Glutamine and 2-oxoglutarate as metabolic precursors of the transmitter pools of glutamate and GABA: correlation of regional uptake by rat brain synaptosomes.

To more clearly define the roles of glutamine and 2-oxoglutarate as metabolic precursors of the transmitter pools of glutamate and GABA we have determined the relative rates at which these four substances, and adenosine and serotonin are accumulated by synaptosomes derived from twelve regions of the rat brain. Initial transport conditions and low substrate concentrations were used to maximize uptake by high-affinity systems, except the uptake of glutamine was determined at both low and high concentrations. Because the uptake of 2-oxoglutarate is markedly enhanced by glutamine, 2-oxoglutarate uptake was determined with and without glutamine (0.2 mM) added to the incubation medium. For each substrate, regional differences in uptake ranged from approximately two- to fourteen-fold. An anaylsis of uptake kinetics revealed that the regional differences were due primarily to differences in transport capacity rather than substrate affinities, at least for glutamate, GABA, and 2-oxoglutarate. Thirty-four correlation analyses of relative uptake values were performed. Strong correlations were found between 2-oxoglutarate and glutamate, and between glutamine and glutamate, whereas no strong correlations occurred between these substrates and GABA. Our results support the view that both glutamine and 2-oxoglutarate are major precursors of the transmitter pool of glutamate throughout the rat brain, but their relative contributions toward replenishing the transmitter pool of GABA are less certain.

12-month study of haloperidol decanoate in chronic schizophrenic patients.

239 psychotic patients entered a 52-week open study comparing the efficacy and safety of intramuscular haloperidol decanoate, injected once every 4 weeks, with that of their previous maintenance therapy. Haloperidol decanoate, given at a medium monthly dose of 100 mg provided a suitable substitute for oral neuroleptic mono- and polytherapy and intramuscular fluphenazine decanoate. Stabilization or slight improvement was observed for all ten symptoms selected from the BPRS. The drug provoked a low incidence of side-effects allowing reduction of antiparkinsonian medication and there were no significant haematological or biochemical changes.