Assessing the carbon footprint of a Colombian University Campus using the UNE-ISO 14064-1 and WRI/WBCSD GHG Protocol Corporate Standard.

Higher education institutions (HEIs) transfer skills and knowledge between industries, the government, and the public, playing a vital role at educating future leaders in creating a globally sustainable system. Therein, evaluating greenhouse gas emissions from an educational institute is the first step towards the proposed reduction targets at the local, national, and international levels. In this research, we report the first approximate carbon footprint calculation of emissions corresponding to scope 1, scope 2, and scope 3 emissions for the main urban campuses of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, using the UNE-ISO 14064-1 and WRI/WBCSD GHG Protocol Corporate standard. The carbon footprint in 2019 was approximately 7250.52 tons CO2 eq, and 0.432 tons CO2 eq per person. Scope 1 emissions accounted for about 2.84% of the carbon footprint, while scope 2 and 3 emissions each contributed nearly 14% and 83%, respectively. The largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions were the transportation process (58.51%), the wastewater process (17.01%), followed by electricity consumption (14.03%), and the e-mails that are sent (6.51%). It is suggested some proposals and strategies for mitigating and reducing emissions. Colombian HEIs exhibit the lowest ton of CO2 eq. per person compared to the other HEIs. Several reasons explain this behavior across the document such as geographic location (climate and topography), cultural factors (consumption patterns and types of transportation), population size, typology (public or private), gross domestic product (GDP) of each country, and methodology implemented. Results cannot be extrapolated to the Colombian case for the differences in the local conditions; therefore, it is not possible to get solid conclusions on the CF behavior in the Colombian HEIs. In this research, we provide for the first time a carbon footprint calculation where the sociological, political, and geographic conditions not extrapolated representing a valuable contribution to the HEI's of the country. This research can be a benchmark in the carbon footprint calculation and a methodological contribution to HEIs in the country.

Aciduria L-2-hidroxiglutárica. A propósito de un caso / L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. A case report

L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (AL2HG) is a rare autosomal recessive neurometabolic disorder. It is characterized by elevated of L-2-hydroxyglutarate and lysine in urine, cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Patients usually have neurological manifestations including mild to moderate psychomotor developmental delay, cerebellar ataxia, macrocephaly and epilepsy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has shown abnormalities in the signal intensity of the subcortical cerebral white matter, putamen and dentate nucleus. This article reports a case to demonstrate the classically described imaging findings.

La aciduria L-2-hidroxiglutárica (AL2HG) es un raro trastorno neurometabólico de tipo autosómico recesivo. Se caracteriza por niveles elevados de L-2-hidroxiglutarato y lisina en orina, líquido cefalorraquídeo y plasma. Los pacientes suelen tener manifestaciones neurológicas que incluyen retraso en el desarrollo psicomotor de leve a moderado, ataxia cerebelosa, macrocefalia y epilepsia. En resonancia magnética (RM) se han descrito anormalidades en la intensidad de señal de la sustancia blanca cerebral subcortical, el putamen y el núcleo dentado. En este artículo se presenta un caso para demostrar los hallazgos por imagen que se describen clásicamente.

Descripción de la presencia de anticuerpos antianexina V, cardiolipina y B2-glicoproteína I en mujeres con pérdidas gestacionales recurrentes en la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia / Describing the presence of anti-annexin V antibodies, cardiolipin and B2-glycoprotein 1 in females suffering recurrent pregnancy loss in Medellin, Colombia

Objetivo: describir la frecuencia de anticuerpos antianexina V en una serie de mujeres que presentaron aborto recurrente en la ciudad de Medellín. Materiales y métodos: se llevó a cabo una serie de casos constituida por mujeres sanas que acudían a consulta ginecológica por historia de pérdidas gestacionales recurrentes caracterizadas por dos o más abortos en el primer trimestre de gestación, en dos instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud de segundo y tercer nivel de complejidad, y a la consulta privada de algunos ginecólogos de la ciudad de Medellín que aceptaron participar en el estudio. Se excluyeron las mujeres con diagnóstico de síndrome antifosfolípido secundario. Se evaluaron las características sociodemográficas, los antecedentes obstétricos y médicos con énfasis en hipertensión arterial y trombosis. También se evaluaron los anticuerpos anticardiolipina, anticoagulante lúpico, número de anticuerpos antiß2-GPI y número de anticuerpos antianexina V. La información se tabuló en una hoja de cálculo de Microsoft Excel y se procesó en el programa estadístico Stata 10.0, en el análisis estadístico se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: se encuestaron 65 mujeres con edades entre los 18 y 46 años, la mitad de las pacientes reportaron 2 abortos antes de la décima semana, y la otra mitad después de esta. En los resultados de los anticuerpos anticardiolipina se encontró que el 4,6% (3) de las pacientes presentaron anticuerpos positivos IgM y el 3,1% (2) tenían anticuerpos positivos IgG. El 3,1% (2) de las mujeres presentaron anticuerpos antiß2-GPI IgG e IgM. El 4,6% (3) de las pacientes presentaron anticuerpos positivos antianexina IgG y un 12,3% (8) de estas presentaron un resultado indeterminado.Conclusiones: se evidencia la presencia de anticuerpos antianexina en las pacientes estudiadas, aunque un subgrupo de mujeres presentó un resultado indeterminado; surge la hipótesis de que la anexina V podría ser un factor importante e independiente de los anticuerpos cardiolipina y β2-GPI en las pérdidas gestacionales recurrentes.

Objective: Describing anti-annexin V antibody frequency in a series of females suffering recurrent abortion in Medellin. Materials and methods: A series of cases was compiled, consisting of healthy females attending gynecological consultation who had a background of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), characterized by two or more abortions during the first three months of pregnancy. The females were attending a second- and third-level complexity healthcareproviding institution and/or private consultation with some gynecologists in Medellin who agreed to participate in the study. Females diagnosed with secondary antiphospholipid syndrome were excluded. Socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric and medical background emphasizing hypertension and thrombosis were evaluated, as were anti-cardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, number of anti-â2-GPI antibodies and number of anti-annexin V antibodies. Such information was tabulated on a Microsoft Excel sheet and processed using Stata 10.0 statistical software; descriptive statistics were used for statistical analysis. Results: 65 females were surveyed, their ages ranging from 18 to 46 years. Half the patients reported 2 abortions before the tenth week and the other half following such time. Anti-cardiolipin antibody results revealed that 4.6% (3) of the patients proved positive for IgM antibodies and 3.1% (2) positive for IgG antibodies. 3.1% (2) of the females had IgG and IgM anti-â2-GPI antibodies. 4.6% (3) of the patients were positive for anti-annexin IgG antibodies and 12.3% (8) had an indeterminate result. Conclusions: Anti-annexin antibodies were detected in the patients surveyed in this study, although a subgroup of females had an indeterminate result. This led to advancing a hypothesis that annexin V could be an important and independent factor for cardiolipin and â2-GPI antibodies in recurrent pregnancy loss.Conclusions: Anti-annexin antibodies were detected in the patients surveyed in this study, although a subgroup of females had an indeterminate result. This led to advancing a hypothesis that annexin V could be an important and independent factor for cardiolipin and β2-GPI antibodies in recurrent pregnancy loss.

Reflexiones bioéticas acerca del tráfico ilegal de especies en Colombia / Bioethics reflections about illegal trade of species in Colombia / Reflexões bioéticas sobre o tráfico ilegal de espécies na Colômbia

El tráfico ilegal de especies, si bien es un problema a nivel mundial, para Colombia resulta particularmente grave, si se tiene en cuenta que es el segundo país megadiverso y, por tanto, una buena parte de la vida del Planeta se encuentra sustentada desde el suelo colombiano, es decir, el país es el segundo reservorio genético de la humanidad. Una de las mayores implicaciones de ésta problemática, consiste en la pérdida de la diversidad generada por una fuerte presión hacia la extinción de especies, esto unido al deterioro del hábitat por rupturas en las cadenas tróficas tienen implicaciones que se pueden considerar como catastróficas no sólo a nivel local, sino en un sentido más amplio, a nivel global...

Illegal traffic of species is a well acknowledge International problem. In the of Colombia's It becomes particularly Ernst in that Colombia is the second mega-diverse country. Hence, a large part of life on Earth is placed within the Colombian territory, which makes of this country the second worldwide genetic reservoir for humankind. The most important implications of such a set of problems consist in the loss of diversity generated by the strong pressure on the extinction of species. This is united to the deterioration of the habitat due to the rupture of trophic chains which has serious consequences that can be considered as catastrophic not just on the local level but also in its largest worldwide level...

O tráfico ilegal de espécies, ainda que seja um problema de nível mundial, é particularmente grave para a Colômbia se considerarmos que é o segundo país megadiverso e, portanto, uma boa parte da vida do Planeta se encontra sustentada em solo colombiano, ou seja, o país é o segundo reservatório genético da humanidade. Uma das maiores implicações desta problemática consiste na perda da diversidade, gerada por uma forte pressão para a extinção de espécies. Isto, unido à deterioração do habitat por rupturas nas cadeias tróficas, tem implicações que podem ser consideradas catastróficas não apenas em nível local como, em um sentido mais amplo, em nível global...