Prospects for observing and localizing gravitational-wave transients with Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA.

We present possible observing scenarios for the Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA gravitational-wave detectors over the next decade, with the intention of providing information to the astronomy community to facilitate planning for multi-messenger astronomy with gravitational waves. We estimate the sensitivity of the network to transient gravitational-wave signals, and study the capability of the network to determine the sky location of the source. We report our findings for gravitational-wave transients, with particular focus on gravitational-wave signals from the inspiral of binary neutron star systems, which are the most promising targets for multi-messenger astronomy. The ability to localize the sources of the detected signals depends on the geographical distribution of the detectors and their relative sensitivity, and [Formula: see text] credible regions can be as large as thousands of square degrees when only two sensitive detectors are operational. Determining the sky position of a significant fraction of detected signals to areas of 5-[Formula: see text] requires at least three detectors of sensitivity within a factor of [Formula: see text] of each other and with a broad frequency bandwidth. When all detectors, including KAGRA and the third LIGO detector in India, reach design sensitivity, a significant fraction of gravitational-wave signals will be localized to a few square degrees by gravitational-wave observations alone.

[Emergency distal arch replacement for traumatic thoracic aortic dissection with subarachnoid hemorrhage].

A 77-year-old woman was transferred as traumatic thoracic aortic dissection with subarachnoid hemorrhage soon after a traffic accident. Her consciousness was slightly compromised and cardiogenic shock was developed. Serial computed tomography (CT) scans revealed an unchanging subarachnoid hemorrhage and a progressive mediastinal hemorrhage and pericardial effusion due to traumatic type B aortic dissection. An emergency distal arch replacement was performed under cardiopulmonary bypass 4 hours after the injury. She woke up 3 days after the operation without progression of subarachnoid hemorrhage on a cerebral CT scan. She was discharged 36 days after the injury.

[Local recurrence of Castleman disease].

A rare case of recurrent Castleman disease is reported. A 49-year-old man was referred to our division under the suspicion of mediastinal tumor. We performed tumor resection successfully, and the tumor was shown to be Castleman disease by histology. The patient had a past history of this disease, therefore it was suggested that the tumor recurred at the same site 20-years after removal.

Body temperature and skin blood flow during a 14-day bed-rest in a head-down tilt position in humans.

Exposure to microgravity or simulated microgravity is known to affect regulatory function in autonomic nervous system. With regard to thermoregulation, simulated microgravity impairs sweating and induces lower skin and higher internal temperatures during physical work. During supine rest after HDT bed rest, the internal temperatures were reported to be higher than those of pre-HDT bed rest in some studies but not in others. There is no report about the dynamic changes of skin blood flow during 14-day HDT bed rest. The process of HDT bed-rest deconditioning on the function of the thermoregulatory system is virtually unknown. The HDT induces an immediate cephalad fluid shift which would inhibit the sympathetic outflow through the arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreflexes, which may increase the skin blood flow. On the other hand, prolonged HDT bed rest induces dehydration, which will increase sympathetic outflow through cardiopulmonary baroreceptor modulation. Both sympathetic activation and dehydration itself will decrease skin blood flow. It seems probable that the general effect on skin blood flow may reverse along the HDT bed rest. However, the dynamic characters of skin blood flow and body temperature during the HDT bed rest have not been studied thoroughly. Therefore, the purpose of present study was to investigate the changes of skin blood flow and body temperature during 14 days HDT bed rest.

Responses of muscle sympathetic nerve activity to static handgrip exercise after 14 days of exposure to simulated microgravity.

Decrease in muscle perfusion affects on cardiovascular response to exercise. Muscle hypoperfusion enhances the increase in blood pressure responses to exercise. Muscle perfusion depends not only on central blood pressure but also how fit the active muscle is above or below the heart level; muscle perfusion decreases as arm is elevated. Static exercise increases muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) innervating vessels in non-active muscles. The exercise-induced increase in MSNA is mainly mediated by stimulating chemosensitive muscle afferents in active muscles. However, the effect of arm elevation on MSNA during forearm exercise is not examined. On the other hand, space flight and simulated microgravity exposure causes reduction in muscle blood flow, suggesting chronic muscle hypoperfused condition during simulated microgravity. Therefore, there is a possibility that arm elevation after microgravity exposure alters MSNA responsiveness during exercise. However, arm elevation effect after exposure to simulated microgravity is not examined.

Plasma extravasation through neuronal stimulation in human nasal mucosa in the setting of allergic rhinitis.

We have previously shown that capsaicin nasal challenge in subjects with allergic rhinitis produces a dose-dependent increase in the albumin content of nasal lavage fluids. In the present set of studies, we determined whether this observation represents plasma extravasation that is neuronally mediated. To evaluate whether glandular secretions contribute to the albumin increase in nasal lavage fluids, volunteers with allergic rhinitis were pretreated with atropine or placebo before capsaicin challenge. Atropine significantly reduced the volume of returned lavage fluids and their lysozyme content but increased their albumin and fibrinogen content. To assess the contribution of sensory nerve stimulation, subjects with allergic rhinitis were pretreated in a second study with lidocaine or placebo before capsaicin challenge. Lidocaine significantly attenuated the capsaicin-induced increases in the volume of nasal lavage fluids, as well as their lysozyme and albumin content. To rule out the possibility of a direct effect of lidocaine on blood vessels rather than on nerves, healthy subjects were pretreated in a third study with lidocaine or placebo before bradykinin nasal challenge. Lidocaine did not affect the bradykinin-induced increase in the albumin content of nasal fluids. We conclude that, in allergic rhinitis, high-dose capsaicin induces plasma extravasation in the human nose and that this effect is neuronally mediated. This provides more definitive evidence that neurogenic inflammation can occur in vivo in the human upper airway.

Nasal mucociliary clearance of chronic sinusitis in relation to rheological properties of nasal mucus.

The role of the viscosity (eta') and elasticity (G') of nasal mucus in nasal mucociliary clearance (MCC) in chronic sinusitis (CS) was studied. The nasal mucus was collected from 17 patients with CS, and both eta' and G' were determined by an oscillating sphere magnetic rheometer. Following the nasal mucus collection, nasal MCC was measured by a radioisotope method in the patients and 22 normal subjects. Nasal MCC in the patients was significantly reduced compared with that in the normal subjects (p < .05). No significant correlation was noted between nasal MCC and eta', or between nasal MCC and G'. The results suggest that factors other than eta' and G' of nasal mucus may control nasal MCC in CS.

Dose-dependent effects of capsaicin nasal challenge: in vivo evidence of human airway neurogenic inflammation.

BACKGROUND: Nerve involvement has been implicated in the pathophysiology of chronic respiratory inflammatory diseases. Peptidergic nerve stimulation has been shown to induce leukocyte activation and plasma extravasation in the airways of various animal species. The occurrence of this phenomenon of neurogenic inflammation in the human airway, however, has not been established. OBJECTIVE: We conducted this study to determine whether neuronal stimulation can induce reproducible and dose-dependent inflammatory changes in the human upper airway. METHODS: Ten volunteers with active allergic rhinitis participated in the study. Capsaicin, the pungent component of hot pepper that specifically stimulates afferent nerve fibers, was administered by means of nasal spray in doses of 1 microg, 10 microg, and 100 microg in a double-blind, randomized, crossover manner with 1 week between doses. Symptom scores before and after capsaicin nasal challenge were recorded by using visual analog scales. Nasal lavage fluids collected before and at 30 minutes, 1 hour, and 4 hours after capsaicin challenge were analyzed for leukocyte counts; albumin and lysozyme levels were measured to evaluate effects on plasma leakage and gland secretion, respectively. RESULTS: Capsaicin nasal challenge produced symptoms of burning, congestion, and rhinorrhea. Leukocyte counts or albumin and lysozyme levels were not significantly increased after administration of 1 microg of capsaicin at any time point. On the other hand, there were significant increases in leukocyte counts 1 hour (p < 0.05) and 4 hours (p = 0.008) after 10 microg of capsaicin and 30 minutes (p = 0.009), 1 hour (p = 0.007), and 4 hours (p = 0.007) after 100 microg of capsaicin. Albumin and lysozyme levels were both significantly increased 30 minutes after 10 microg and 100 microg of capsaicin (p = 0.005 for both). Comparison of changes in symptom scores, leukocyte counts, and albumin and lysozyme levels among the three capsaicin challenges indicated generally increasing effects with higher capsaicin doses. CONCLUSION: Capsaicin-sensitive nerve stimulation in subjects with active allergic rhinitis produces reproducible and dose-dependent leukocyte influx, albumin leakage, and glandular secretion. These results provide in vivo evidence for the occurrence of neurogenic inflammation in the human upper airway with active allergic disease.

Detection of Renibacterium salmoninarum antigen in migrating adult chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in Japan.

Renibacterium salmoninarum antigen was detected in the kidney of migrating chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) using the indirect dot blot assay and indirect fluorescent antibody test. The adult chum salmon had migrated into a bay in which cultured coho salmon infected with R. salmoninarum were present. Antigen was detected in 5% of the chum salmon although they did not have clinical signs of bacterial kidney disease (BKD). This report describes the first case of R. salmoninarum antigen detection among wild chum salmon populations in eastern Asia.

The epithelial neoplasm observed in the cultured coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch.

The epithelial neoplasms were observed on the mouth of the cultured coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Histopathologically, the tumors were formed to be proliferative epithelial cells, but no change was observed in other organs. The virus from this tumor was isolated in RTG-2 and CHSE-214 cells and developed the cytopathic effect which characterized to be the formation of syncytia and the migration of chromatin. This virus was neutralized with anti-Oncorhynchus masou virus (OMV) rabbit serum.

Pseudomonas fluorescens isolated from the diseased rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss.

Pseudomonas fluorescens was isolated from the diseased rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, in Iwate Prefecture. Typical symptoms of the diseased fish were hemorrhage at the bases of fin and anal region, and internally, petechia of each organ, especially the intestine. This bacterium was pathogenic to rainbow trout and Tilapia, Sarotherodon niloticus.