity program in Santiago de Cali, Colombia. Methodology: Cross-sectional study that included 605 older adults from a community program of the Secretary of Recreation and Sports of the City of Cali, Colombia, during October 2018 and June 2019. To determine the presence of excessive daytime sleepiness, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale was used. Results: 81.5% of the population was female with a mean age of 73±8 years. The prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness was 10.5%. Significant differences were only found in the frequency of excessive daytime sleepiness by socioeconomic stratum, being more common in the low socioeconomic stratum (13% vs 4% P=0.03). Conclusion: Excessive daytime sleepiness is a phenomenon that affects older adults; however, its frequency may be lower in those who are physically active.

Introducción: El ejercicio físico ha demostrado tener un impacto favorable en la salud del individuo. Su combinación con otros estilos de vida saludable, puede impactar de forma positiva diversas áreas entre las que se encuentra la calidad del sueño. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de somnolencia diurna excesiva en adultos mayores de un programa municipal de actividad física de Santiago de Cali, Colombia. Metodología: Estudio de corte trasversal que incluyó 605 adultos mayores de un programa comunitario de la Secretaría de Recreación y Deporte de la Ciudad de Cali, Colombia, durante octubre de 2018 y junio de 2019. Para determinar la presencia de somnolencia diurna excesiva se usó la escala de somnolencia Epworth. Resultados: El 81,5% de la población era de sexo femenino con una edad promedio de 73±8 años. La prevalencia de somnolencia diurna excesiva fue del 10,5%.  Sólo se encontró diferencias significativas en la frecuencia de somnolencia diurna excesiva por estrato socioeconómico, siendo más habitual en el bajo (13% vs 4% P=0,03). Conclusión: La somnolencia diurna excesiva es un fenómeno que afecta los adultos mayores, sin embargo, su frecuencia puede ser menor en aquellos que realizan actividad física.

Sloanea chocoana and S. pittieriana (Elaeocarpaceae): Chemical and Biological Studies of Ethanolic Extracts and Skincare Properties.

The Colombian Chocó is known for its rich biodiversity and to harbor plant species that are under-explored, including the genus Sloanea. This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition of derivatized ethanolic extracts from S. chocoana and S. pittieriana using BSTFA and TMCS through GC-MS, and to assess cell viability of immortalized human non-tumorigenic keratinocytes (HaCaT) and periodontal ligament fibroblast cells using crude extracts through MTS assay. Antioxidant and photoprotective properties were determined using DPPH assay and spectrophotometry. Antifungal activity of extracts against Candida species was developed following the CLSI standard M27, 4th ed. The sun protective factor (SPF) and UVA/UVB ratio values were calculated using the Mansur equation and the Boots star rating system. The critical wavelength (λc) was determined by calculating the integrated optical density curve's area. The transmission of erythema and pigmentation was calculated through equations that use constants to calculate the flux of erythema and pigmentation. The GC-MS analysis identified 37 compounds for S. chocoana and 38 for S. pittieriana, including alkaloids, triterpenoids, and polyphenolics, among others. Both extracts exhibited proliferative effects on periodontal ligament fibroblasts, did not affect the viability of HaCaT cells, and showed excellent antioxidant activities (46.1% and 43.7%). Relevant antifungal activity was observed with S. pittieriana extract against Candida albicans (GM-MIC: 4 µg/mL), followed by C. auris and C. glabrata (GM-MIC: 32 µg/mL), while S. chocoana extract was active against C. albicans and C. glabrata (GM-MIC: 16 and 32 µg/mL, respectively). High SPF values (31.0 and 30.0), λc (393.98 and 337.81 nm), UVA/UVB ratio (1.5 and 1.2), and low percentage of transmission of erythema and pigmentation were determined for S. chocoana and S. pittieriana, respectively. Results showed that species of Sloanea constitute a promising alternative as ingredients for developing skincare products, and exhaustive studies are required for their sustainable uses.

Lippia origanoides Essential Oil or Thymol in Combination with Fluconazole Produces Damage to Cells and Reverses the Azole-Resistant Phenotype of a Candida tropicalis Strain.

Candida tropicalis is one of the most pathogenic species within the genus. Increased antifungal resistance has been reported, which is in part due to the organism's ability to form biofilms. In natural products derived from plants, such as essential oils (EOs) or their major components, there is significant potential to develop new antifungals or to both enhance the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of conventional antifungals. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of combining an EO of Lippia origanoides or thymol with fluconazole on an azole-resistant C. tropicalis strain. Synergism was observed in the combination of fluconazole with the EO and with thymol, and minimal inhibitory concentrations for fluconazole decreased at least 32-fold. As a consequence of the synergistic interactions, mitochondrial membrane potential was reduced, and mitochondrial superoxide production increased. Alteration in nuclear morphology, cell surface, and ultrastructure was also observed. In conclusion, the synergistic interaction between L. origanoides EO or thymol with fluconazole reverted the azole-resistant C. tropicalis phenotype. These findings suggest that L. origanoides EO or thymol alone, or in combination with fluconazole, have the potential for development as antifungal therapies for this yeast, including resistant strains.

Preparation, Physicochemical Characterization, and Stability Study of Lippia origanoides Essential Oil-Based Nanoemulsion as a Topical Delivery System.

INTRODUCTION: Fungal diseases are a priority in research, development, and health care, according to the WHO, mainly due to Candida spp. Essential oils (EOs) of the genus Lippia have demonstrated broad antimicrobial biological activity. Previous studies identified the anti-Candida potential of a thymol/p-cymene chemotype EO from Lippia origanoides H.B.K coded "0018". Nanoemulsions favor the biological activity of EOs and overcome limitations such as low solubility, instability against oxidizing agents, pH, light, and low permeability. To develop, characterize, and adjust a prototype of an O/W nanoemulsion containing the "0018" EO from Lippia origanoides for its evaluation in an In vitro permeability study. METHOD: Nanoemulsions were obtained using a high energy high shear method. Their particle size distribution, Z potential, viscosity, pH, encapsulation efficiency (EE), thermodynamic stability and the Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI) were evaluated. The nanoemulsion prototype was adjusted to improve performance characteristics and microbiological efficacy. Thymol was used as an analyte in the EO quantification using UHPLC-DAD. RESULTS: An O/W nanoemulsion with hydrodynamic diameter <200 nm and polydispersity index <0.3, EE >95%, with TSI < 1.5, anti-Candida albicans efficiency >95% was obtained; permeable with a flow of 6.0264 µg/cm2/h and permeability coefficient of 1.3170x10-3 cm/h. CONCLUSION: A pharmaceutical formulation prototype is obtained that maintains the physical and physicochemical characteristics over time. Permeability is verified in an in-vitro model. It is proposed to evaluate its antifungal activity in preclinical or clinical studies as a contribution to the treatment of topical fungal diseases caused by Candida spp., through the use of biological resources and Colombian biodiversity.

Exploring the Potential of Extracts from Sloanea medusula and S. calva: Formulating Two Skincare Gels with Antioxidant, Sun Protective Factor, and Anti-Candida albicans Activities.

Sloanea is a plant genus, native to tropical regions, used in medicinal practices for its anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity, sun protective factor (SPF), and antifungal of extracts obtained from two species of Sloanea and to develop extract-based gels with antioxidants, photoprotective, and anti-Candida albicans effects. Ethanolic extracts from S. medusula and S. calva collected in Chocó, Colombia, were used for antioxidant activity and SPF determination using the DPPH assay and the Mansur equation, respectively. Extracts were characterized using HPLC-MS and used to prepare the gels. The viscosity of the extract-based gels was evaluated using an MCR92 rheometer. In addition, the anti-Candida activity of extracts against five yeasts and anti-C. albicans of gels were evaluated following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M27, 4th Edition. High DPPH radical scavenging activity (42.4% and 44.7%) and a high SPF value (32.5 and 35.4) were obtained for the extracts of S. medusula and S. calva, respectively. Similarly, extract-based gels showed significant DPPH radical scavenging activity of 54.5% and 53.0% and maximum SPF values of 60 and 57. Extract from S. medusula showed an important antifungal activity against C. albicans (minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 µg/mL). In contrast, S. calva extract was active against C. krusei, C. albicans (MIC of 2 µg/mL) and C. tropicalis (MIC of 4 µg/mL). Sloanea medusula gel (0.15%) exhibited an important C. albicans growth inhibition (98%), while with S. calva gel (0.3%) growth inhibition was slightly lower (76%). Polyphenolic and triterpenoid compounds were tentatively identified for S. medusula and S. calva, respectively. Both extracts can be considered promising sources for developing photoprotective gels to treat skin infections caused by C. albicans.

Antifungal susceptibility profile of Trichosporon inkin: About three cases of White Piedra.

Trichosporon spp. usually cause systemic or superficial infections. Three cases of White Piedra produced by Trichosporon inkin are described. The in vitro antifungal activity to fluconazole, amphotericin B, ketoconazole and caspofungin against the three clinical isolates were evaluated. Sensitivity to fluconazole and ketoconazole was evidenced. However, the treatment of this mycosis is still a challenge.

Lippia origanoides derivatives in vitro evaluation on polymicrobial biofilms: Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Candida albicans.

OBJECTIVE: This work evaluated the Lippia origanoides derivatives in vitro effect on polymicrobial biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Candida albicans. Additionally, the cytotoxic effect of the oils on human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT) and fibroblasts of the periodontal ligament (FLP) cell lines was evaluated. DESIGN: The minimum inhibitory concentration, the inhibitory activity on monomicrobial (S. mutans) and polymicrobial biofilm (S. mutans, L. rhamnosus and C. albicans) of L. origanoides four essential oils and terpenes (thymol and carvacrol) were evaluated. The cytotoxic effect of each one of the compounds was measured, and all the tests were compared against chlorhexidine. RESULTS: All the evaluated compounds reached an inhibition percentage of S. mutans monomicrobial biofilms formation of 100 % at 600 µg/mL (p < 0.0001). The highest concentration (2 MIC) eradicated 100 % of S. mutans-preformed biofilms after 5 min L. origanoides carvacrol + thymol and thymol chemotypes showed marked reductions in topography, the number of microbial cells and extracellular matrix on polymicrobial biofilm. The cytotoxic effect of the compounds was very similar to chlorhexidine. CONCLUSIONS: L. origanoides essential oils have an inhibitory effect on mono and polymicrobial biofilms. The oils present a similar cytotoxic effect to chlorhexidine on HaCaT and FLP cell lines. However, including these compounds in formulations for clinical use is an exciting proposal yet to be investigated.

In Vitro Activity of Essential Oils Distilled from Colombian Plants against Candidaauris and Other Candida Species with Different Antifungal Susceptibility Profiles.

Multi-drug resistant species such as Candida auris are a global health threat. This scenario has highlighted the need to search for antifungal alternatives. Essential oils (EOs), or some of their major compounds, could be a source of new antifungal molecules. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of EOs and some terpenes against C. auris and other Candida spp. The eleven EOs evaluated were obtained by hydro-distillation from different Colombian plants and the terpenes were purchased. EO chemical compositions were obtained by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Antifungal activity was evaluated following the CLSI standard M27, 4th Edition. Cytotoxicity was tested on the HaCaT cell line and fungal growth kinetics were tested by time-kill assays. Candida spp. showed different susceptibility to antifungals and the activity of EOs and terpenes was strain-dependent. The Lippia origanoides (thymol + p-cymene) chemotype EO, thymol, carvacrol, and limonene were the most active, mainly against drug-resistant strains. The most active EOs and terpenes were also slightly cytotoxic on the HaCaT cells. The findings of this study suggest that some EOs and commercial terpenes can be a source for the development of new anti-Candida products and aid the identification of new antifungal targets or action mechanisms.

Antifungal Activity of Amphiphilic Perylene Bisimides.

Perylene-based compounds, either naturally occurring or synthetic, have shown interesting biological activities. In this study, we report on the broad-spectrum antifungal properties of two lead amphiphilic perylene bisimides, compounds 4 and 5, which were synthesized from perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride by condensation with spermine and an ammonium salt formation. The antifungal activity was evaluated using a collection of fungal strains and clinical isolates from patients with onychomycosis or sporotrichosis. Both molecules displayed an interesting antifungal profile with MIC values in the range of 2-25 µM, being as active as several reference drugs, even more potent in some particular strains. The ammonium trifluoroacetate salt 5 showed the highest activity with a MIC value of 2.1 µM for all tested Candida spp., two Cryptococcus spp., two Fusarium spp., and one Neoscytalidium spp. strain. Therefore, these amphiphilic molecules with the perylene moiety and cationic ammonium side chains represent important structural features for the development of novel antifungals.

Thrombosis in abdominal vessels associated with COVID-19 Infection: A report of three cases.

Hypercoagulability related to SARS-CoV-2 infection is one of the main extrapulmonary complications of COVID-19. We present three cases of intrabdominal thrombotic complications related to the state of hypercoagulability of COVID-19 and its tomographic features. Hypercoagulability state should be taking into account in the interpretation of radiological images in all infected patients with COVID-19.

Herramientas tecnológicas para el control y seguimiento de pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias y soporte de oxígeno / Technological tools for the control and follow-up of patients with respiratory diseases and oxygen support

El uso de las herramientas tecnológicas en salud permite llegar a puntos geográficos donde la medicina tradicional traza una brecha entre las instituciones de salud y los pacientes. Estas tecnologías pueden llegar a reducir las tasas de inasistencia médica, aumentar la adherencia al tratamiento y ayudar a garantizar la frecuencia apropiada de las visitas médicas. El presente trabajo se propuso realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre el control y seguimiento de pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias y soporte de oxígeno, a través de herramientas tecnológicas. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Pubmed, Cochrane, Medline, Lilacs, Biomed, National Library, Science, con descriptores tipo Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) y Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud (DeCS). El análisis de la literatura se realizó por medio de los elementos Strobe, Amstar. A partir de los estudios incluidos en el análisis final se puede evidenciar que la tecnología móvil en salud se ha convertido en una herramienta de gran importancia en el seguimiento y control de pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias, lo cual proporciona en tiempo real datos que pueden ser usados para minimizar complicaciones y ampliar la oportunidad de atención con calidad en pacientes con problemas respiratorios. No obstante, es necesaria la realización de ensayos clínicos que determinen los beneficios clínicos, al utilizar las herramientas tecnológicas en esta área(AU)

The use of technological tools in health allows reaching geographical points where traditional medicine draws a gap between health institutions and patients. These technologies can reduce medical absence rates, increase adherence to treatment, and help ensure the appropriate frequency of medical visits. In the present work it was proposed to carry out a review of the literature on the control and follow-up in patients with oxygen and respiratory diseases through technological tools. A search was carried out in the databases Pubmed, Cochrane, Medline, Lilacs, Biomed, National Library, Science, with descriptors such as Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and Descriptors in Health Sciences (DeCS). The analysis of the literature was carried out using the elements Strobe, Amstar. From the studies included in the final analysis, it can be evidenced that mobile health technology has become a very important tool in the monitoring and control of patients with respiratory diseases, which provides data in real time that They can be used to minimize complications and expand the opportunity for quality care in patients with respiratory problems, however, it is necessary to carry out clinical trials to determine the clinical benefits, when using technological tools in this area(SU)

Differential Diagnosis of Fungal Pneumonias vs. Tuberculosis in AIDS Patients by Using Two New Molecular Methods.

Opportunistic fungal pneumonias (OFP) are the main cause of death in AIDS patients worldwide. Diagnosis of these infections is often late as tuberculosis (TB) is frequently the first suspicion. In addition, diagnostic tools have limitations and are unavailable in disadvantaged regions. To perform the differential diagnosis of the main fungi causing OFP in AIDS patients (Histoplasma capsulatum, Cryptococcus neoformans/C. gattii and Pneumocystis jirovecii) vs. the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), two new assays were developed: (i) a multiplex real-time PCR (MRT-PCR) and (ii) a simple and cost-effective method based on real-time PCR and the analysis of melting curves after amplification (MC-PCR). Both of the techniques were optimized and standardized "in vitro", showing a suitable reproducibility (CV ranged between 1.84 and 3.81% and 1.41 and 4.83%, respectively), a 100% specificity and detection limits between 20 and 2 fg of genomic DNA per 20 µL of reaction. A validation study was performed by retrospectively using 42 clinical samples from 37 patients with proven fungal infection or TB, and 33 controls. The overall sensitivity for the MRT-PCR assay and the MC-PCR assay was 88% and 90.4%, respectively. Both techniques were fast, sensitive and reproducible, allowing for the detection of these pathogens and the performance of a differential diagnosis.

[School absenteeism in asthmatic students of an academic institution in Cali]. / Ausentismo escolar en estudiantes asmáticos de una institución educativa de la ciudad de Cali.

Introduction: Asthma as a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that is characterized by wheezing, respiratory distress, chest tightness and cough, which occurs mainly at night or in the early hours of the morning. In spite of the diagnostic and therapeutic advances, the prevalence of this pathology worldwide continues to increase, affecting mainly the child and adolescent population, in which it generates limitations in daily physical activity, interference in sleep, absence from school days and low academic performance. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of school absenteeism in asthmatic students of an educational institution in the city of Cali. Methodology: A total of 385 students from 5 to 14 years were included in the study, to which they were supplied with the ISAAC questionnaire, which were completed by the caregivers. From the data obtained, the statistical analysis was performed in the SPSS package version 20 Results: The prevalence of asthma found was 27%, in relation to the absenteeism in this group of students it was evidenced that in total 776 days of classes had been lost during the year, with an average of 7.5 days (DE +/- 7) per student. 45% missed 1-5 times and 6% more than 20 times Conclusions: Based on the findings, it is concluded that asthma is a disease that can have clear repercussions at school level.

Introducción: El asma como una enfermedad crónica inflamatoria de las vías aéreas que se caracteriza por sibilancias, dificultad respiratoria, opresión torácica y tos, la cual se da principalmente en la noche o en las primeras horas de la mañana. A pesar de los avances diagnósticos y terapéuticos, la prevalencia de esta patología a nivel mundial sigue en aumento, afectando principalmente la población infantil y adolescente, en las que genera limitaciones en la actividad física diaria, interferencias en el sueño, ausencias a las jornadas escolares y bajo rendimiento académico. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de ausentismo escolar en estudiantes asmáticos de una institución educativa de la ciudad de Cali. Metodología: Un total de 385 estudiantes de 5 a 14 años fueron incluidos en el estudio, a los cuales se les suministro el cuestionario ISAAC, los cuales fueron diligenciados por los cuidadores. A partir de los datos obtenidos se realizó el análisis estadístico en el paquete SPSS versión 20. Resultados: La prevalencia de asma encontrada fue del 27%, con relación el ausentismo en este grupo de estudiantes se evidenció que en total 776 días de clases se habían perdido durante el año, con un promedio de 7.5 días (DE +/- 7) por estudiante. El 45% faltó de 1-5 veces y un 6% más de 20 veces. Conclusiones: A partir de los hallazgos se concluye que el asma una enfermedad que puede traer claras repercusiones a nivel escolar.

Onychomycosis caused by the environmental mold Neoscytalidium dimidiatum in Colombia, and in vitro antifungal susceptibility evaluation.

Neoscytalidium dimidiatum is a plant pathogen, but can also cause onychomycosis. We compared clinical and epidemiological data of cases of onychomycosis caused by N. dimidiatum and Trichophyton rubrum. We also evaluated the in vitro antifungal susceptibility of N. dimidiatum clinical isolates. It was not possible to establish any statistical differences between groups, except the place of residence and the number of affected nails. The results suggest that onychomycosis caused by N. dimidiatum is clinically similar to that caused by T. rubrum; besides, N. dimidiatum has been shown to have low sensitivity to itraconazole, but high to terbinafine. LAY SUMMARY: Cases of onychomycosis caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum were studied and compared to cases of onychomycosis caused by T. rubrum. The individuals affected were adults, and the clinical characteristics were not different between groups; accordingly, mycological diagnosis is mandatory.

Development and Validation of an In-House Library for Filamentous Fungi Identification by MALDI-TOF MS in a Clinical Laboratory in Medellin (Colombia).

Identification of filamentous fungi by conventional phenotypic methods are time-consuming, and a correct identification at the species level is prone to errors. Therefore, a more accurate and faster time-to-results, and cost-effective technique, is required, such as the Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). In this study, we describe the development of an in-house spectra library for the identification of filamentous fungi frequently isolated from patients with infections. An in-house spectra library was constructed using 14 reference strains grown in solid medium. Clinical isolates were identified either by the in-house spectra library or the Biotyper commercial library from Bruker Daltonics. Fungal identification was carried following the Biotyper's established scores: ≤1.699: not reliably identified (NRI); 1.700-1.999: genus-level; ≥2.000: species-level. Clinical isolates were identified, with the in-house library, at species- and genus-level at 88.70% (55) and 3.22% (2), respectively. While 4.80% (3) was NRI and 3.22% (2) was discrepant concerning sequencing. On the contrary, identification up to species and genus-level with the commercial library was 44.44% (16) and 22.22% (8), respectively. NRI and the discrepancy was 30.55% (11) and 2.77% (1), respectively. For the reaming 26 isolates, 16 from Neoscytalidium dimidiatum and 10 from Sporothrix spp., respectively, the absence of spectrum and the specific spectra within the Sporothrix complex in the commercial library resulted in the inability to obtain an identification. In conclusion, the current results advocate the importance that each clinical microbiological laboratory needs to develop an ad hoc library associated with the MALDI-TOF MS fungal identification to overcome the limitations of the available commercial libraries.

Efectos de un programa educativo para cuidadores de pacientes con afecciones respiratorias en el domicilio / Effects of an educational program in caregivers of patients with respiratory diseases in the home

Introducción: La educación en salud en el ámbito domiciliario, es determinante para fortalecer las competencias del equipo de salud. Objetivo: Identificar los efectos de un programa educativo en cuidadores con formación técnica en enfermería de un programa de atención domiciliaria. Métodos: Estudio cuasi experimental. Se tomó la población total de cuidadores con formación técnica en enfermería de una institución, correspondientes a 55 sujetos pertenecientes a las sedes de la ciudad de Cali y al municipio de Palmira, en 2017. El programa educativo consistió en capacitar en temas del cuidado respiratorio en casa, las estrategias de comunicación se enmarcaron en talleres, folletos y videos. Se creó una base de datos ajustada al propósito de los objetivos planteados, la cual fue analizada en el formato SPSS versión 20, y sometida a procesos de revisión y consistencia de datos. Los instrumentos de medición fueron cuestionarios autoadministrados, realizados por las autoras y validados en una prueba piloto aplicada a 33 auxiliares de enfermería externos a la institución, con las mismas características de la población de estudio. Resultados: Tras la ejecución de la intervención educativa se evidenciaron cambios en el puntaje global de los test de succión de la vía aérea (diferencia media pretest vs postest 2,034 p = 0,0001) e inhaloterapia (diferencia media pretest vs postest 1,355 p = 0,043). Conclusiones: La educación en salud en el contexto domiciliario se convierte en una estrategia importante para garantizar intervenciones oportunas dentro de los planes de atención(AU)

Introduction: Health education in the home environment is crucial to strengthen the competences of the health team. Objective: To identify the effects of an educational program in caregivers with technical training in nursing of a home care program, 2017. Methodology: Type of quasi-experimental study, the total population of caregivers with technical training in nursing of an institution was taken, corresponding 55 subjects belonging to the headquarters of the city of Cali and the municipality of Palmira. The educational program consisted of training in topics of respiratory care at home, communication strategies were framed in workshops, brochures and videos. A database adjusted to the purpose of the proposed objectives was created, which was analyzed in the SPSS version 20 format, and subjected to data review and consistency processes. The measurement instrument was a self-administered questionnaire, carried out by the authors and validated in a pilot test applied to 33 nursing auxiliaries external to the institution, with the same characteristics of the study population. Results: It was found that there is a significant difference after providing education regarding airway suction technique, with an average difference of 2.03 P value of 0.000. Conclusions: health education in the home context becomes an important strategy to ensure timely interventions within the care plans(AU)

ITS rDNA Gene Analysis Versus MALDI-TOF MS For Identification of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum Isolated from Onychomycosis and Dermatomycosis Cases in Medellin (Colombia).

Within the Neoscytalidium genus, N. dimidiatum, N. oculus, N. orchidacearum, and N. novaehollandiae have been recognized. Although these species are frequently found in soil, N. dimidiatum has been identified as an etiologic agent of onychomycosis or dermatomycosis, and N. oculus has been identified as an etiologic agent of an ocular lesion. All these species can be cultured in vitro, but their morphological identification by macroscopic and microscopic traits is difficult and imprecise due to their similarity. In this study, 34 isolates of Neoscytalidium spp. from 32 onychomycosis and two dermatomycosis cases in Medellin (Colombia) were identified at the species level using sequencing of the ITS1+5.8S+ITS2 nuclear rDNA region and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS). Neoscytalidium dimidiatum strain MUM 17.21 was used to construct the reference spectrum in the in-house library to identify the clinical isolates by MALDI-TOF MS. Additionally, N. dimidiatum PPC-216 and PLAB-055 strains were used to validate the in-house constructed reference spectra. Although four groups were observed in the dendrogram obtained from the proteins of each isolate profile, MALDI-TOF MS and sequencing results are in accordance, since all isolates were identified as N. dimidiatum.

Chronic pruritus. / Prurito crónico.

Chronic pruritus is defined as an unpleasant sensation on the skin that causes scratching and lasts more than six weeks. This symptom may be a manifestation of a cutaneous or systemic disease and it jeopardizes the patients' quality of life, constantly altering their sleep and daily activities. The pathophysiology is complex and it includes multiple mediators and their respective receptors which, through different signaling pathways, carry information through type C nerve fibers towards the thalamus; from where it is distributed to various areas of the cerebral cortex. The understanding of these mechanisms has made it possible to identify potential therapeutic targets and the development of molecules that are increasingly more effective and safer for patients. The present review aims to give a vision of the diagnostic and therapeutic handling of patients with chronic pruritus.

El prurito crónico se define como una sensación no placentera de la piel que induce el rascado y que dura más de seis semanas. Este síntoma puede ser la manifestación de una enfermedad cutánea o sistémica y compromete la calidad de vida de los pacientes, alterando de forma consistente el sueño y las actividades diarias. La fisiopatología es compleja e incluye múltiples mediadores y sus respectivos receptores, que a través de diferentes vías de señalización llevan información por las fibras nerviosas tipo C hacia el tálamo, desde donde se distribuye a diversas zonas de la corteza cerebral. La comprensión de estos mecanismos ha permitido identificar posibles blancos terapéuticos y el desarrollo de moléculas cada vez más efectivas y seguras para los pacientes. La presente revisión pretende dar una visión acerca del manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico de los pacientes con prurito crónico.

Estrategia educativa en el reconocimiento de signos de alarma respiratorios por parte de madres comunitarias del programa Familia, Mujer e Infancia del instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar, Colombia / Educational strategy in recognition of signs of respiratory alarm by community mothers of the Family, Women and Children program of the Instituto Colombiano de Bienester Familiar, Colombia

Objetivo: identificar el nivel de conocimiento antes y después de una estrategia educativa en el reconocimiento de signos de alarma respiratorios por parte de madres comunitarias del programa Familia, Mujer e Infancia, del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar, entre los meses de junio y julio del 2017. Materiales y Método: cuantitativa, cuasi experimental, con preprueba y posprueba. Estrategia educativa extracurricular, de tipo participativa, dirigida a madres comunitarias del programa Familia Mujer e Infancia en el reconocimiento de los signos de alarma respiratorios. Una Muestra de 33 madres comunitarias pertenecientes a la sede Norte. Se creó una base de datos, analizada en el formato SPSS versión 20, sometida a revisión, validación y consistencia de datos. Los instrumentos de medición, fueron validados en una prueba piloto que contaban con las mismas características de la población de estudio. Resultados: se encontró que existe una diferencia significativa después de aplicar la estrategia educativa, el nivel de conocimiento fue medido a través de un cuestionario que evalúa el nivel de conocimiento en signos de alarma respiratorios, encontrando una diferencia de media de 2,03 entre la preprueba y el posprueba, un intervalo de confianza del 95% (0,81- 3,92) y un valor de P 0,004. Conclusiones: los programas educativos en salud se convierten en la estrategia perfecta para minimizar complicaciones asociadas al desconocimiento de las buenas prácticas de cuidado en el individuo, especialmente cuando el cuidado se desarrolla en población de la primera infancia..(AU)

Objective: to identify the level of knowledge before and after an educational strategy in the recognition of respiratory alarm signs by community mothers of the Family, Women and Children program of the Colombian Family Welfare Institute, between June and July. 2017. Materials and Method: quantitative, quasi-experimental, with pretest and posttest. Extracurricular educational strategy, of a participatory type, aimed at community mothers of the FAMI program in the recognition of respiratory alarm signs. A sample of 33 community mothers belonging to the North headquarters. A database was created, analyzed in the SPSS version 20 format, subject to review, validation and data consistency. The measurement instruments were validated in a pilot test that had the same characteristics of the study population. Results: it was found that there is a significant difference after applying the educational strategy, the level of knowledge was measured through a questionnaire that evaluates the level of knowledge in respiratory alarm signs, finding an average difference of 2.03 between the pretest and the posttest, a confidence interval of 95% (0.81- 3.92) and a value of P 0.004. Conclusions: health education programs become the perfect strategy to minimize complications associated with ignorance of good care practices in the individual, especially when care is developed in the early childhood population..(AU)

Análisis de resultados después de la implementation de protocolos de recuperación acelerada en cirugía hepatopancreatobiliar / Analysis of results after the implementation of fast recovery protocols in hepatopancreatobiliary surgery

Abstract Background: Hepatopancreatobiliary surgery (HPB) has been able to reduce morbidity and mortality over the past 30 years, as a result of technological breakthroughs, high-volume centers, and the implementation of multidisciplinary groups with fast recovery protocols. Objective: To compare the impact of implementing fast recovery guidelines in patients undergoing HPB surgery. Methods: We conducted an observational retrospective study collecting medical records of patients undergoing HPB surgery from July 2012 to January 2017. An analysis was done of the demographic data, frequent diagnoses, fluid therapy, need for transfusions, length of hospital stay, need for reintervention, and 30-day mortality. Two groups were identified: group A (July 2012-December 2014) and group B (January 2015-January 2017) in which fast recovery protocols were implemented. Results: A total of 364 patients were included, 145 in group A and 219 in group B. The most frequent diagnoses were pancreatic cancer, liver metastasis, cholangiocarcinoma, and bile duct injury. Bleeding was less than 600 mL (OR = 12,88, CI 95%(5,3131,23)), the transfusion requirements dropped (OR=0.16; 95% CI: 0.068-0.418), and fluid therapy was below 5000 mL in group B (OR = 4.23; 95% CI: 1.76-10.11). Length of hospital stay was 3 days (interquartile range 2-5; p<0.001), and mortality at 30 days was lower in group B (p = 0.012). Conclusion: The implementation of fast recovery protocols showed a decrease in intraoperative bleeding, intravenous fluids therapy, length of hospital stay, and 30-day mortality.

Resumen Introducción: La cirugía Hepatopancreatobiliar (HPB) ha logrado reducir la morbi-mortalidad en los últimos 30 años gracias a avances tecnológicos, centros de alto volumen, implementación de grupos multidisciplinarios y protocolos de recuperación acelerada. Objetivos: Comparar el impacto en la implementación de guías de recuperación acelerada en pacientes llevados a cirugía HPB. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo donde se recolectaron historias clínicas de pacientes HPB entre julio 2012 - enero 2017. Se analizaron datos demográficos, diagnósticos más frecuentes, fluidoterapia, necesidad de transfusiones, estancia hospitalaria, necesidad de reintervención y mortalidad a 30 días. Se identificaron dos grupos: grupo A (julio 2012 - diciembre 2014) y grupo B (enero 2015 - enero 2017) en el cual se implementaron las guías de recuperación acelerada. Resultados: Un total de 364 pacientes, 145 para el grupo A y 219 para el grupo B. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron cáncer de páncreas, metástasis hepáticas, colangiocarcinoma y lesión de vía biliar. Se evidenció sangrado menor a 600 ml (OR = 12,88 IC95%:5,31-31,23), menor necesidad de transfusión (OR=0,16 IC95%:0,068-0,418) y fluidoterapia menor a 5000 ml en el grupo B (OR = 4,23 IC95%:1,76-10,11). La estancia hospitalaria fue 3 días (rango intercuartílico 2-5; p < 0,001) y la mortalidad a 30 días fue menor para el grupo B (p=0,012). Conclusiones: La implementación de guías de recuperación acelerada mostró disminución en el sangrado intraoperatorio, cantidad de líquidos intravenosos administrados, estancia hospitalaria y mortalidad a 30 días.