Quality of red tilapia viscera oil (Oreochromis sp.) as a function of extraction methods.

This study aimed to propose a simple and efficient heating-freezing method for oil recovery from red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) viscera, suitable for industrial application and that does not affect its composition. Three methodologies for oil extraction were studied: a) direct heating (69 °C and 29 min) of samples followed by separation of the oil by decantation, b) direct heating with subsequent freezing and c) solvent extraction assisted by ultrasound. For the oil obtained by each methodology, the following factors were determined: peroxide and iodine values, oxidative stability index, yield percentages and fatty acid profile and, to evaluate the changes thereof, a thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry was performed. An oil extracted by centrifugation from fresh viscera was used as control. Results showed yields of 92,126%, 60,99% and 55,36% for the oil obtained by heating and freezing, heating and decanting and solvent extraction, respectively, the other evaluated parameters were similar among each other. The content of PUFA was not affected by heating when compared to the control oil, although a decrease was observed in the solvent extracted oil. This behavior was corroborated with the thermal analysis, which showed that the higher PUFA content, the lower the melting temperatures of the oils and the energy required for phase change. A principal component analysis allowed determining that while there are no differences in the abundance of fatty acids C20:1, 14:0, 18:0, 16:1 and C16:0, there are differences for fatty acids C18:1 and C18:2 depending on the method of extraction used in the oil obtention. The results of this study show that the heating-freezing extraction method is a good alternative for acquiring value-added products and facilitates their implementation in rural areas. Furthermore, allows obtaining a product with high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (at least a third of the total content).

Contaminación de líquido de preservación en trasplante renal. Reporte y revisión de la literatura / Contamination of preservation fluid in kidney transplant. Report and literature review

Resumen La enfermedad renal crónica es un problema de salud pública con una alta morbilidad y mortalidad. El trasplante renal es una de las actuales alternativas terapéuticas. Se incluyen en este artículo 12 trabajos publicados referentes a la contaminación del líquido de preservación en trasplante renal, 4 reportes de caso, y 8 estudios de prevalencia. En este estudio la prevalencia de contaminación de líquido de preservación para cualquier microorganismo varió entre 17,43 % a 59,72 %, mientras que para los limitados al reporte de Candida sp, la frecuencia varió de 1,69 % a 8,57 %. En los reportes de caso, todos fueron asociados a la infección por Candida sp, con arteritis de la arteria renal y pérdida del injerto como las complicaciones más frecuentes. En nuestra institución, Hospital de Especialidades de las Fuerzas Armadas N°1, de un total de 59 pacientes trasplantados se aisló al menos un microorganismo en 20 casos (28,17 %). Con estos resultados sugerimos que la contaminación del líquido de preservación es un fenómeno frecuente en trasplante renal, sin embargo al no poseer publicaciones en las que se describan las complicaciones asociadas a la infección por otros microorganismos, creemos que la contaminación por Candida sp, a pesar de no tener una gran frecuencia, es clínicamente la más relevante.

Abstract Chronic kidney disease is a public health problem with high morbidity and mortality, kidney transplantation being one of the current therapeutic alternatives. In12 published works concerning the contamination of the preservation fluid in kidney transplant, four case reports, and eight prevalence studies. The prevalence of preservation liquid contamination for any microorganism ranged from 17.43% to 59.72%, while for those limited to the Candida sp report, the frequency varied from 1.69% to 8.57%. In the case reports, all were associated with Candida infection, with renal artery arteritis and graft loss as the most frequent complications. In our institution, of a total of 59 transplant patients, at least one microorganism was isolated in 20 cases (28.17%). Preservation fluid contamination is a frequent phenomenon in kidney transplantation. However, since no publications are describing the complications associated with infection by other microorganisms, we could say that contamination by Candida sp, despite not having a high prevalence, it is clinically the most relevant.

Descripción de la ferropenia en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal en hemodiálisis, Quito, Ecuador / Description of iron deficiency in patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis, Quito, Ecuador

Resumen Introducción: la anemia y ferropenia son condiciones muy prevalentes en hemodiálisis asociadas al incremento en la morbimortalidad. Objetivo: describir las características de la ferropenia y anemia de pacientes con enfermedad renal terminal en hemodiálisis, y analizar los parámetros del hemograma para predecir la deficiencia de hierro en ellos. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en la unidad de hemodiálisis del Hospital de Especialidades de las Fuerzas Armadas N°1 y CLINEF Norte, Quito, Ecuador, durante diciembre de 2018 y enero de 2019. El análisis se basó en la comparación de dos grupos, pacientes ferropénicos y no ferropénicos. Resultados: se incluyeron 268 pacientes con edad promedio de 16 y 59 años; 89 pacientes (33,21 %) fueron ferropénicos, sin embargo presentaron parámetros hematimétricos normales en la mayoría de ellos. Encontramos además que el 80,22 % de los pacientes incluidos eran anémicos, con poca frecuencia de microcitosis e hipocromía. Entre ellos, el 33,21 % fueron ferropénicos, siendo la hemoglobina un pobre marcador de ferropenia. Adicionalmente, para predecir ferropenia, y de no contar con ferritina o saturación de transferrina, encontramos útil la hemoglobina corpuscular media, el volumen corpuscular medio, el ancho de distribución eritrocitaria y el índice de Srivastava, sin embargo el valor predictivo se incrementó al incluir la sideremia como en nuestro modelo propuesto. Conclusiones: dada la alta frecuencia de anemia sin hipocromía o microcitosis en los pacientes con enfermedad renal terminal en hemodiálisis, incluso en ferropenia, es fundamental la evaluación regular del metabolismo férrico, así como el análisis del hemograma con enfoque en el paciente dialítico.

Abstract Introduction: Anemia and iron deficiency are very prevalent conditions in hemodialysis and have been associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality. Objective: Describe the characteristics of iron deficiency and anemia in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis, and analyze the parameters of the blood count to predict iron deficiency in them. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study carried out in the hemodialysis unit of the Specialties Hospital of the Armed Forces No. 1 and CLINEF Norte, Quito, Ecuador, during December 2018 and January 2019. The analysis was based on the comparison of two groups, ferropenic and non-ferropenic patients. Results: We included 268 patients with an average age of 59.16 years; 89 patients (33.21%) were ferropenic. However, they presented normal hematimetric parameters in most of them. We also found that 80.22% of the patients included were anemic, with little frequency of microcytosis and hypochromia. Among them, 33.21% were ferropenic, being hemoglobin a poor marker of iron deficiency. Additionally, to predict ferropenia, and not to have ferritin or transferrin saturation, we find especially useful the mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, erythrocyte distribution width, and Srivastava index, however the predictive value increases when including the syderemia as in our proposed model. Conclusions: Given the high frequency of anemia without hypochromia or microcytosis in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis, even in iron deficiency, regular evaluation of ferric metabolism is essential, as well as the analysis of the blood count with a focus on the dialysis patient.