Layered material platform for surface plasmon resonance biosensing.

Plasmonic biosensing has emerged as the most sensitive label-free technique to detect various molecular species in solutions and has already proved crucial in drug discovery, food safety and studies of bio-reactions. This technique relies on surface plasmon resonances in ~50 nm metallic films and the possibility to functionalize the surface of the metal in order to achieve selectivity. At the same time, most metals corrode in bio-solutions, which reduces the quality factor and darkness of plasmonic resonances and thus the sensitivity. Furthermore, functionalization itself might have a detrimental effect on the quality of the surface, also reducing sensitivity. Here we demonstrate that the use of graphene and other layered materials for passivation and functionalization broadens the range of metals which can be used for plasmonic biosensing and increases the sensitivity by 3-4 orders of magnitude, as it guarantees stability of a metal in liquid and preserves the plasmonic resonances under biofunctionalization. We use this approach to detect low molecular weight HT-2 toxins (crucial for food safety), achieving phase sensitivity~0.5 fg/mL, three orders of magnitude higher than previously reported. This proves that layered materials provide a new platform for surface plasmon resonance biosensing, paving the way for compact biosensors for point of care testing.

Associations of health, dietary and job-related factors, and mental problems with cardiovascular diseases in aging.

BACKGROUND: While cardiovascular diseases are prevalent in aging population, associations between different factors and cardiovascular diseases are less studied or inconsistency still exists. AIM: To determine which factors measured at baseline predicted overall cardiovascular diseases and hypertension, and which factors were currently associated with these conditions. METHODS: Based on a sample of aging and retired food industry employees (N = 100, mean age 62 years) associations of health, dietary and job-related factors and mental problems with overall cardiovascular morbidity and hypertension were assessed with independent samples t-test, chi2 test and binary logistic regression analyses. Data were derived from health examinations and self-completed questionnaires in 1989 and 2000. RESULTS: Added medical findings, related to cardiovascular diseases, appeared as predictor of overall cardiovascular morbidity, while elevated blood pressure together with high systolic and diastolic pressure, dyslipidemia and elevated blood pressure together, added medical findings, and inability to enjoy daily activities predicted hypertension. According to our analyses most significant current associations with overall cardiovascular morbidity were feeling of weakness, dyspnoea, hopelessness about the future, cardiac arrhythmia, chronic mental stress and lower HDL cholesterol, and with hypertension metabolic syndrome, lower HDL cholesterol, hopelessness about the future and muscular fatigue on exertion. CONCLUSIONS: Health factors were most important predictors of hypertension during a long-term period, while health factors together with mental problems had significant current associations with overall cardiovascular morbidity including hypertension.

The connection between age, job control and sickness absences among Finnish food workers.

METHODS: The relationship between sickness absence and job control among industrial food workers of different ages (n = 114) was studied. RESULTS: The number of absence spells, particularly short absence spells, was higher among younger workers, as expected. Using multivariate analysis, low job control was associated with an increased number of all absence spells (P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Job control may be an important factor in determining sickness absence among industrial workers.

Factors associated with premature departure from working life among ageing food industry employees.

AIM: To find out how health status, work ability and job-related factors were associated with premature departure from working life in an 11 year follow-up period. METHODS: The study population was composed of 126 ageing food industry employees. Baseline data were derived from medical examinations and self-completed questionnaires in 1989. The follow-up data were collected in 2000. Data analyses were performed by independent samples t-tests and Mann-Whitney and chi(2) tests. RESULTS: Several chronic diseases, higher degree of work impairment due to diseases, long-term sickness absence, stress symptoms, low scores in work ability index, poor subjective work ability and physical work ability, and heavy physical workload seemed to be factors associated with early departure from working life among ageing food industry employees. CONCLUSION: Identification of these factors, prevention of sickness and promotion of work ability seem to be the most important tools to reduce premature exit from working life.

Orthotic devices for the treatment of tennis elbow.

BACKGROUND: Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) is a frequently reported condition. A wide variety of treatment strategies has been described. As of yet, no optimal strategy has been identified. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of orthotic devices for the treatment of tennis elbow. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched Medline, Embase, CINAHL, the Cochrane Controlled Trial Register, Current Contents up to May 1999 and reference lists from all retrieved articles. Experts on the subjects were approached for additional trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised clinical trials (RCT) describing individuals with diagnosed lateral epicondylitis and comparing the use of an orthotic device as a treatment strategy were evaluated for inclusion. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently assessed the validity of the included trials and extracted data on relevant outcome measures. Dichotomous outcomes were expressed as Relative Risks (RRs) and continuous outcomes as Standardised Mean Differences (SMD), both with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Statistical pooling and subgroup analyses were intended MAIN RESULTS: Five RCTs (N per group 7-49) were included. Validity score ranged from 3-9 positive items out of 11. Subgroup analyses were not performed due to the small number of trials. The limited number of included trials present few outcome measures and limited long-term results. Pooling was not possible due to large heterogeneity amongst trials. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: No definitive conclusions can be drawn concerning effectiveness of orthotic devices for lateral epicondylitis. More well-designed and well-conducted RCTs of sufficient power are warranted.

Orthotic devices for tennis elbow.

BACKGROUND: Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) is a frequently reported condition. A wide variety of treatment strategies has been described. As of yet, no optimal strategy has been identified. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the effectiveness of orthotic devices for treatment of tennis elbow. SEARCH STRATEGY: An electronic database search was conducted using Medline, Embase, Cinahl, the Cochrane Controlled Trial Register, Current Contents and reference lists from all retrieved articles. Experts on the subjects were approached for additional trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised clinical trials (RCT) describing individuals with diagnosed lateral epicondylitis and comparing the use of an orthotic device as a treatment strategy were evaluated for inclusion. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently assessed the validity of the included trials and extracted data on relevant outcome measures. Dichotomous outcomes were expressed as Relative Risks (RRs) and continuous outcomes as Standardised Mean Differences (SMD), both with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Statistical pooling and subgroup analyses were intended MAIN RESULTS: Five small-size RCTs (N per group 7-49) were included. Validity score ranged from 3-9 positive items out of 11. Subgroup analyses were not performed due to the small number of trials. The limited number of included trials present few outcome measures and limited long-term results. Pooling was not possible due to large heterogeneity amongst trials. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: No definitive conclusions can be drawn concerning effectiveness of orthotic devices for lateral epicondylitis. More well-designed and well-conducted RCTs of sufficient power are warranted.

Orthotic devices for tennis elbow: a systematic review.

Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) is af requently reported condition. A wide variety of treatment strategies has been described. Asy et, no optimal strategy has been identified. The aim of this review was to assess the effectiveness of orthotic devices for treatment of tennis elbow. An electronic database search was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Controlled Trial Register Current Contents, and reference listsf rom all retrieved articles. Experts on the subjects were approachedfor additional trials. All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) descrbiing individuals with diagnosed lateral epicondylitis and assessing the use of an orthotic device as a treatment strategy were evaluatedfor inclusion. Two reviewers independently assessed the validity of the included trials and extracted data on relevant outcome measures. Dichotomous outcomes were expressed as relative risks and continuous outcomes as standardised mean differences, both with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Statistical pooling and subgroup analyses were intended. Five small-size RCTs (n = 7-49 per group) were included the validity score ranged from three to nine positive items out of 11. Subgroup analyses were not performed owing to the small number of trials. The limited number of included trials present few outcome measures and limited long-term results. Pooling was not possible owing to the high level of heterogeneity of the trials. No definitive conclusions can be drawn concerning effectiveness of orthotic devices for lateral epicondylitis. More well-designed and well-conducted RCTs of sufficient power are warranted.

Low trehalase activity is associated with abdominal symptoms caused by edible mushrooms.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to evaluate whether maldigestion of trehalose causes abdominal symptoms and which available diagnostic method best distinguishes intolerant from tolerant subjects. METHODS: A 25-g oral trehalose load test was performed in 64 subjects. The 19 experiencing clear symptoms constituted the trehalose-intolerant subjects. Changes from base-line levels of blood glucose, breath hydrogen, and methane and symptoms were recorded after the test. Trehalase activity was determined in serum and on a duodenal biopsy specimen obtained by endoscopy. RESULTS: Intolerant subjects were best differentiated from tolerant subjects by changes in breath gases (hydrogen and methane) and duodenal trehalase to sucrase ratio. The change in breath gases correlated inversely with duodenal trehalase activity, duodenal trehalase to sucrase ratio, and plasma trehalase activity. The correlation between serum and duodenal trehalase activities was on the order of 0.6. Two subjects were found to have trehalase deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: It is obvious that trehalose maldigestion can cause symptoms similar to those of lactose maldigestion and intolerance. Three factors control the genesis of symptoms: 1) the activity of small-bowel trehalase: if it is low, trehalose is maldigested and more trehalose is passed into the colon; 2) the maldigested trehalose, which causes osmotic water flow into the colon, resulting in loose stools and diarrhea; and 3) most importantly, the microflora of the colon, from which symptoms will arise if there are bacteria capable of producing gases from maldigested trehalose. If colonic bacteria cannot produce gases, then distention of the abdomen and intestinal gas expulsion as eructations and flatus will not occur.

Metabolism of lactose in the human body.

The article describes the metabolism of lactose in both normo- and hypolactasia in the human body. Attention is drawn to the differences in lactose tolerance among lactose malabsorbers.

Diagnosis of hypolactasia and lactose malabsorption.

The article briefly describes the various methods that are available for diagnosing hypolactasia. Special attention is drawn to the fact that different methods are useful at different levels of the health care organization. When the test result indicates lactose malabsorption, general malabsorption should be excluded by a glucose-galactose tolerance test, for example. If the glucose-galactose tolerance test produces a normal result, it can be assumed that the patient has primary adult-type selective lactose malabsorption. The possibility of secondary lactose malabsorption must be excluded according to the principles described by Villako & Maaroos (104).

Galactitol is not a cause of senile cataract.

It has been postulated that the accumulation of sugar alcohol, galactitol, from milk induces cataract in the eye lens through an osmotic mechanism. In this study the concentrations of galactitol and other sugar alcohols (sorbitol, mannitol and inositol) were measured by sensitive gas chromatography in the lenses of 15 patients operated on for senile idiopathic cataracts and in 14 clear lenses removed at autopsy. Large amounts of inositol (mean +/- SD, 4.1 +/- 3.1 vs 4.7 +/- 3.0 mumol/g lens wet weight) and small amounts of mannitol and sorbitol were detected in both study groups. Galactitol levels remained clearly below the detection limit (2 nmol/g) in all lenses. It seems unlikely that senile cataract is a result of the accumulation of galactitol in the eye lens.

The strip test for hypolactasia also works without ethanol.

Detection of urinary galactose with a special test strip has been shown to work well with the lactose tolerance test with ethanol. In this study the strips were used in combination with a lactose load alone or with another alcohol, beta-pyridylcarbinol, and the results were compared with those of the urinary lactose tolerance test with ethanol (ULTTE) as the reference method. Sixty-nine patients were studied. With lactose alone the specificity was 83%, the sensitivity 88%, and the kappa coefficient 0.61. It is concluded that the strip test for hypolactasia works without ethanol with sufficient reliability for the daily clinical work of a general practitioner. Adding beta-pyridylcarbinol to the test does not markedly increase the validity of the test.

Comparison of indirect diagnostic methods for hypolactasia.

The aim of this study was to continue our previously published work and to compare the different indirect diagnostic methods for hypolactasia with the lactase to sucrase ratio obtained by jejunal biopsy. The following tests were performed in 63 adult patients: the breath hydrogen test, the lactose tolerance test with ethanol (serum galactose measurement after oral lactose load with ethanol), the urinary lactose tolerance test (urinary galactose measurement after oral lactose load with ethanol), and the strip test (like the former but using a special test strip for urinary galactose). Specificities of all these tests were good (96-98%). The 3-h breath hydrogen test was less sensitive (69%) than the other methods (81-94%). The strip test is recommended for the general practitioner for the diagnosis of this common cause of abdominal complaints.

Strip test is reliable in common prevalences of hypolactasia.

The object of this study was to compare the indirect diagnostic methods on the basis of urinary galactose determination in the diagnosis of lactose malabsorption with the actual lactase activities. One hundred and seven patients were studied. The specificity and sensitivity of the strip test were 97%. With 30% actual prevalence the positive predictive value was 94%, and the negative predictive value was 99%. In common prevalences of hypolactasia the strip test was reliable.