Sialometaplasia Necrotizante: Revisión de la Literatura a Propósito de un Caso / Necroting Sialometaplasia: Review of the Literature on a Case

RESUMEN: La sialometaplasia necrotizante (SN) es una rara enfermedad benigna, inflamatoria, autolimitante, que afecta más frecuentemente a las glándulas salivales menores y que comúnmente se asocia a las ubicadas en la porción más posterior del paladar duro. Su etiología no esta clara, la mayoría de los autores sugieren que una lesión química, física o biológica de los vasos sanguíneos produciría cambios isquémicos, que provocarían infarto del tejido glandular con necrosis, inflamación e intento de reparación. Clínicamente puede presentarse como una úlcera de márgenes irregulares, ligeramente elevados y lecho necrótico, mientras que histopatológicamente se caracteriza por presentar metaplasia escamosa de conductos y acinos e hiperplasia pseudoepiteliomatosa del epitelio mucoso. La similitud de sus características clínicas e histopatológicas con algunas lesiones glandulares malignas de la cavidad oral, puede resultar en tratamientos innecesarios, considerando que la SN se trata de una patología autoresolutiva, por lo que es fundamental realizar un correcto diagnóstico clínico e histopatológico para evitar tratamientos quirúrgicos mutilantes o innecesarios. En el presente trabajo se presenta un caso de una mujer joven, con diagnóstico de SN, con sus características clínicas, histopatológicas y la evolución de la lesión.

ABSTRACT: The Necrotizing Sialometaplazia (NS) it's a rare self-limiting, inflammatory, benign disease, that most frequently affects the minor salivary glands and it is commonly associated to the glands located at the most posterior portion of the hard palate. Its etiology is not clear. Most authors suggest that a chemical, physical or biological lesion of the blood vessels would produce ischemic changes, which lead to infarction of muscle tissue with necrosis, inflammation and attempts to repair. Clinically it can present as a slightly elevated ulcer with irregular edges and necrotic bed, while histopathologically it is characterized for present squamous metaplasia of ducts and acini and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia of mucosal epithelium. The similarity of its clinical and histopathological characteristics with some malignant glandular lesions of the oral cavity, can result in unnecessary treatments, considering that NS is a self-sustaining pathology, it is therefore essential to perform a correct clinical and histopathological diagnosis to avoid mutilating or unnecessary surgical treatments. In the present work we present the case of a young woman, with diagnosis of NS, with its clinical and histopathological characteristics and the evolution of the lesion.

Reacciones adversas a L-asparaginasa en pacientes con leucemia linfoblástica aguda / Adverse reactions to L-asparaginase in children with acute lymphatic leukemia

Background: The low notification of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) underscores the need for pharmacological surveillance systems that allow their detection, evaluation, prevention and registry especially in patients receiving multiple medications. Aim: To communicate the ADR observed with the use E coli asparaginase (E coli ASP) in children with Acute Lymphatic Leukemia (ALL). Patients and Methods: Cross-sectional study of clinical records of all the patients aged less than 15 years with ALL (n =52) and treated between January 1996 and April 2000. The suspicion of ADR to E coli ASP was evaluated using the Karch and Lasagna algorithm. Probable and definitive cases of ADR to E coli ASP were subjected to a protocol of clinical and epidemiological data. The risk factors associated to ADR to E coli ASP, were also determined. Results: Fifty children aged 1 to 13 years (33 men) were studied. In 20 (40 percent), an ADR to E coli ASP, was suspected. After the use of the algorithm, the ADR was considered definite in two patients, probable in 17 and possible in one. The registered clinical events were urticaria in 17, anaphylactic shock in four, transient alterations of hepatic functions test in seven and hypofibrinogenemia in four. The test of cutaneous sensitivity to the administration of E coli ASP, performed prior to the administration of the drug, were positive in nine of the 20 children with adverse reactions. No children died. Conclusions: The application of the Karch anbd Lasagna algorithm, allowed us to objectively classify suspected cases of ADR by E coli ASP.

[Adverse reactions to L-asparaginase in children with acute lymphatic leukemia]. / Reacciones adversas a L-asparaginasa en pacientes con leucemia linfoblástica aguda.

BACKGROUND: The low notification of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) underscores the need for pharmacological surveillance systems that allow their detection, evaluation, prevention and registry especially in patients receiving multiple medications. AIM: To communicate the ADR observed with the use E coli asparaginase (E coli ASP) in children with Acute Lymphatic Leukemia (ALL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study of clinical records of all the patients aged less than 15 years with ALL (n =52) and treated between January 1996 and April 2000. The suspicion of ADR to E coli ASP was evaluated using the Karch and Lasagna algorithm. Probable and definitive cases of ADR to E coli ASP were subjected to a protocol of clinical and epidemiological data. The risk factors associated to ADR to E coli ASP, were also determined. RESULTS: Fifty children aged 1 to 13 years (33 men) were studied. In 20 (40%), an ADR to E coli ASP, was suspected. After the use of the algorithm, the ADR was considered definite in two patients, probable in 17 and possible in one. The registered clinical events were urticaria in 17, anaphylactic shock in four, transient alterations of hepatic functions test in seven and hypofibrinogenemia in four. The test of cutaneous sensitivity to the administration of E coli ASP, performed prior to the administration of the drug, were positive in nine of the 20 children with adverse reactions. No children died. CONCLUSIONS: The application of the Karch anbd Lasagna algorithm, allowed us to objectively classify suspected cases of ADR by E coli ASP.

Neutropenia febril en menores con Leucemia linfoblástica aguda / Febrile neutropenia in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)

Introducción: La neutropenia febril es la primera manifestación de una infección potencialmente letal en pacientes en quimioterapia por cáncer. Objetivo:Analizar el perfil de los episodios de neutropenia febril en pacientes menores de 15 años con diagnóstico de Leucemia Linfoblástica Aguda estudiados en Valdivia. Pacientes y método: Se analizaron 150 episodios de neutropenia febril en 47/51 menores de 15 años tratados según Protocolo de Leucemia Linfoblástica Infantil, PINDA 96 MINSAL, en el Hospital Clínico Regional de Valdivia (1996-1999). Resultados: La neutropenia fue severa: RAN < 500/mm3 en el 71,4% (107/150). Se estableció el foco de origen en el 72,6% (109/150), dado por patología respiratoria en el 53,4% (80/150). Se identificó el agente infeccioso en el 29,3% (44/150), con predominio de gram (+), seguido de gram (-) y hongos. Se determinó una infección del torrente sanguíneo en el 11,4% (17/150), de éstas el 47,1% se debió a bacilos gram (-), cocáceas gram (+) 35,3%, cándida sp 11,8%, bacilos gram (+) 5,8%. El tratamiento con Cloxacilina 100 mg/kg/día/ev + Amikacina 15 mg/kg/día/ev fue efectivo en el 66% (99/150) de los episodios. Aumentó al 94% (141/150) al agregarse Ceftriaxona 100 mg/kg/día ev. Conclusiones: Se obtuvo una adecuada identificación del foco infeccioso en pacientes neutropénicos febriles portadores de Leucemia Linfoblástica Aguda, lográndose su control con el esquema antibiótico utilizado.

[Risk factors for morbidity and mortality in patients with essential hypertension, followed for 25 years]. / Factores predictores de riesgo de morbimortalidad en hipertensos esenciales seguidos 25 años.

BACKGROUND: Among hypertensive patients, other risk factors for mortality and morbidity, besides blood pressure, must be considered when therapeutic decisions are done. AIM: To assess the incidence and relevance of cardiovascular risk factors in a cohort of patients with essential hypertension. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cohort of 1,072 treated patients with essential hypertension was followed for a period up to 25 years. Four hundred eighty six were men and 586 were women, age ranged from 31 to 70 years. At entry, 56% of subjects did not have any organic complications associated to hypertension (stage I WHO criteria), 30% had mild alterations (Stage II) and 14% had major complications (myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure or renal failure). Likewise, 43.8% had mild, 14.5%, moderate and 41.7%, severe hypertension. Patients were treated with monotherapy or combined therapy based on diuretics, beta blockers, calcium antagonists and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Goal of therapy was 140/90 mm Hg. Risk factors associated diseases and complications were registered carefully. Causes of death were obtained from hospital records and death certificates. Mortality was analyzed using life tables (intention to treat method included). RESULTS: Blood pressure dropped significantly during follow up from a mean of 182/110 to 154/92 mm Hg. During follow up, 143 patients died and 429 complications (lethal or non lethal) were recorded. Twenty four percent of patients smoked, 24% reported alcohol intake, 56% had hypercholesterolemia, 11% were obese, 13% had diabetes and 3% had gout. The proportional hazard model showed that the existence of previous complications, the presence of more than 3 risk factors, and age over 60 and mean systolic and diastolic pressure during therapy, were independent and significant risk factors for mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of risk factors among our hypertensive patients is very similar to that of other national or international cohorts.

Complementary study of boron absorption by coffee leaves using the neutron-capture-radiography method.

Young coffee plants were treated by putting a droplet of a solution containing 10B-enriched boron on some of their leaves. The rate of boron absorption by leaves (measured using neutron capture radiography) was found to be in the range of 1.9 to 5.3 nmol boron per h. This means that it requires several days for a coffee leaf to absorb most of the boron supplied by foliar spray in the usual agronomic treatments. Technically, the use of the method of neutron capture radiography has revealed to be quite sensitive and applicable to liquid micro-samples (a few microL in volume) even with the low-intensity neutron fluxes available in Costa Rica.

Acceso venoso en oncología pediátrica / Venous access in pediatric oncology

La obtención de una vía venosa permeable llega a ser un factor crítico en aquellos pacientes que requieren terapia endovenosa prolongada, tal es el caso de los pacientes oncológicos. Para asegurar la administración de quimioterápicos se han empleado dispositivos de acceso venoso central, los que además de permitir mantener una vía permeable, son útiles en disminuir el trauma físico y psíquico del paciente. En el Servicio de Cirugía Infantil de Valdivia entre 1988 y 1992 se han implantado 5 catéteres en pacientes en edades que fluctuaron entre 2 años 8meses y 11 años 3 meses. Todos los pacientes fueron portadores de enfermedades hémato-oncológicas, y en todos ellos se utilizó la misma técnica quirúrgica. El implante permaneció en su lugar entre 20 y 570 días (promedio 248 días), éste fue útil en la administración del tratamiento en 4 pacientes con una utilización promedio de 323 días. Se presentaron complicaciones en 4 pacientes: 3 trombosis y 1 infección. La utilización de implantes subcutáneos confiere grandes beneficios al mejorar sustancialmente su calidad de vida; las complicaciones, principalmente trombosis del catéter, se pueden evitar con un adecuado manejo del sistema

Enfermedad de Hodgkin en el niño: tratamiento combinado COPP modificado y radioterapia en estadios avanzados / Hodgkin's disease in children: modified COPP combined treatment and radiotherapy in advanced stages

Veintidós pacientes de la X Región menores de 15 años,con enfermedad de Hodgkin en estadios avanzados (8 III-A, 6 III-B y 8 IV-B), fueron tratados en el hospital de Valdivia en el decenio 1976-1985 con quimioterapia (esquema COPP modificado) y radioterapia. La sobrevida fue de 77,3% y la remisión completa mantida de 64,5% con un período de observación entre 3 y 13 años (mediana de observación 70 meses).Cinco pacientes fallecieron dentro de los dos primeros años y uno sofrió recidiva en el décimo año del seguimiento, pero volvió a presentar remisión completa. El tipo histológico depleción linfocitaria (5 casos) tuvo una sobrevida de 20,0%, mientras que la celularidad mixta (14 casos) tuvo una sobrevida de 92,9% (p = menor de 0,01). No se observaron en este grupo casos de segunda neoplasias atribuibles a la quimioterapia y radioterapia