Avaliação histopatológica das principais lesões testiculares em gatos adultos submetidos à orquiectomia eletiva / Histopathological evaluation of the main testicular lesions in adult cats submitted to elective orchiectomy

O estudo das lesões testiculares em felinos é essencial no diagnóstico das doenças reprodutivas, uma vez que as gônadas podem apresentar alterações importantes, mesmo quando macroscopicamente normais. Assim, este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar as principais lesões testiculares em gatos adultos submetidos à orquiectomia eletiva, determinando as lesões de maior frequência. Para isso, foram utilizados 25 gatos machos, adultos, com idade entre um e dois anos. Todos os animais eram provenientes do Programa de Controle Populacional de Animais de Estimação Pelo Método de Esterilização Cirúrgica, do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (HOVET-UFU). Após a orquiectomia, os testículos foram coletados e enviados ao Setor de Patologia Animal do HOVET-UFU, onde foram separados dos seus respectivos epidídimos. Foram obtidas as dimensões de comprimento, altura, largura, peso e volume de cada testículo. Esses foram então fixados em formalina 10%, por 24 horas, e clivados nas regiões cranial, média e caudal. Os fragmentos foram submetidos ao processamento para inclusão em parafina e coloração em hematoxilina e eosina. Mesmo sem alterações macroscópicas significativas, a maioria dos gatos avaliados no estudo exibiu alguma lesão testicular, sendo a degeneração testicular e a fibrose intersticial as mais comuns. Desta forma, destaca-se a importância da histopatologia no diagnóstico de alterações testiculares em animais considerados saudáveis.

The study of testicular lesions in felines is essential in the diagnosis of reproductive diseases, since, the gonads can present important alterations, even when they are macroscopically normal. Thus, the present work aimed to evaluate the main testicular injuries in adult cats submitted to elective orchiectomy, determining the most frequent ones. For this, 25 adult male cats, aged between one and two years, were used. All animals came from the Pet Population Control Program through the Surgical Sterilization Method of the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Uberlândia (HOVET-UFU). After the orchiectomy, the testicles were collected and sent to the Animal Pathology Sector of HOVET-UFU, where they were separated from their respective epididymis. The dimensions of length, height, width, weight, and volume of each testicle were obtained. These were then fixed in 10% formalin for 24 hours, and cleaved in the cranial, middle, and caudal regions. The fragments were submitted to processing for inclusion in paraffin and staining by hematoxylin and eosin. Even without significant macroscopic changes, most cats evaluated in the present study showed some testicular damage, with testicular degeneration and interstitial fibrosis being the most common. Therefore, the importance of histopathology in the diagnosis of testicular alterations in animals considered healthy is highlighted.

4-hydroxy-2-nonenal as a marker of the oxidative stress in brains of dogs with canine distemper / 4-hidroxi-2-nonenal como marcador de estresse oxidativo no cérebro de cães com cinomose

Canine Distemper is a disease caused by Canine morbillivirus (CM), a pantropic virus that can affect the central nervous system (CNS), causing demyelination. However, the pathogenesis of this lesion remains to be clarified. Brain samples of 14 naturally infected dogs by CM were analyzed to evaluate the presence of oxidative stress and demyelination. RT-PCR assay was performed to confirm a diagnosis of canine distemper in the brain, immunohistochemistry anti-CM was used to localize the viral proteins in the tissue, and anti-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) was a marker of a product of lipid peroxidation. The results showed the presence of viral proteins in the demyelinated area with the presence of 4-HNE. Our results suggest that the CM virus infection causes oxidative stress leading to lipid peroxidation, which causes tissue damage and demyelination. In conclusion, oxidative stress plays a significant role in canine distemper pathogenesis in the CNS.(AU)

A cinomose canina é uma doença causada pelo Morbilivírus canino (CM), um vírus pantrópico que pode afetar o sistema nervoso central (SNC), causando desmielinização. No entanto, a patogênese dessa lesão não está totalmente esclarecida. RT-PCR e imuno-histoquímica foram realizadas para confirmação do diagnóstico de cinomose em amostras de encéfalo de 14 cães naturalmente infectados. Após confirmação, foi realizada uma avaliação do estresse oxidativo por imuno-histoquímica com uso de anti-4-hidroxi-nonenal (4HNE) como marcador de produtos resultantes da peroxidação lipídica. Os resultados sugerem que a infecção pelo CM causa estresse oxidativo no tecido, levando a peroxidação lipídica, a qual causa danos ao tecido, culminando com desmielinização. Conclui-se que o estresse oxidativo tem papel importante na patogênese da cinomose canina no sistema nervoso central.(AU)

Canine intraventricular pneumocephalus: a case report / Pneumoencéfalo intraventricular em cão: relato de caso

Pneumocephalus is a well described disease; it is commonly diagnosed in humans, but the condition is rarely encountered in veterinary medicine. Computed tomography (CT) is the gold-standard diagnostic method for identifying this disease, and other methods (such as necropsy) are rarely described. In this report, we describe necropsy findings of a 10-month-old, mixed-breed dog with intraventricular pneumocephalus. The dog was referred to Laboratory of Animal Pathology of the Federal University of Uberlândia, Brazil, for necropsy after being diagnosed with pneumocephalus upon CT. In the examination, the brain had dilation of both lateral ventricles with empty spaces. Histopathology showed congestion and mineralization only near the lateral ventricles, leading to the diagnosis of pneumocephalus based on the macroscopic findings. The animal also showed sinusitis characterized by nasal discharge and neutrophilic infiltration of nasal sinuses. However, bacterial culture was not conclusive because of contamination of the sample. This is therefore an important report that shows necropsy findings of intraventricular pneumocephalus, which is a rare condition in dogs. By documenting the necropsy findings, we hope to help veterinary pathologists, including those with limited access to diagnostic imaging.

Pneumoencéfalo é uma condição bem descrita e comumente diagnosticada em humanos, mas raramente encontrada na medicina veterinária. A tomografia computadorizada (TC) é o método diagnóstico padrão-ouro para identificar tal alteração, e outros métodos (como a necropsia) raramente são descritos. Neste relato, são apresentados os achados de necropsia de um cão sem raça definida de 10 meses de idade com pneumoencéfalo intraventricular. O cão foi encaminhado ao Laboratório de Patologia Animal da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brasil, para necropsia após ser diagnosticado com pneumoencéfalo na TC. No exame, o cérebro apresentava dilatação de ambos os ventrículos laterais com espaços vazios; à histopatologia, foram observadas congestão e mineralização próximas aos ventrículos laterais. Com isso foi estabelecido o diagnóstico de pneumoencéfalo, com base nos achados macroscópicos. O animal também apresentou sinusite caracterizada por secreção nasal e infiltração neutrofílica dos seios nasais. No entanto, a cultura bacteriana não foi conclusiva devido à contaminação da amostra. Este é, portanto, um importante relato que mostra achados de necropsia de pneumoencéfalo intraventricular, que é uma condição rara em cães. Ao documentar os achados da necropsia, esperamos ajudar os patologistas veterinários, incluindo aqueles com acesso limitado a técnicas de diagnóstico por imagem.

Osteossarcoma pélvico metastático em cão / Metastatic pelvic osteosarcoma in a dog

Background: Osteosarcomas are malignant neoplasms of bone tissue, with a high prevalence in dogs, especially in large and giant breeds. More commonly, such alterations affect the appendicular skeleton and, to a lesser extent, the axial skeleton. In order to obtain an accurate diagnosis, it is necessary to combine cytological and histopathological findings with clinical parameters, imaging exams and macroscopic findings. In the present study, we report a rare case of combined-type pelvic osteosarcoma with pulmonary metastasis in a dog. Case: A 5-year-old intact large male dog of mixed breed, was submitted to clinical care because of an increase in volume of the left perineal region. The cytological evaluation, performed without imaging exams, indicated that it was an undifferentiated sarcoma. An incisional biopsy defined the diagnosis as telangiectatic osteosarcoma, and with progressive clinical worsening, the patient died. Necroscopic examination revealed multiple nodules in the lungs and an irregular mass with a hard to friable consistency. The mass was intensely vascularised and extended craniodorsally from the left ischial tuberosity to the base of the renal fossa. Microscopically, the neoplasm was diagnosed as combined osteosarcoma, consisting of the osteoblastic, chondroblastic, and telangiectatic subtypes. Metastases with a predominance of the chondroblastic subtype were observed in the lungs. Discussion: This is the first report of combined-type canine osteosarcoma in the ischium. The case reported here is unusual, as there are few reports of canine osteosarcoma in the pelvic bones, and there is no concrete information regarding its histological appearance. Osteosarcoma is the most common bone neoplasm in dogs, representing up to 80% of the tumours found in such organs. In the present case, the dog was a large young adult with a higher probability of neoplasm development. A cytopathological examination is a diagnostic method with good sensitivity and specificity that can confirm osteosarcomas. However, in this case, the cytological diagnosis, performed without the information from the imaging exam, indicated that it was an undifferentiated sarcoma, given the impossibility of the architectural assessment of the lesion. Biopsy samples sent for histology may not be representative of the entire tumour, leading to misclassification of the histological type. Therefore, the evaluation of fragments from various sites of the lesions is recommended. Regarding the morphology of osteosarcomas, such neoplasms have the osteoblastic, chondroblastic, fibroblastic, telangiectatic, large cell, and poorly differentiated subtypes. With regard to tumours located in the axial skeleton, no studies have assessed the predominance of a particular morphological type, as well as the incidence of combined-type masses in dogs in this particular location. Such neoplasms are locally aggressive and have a high metastatic potential, with the lungs being the main location for implantation of neoplastic cells. There is no proven evidence of the correlation between morphological presentations and the presence of metastases from osteosarcomas in dogs. The histological type is not a predictive factor for the behaviour of the neoplasm. However, the anatomical location is considered as one of the factors with the greatest influence on the prognosis and metastatic potential. Rib masses are associated with a higher rate of metastases compared to others. The definitive diagnosis of osteosarcomas and its correct subclassification are of great importance in the prognosis of affected patients. These require an approach that considers the clinical findings, imaging examinations, and macroscopic and microscopic alterations.

Osteossarcoma mamário com êmbolo neoplásico em cerebelo / Mammary osteosarcoma with neoplastic emboli in cerebellum

Background: The mammary neoplasms are highly frequent in female dogs. It is characterized by the proliferation of epithelial or mesenchymal cells. The mammary osteosarcoma is a example of the proliferation of the last group and its main feature is production of osteoid matrix and areas of mature bone tissue formation. Metastases to the lungs and regional lymph nodes are frequent, however some other metastasis sites have been reported. The aim of this study is to report a mammary osteosarcoma in a 12-year-old mixed-breed female dog with multiple metastases and neoplastic emboli to the central nervous system. Case: The animal was brought to the Veterinary Hospital of the Uberlândia Federal University (HV/UFU) with the complaint of increase in the volume of the mammary glands. The cytopathological exams was performed in the mass that measured 15 cm of diameter and covering a large region of the mammary gland, from the right cranial thoracic to the right cranial abdominal mammary gland. The cytological diagnostic was inconclusive because of the lack of material for diagnosis. Therefore, total unilateral mastectomy was performed for histopathology analysis. The material was then sent to the Animal Pathology Laboratory of the HV/UFU where routine processing was performed. The microscopy showed proliferation of mesenchymal cells arranged in bundles with intense pleomorfism and producing osteoid matrix, leading to the diagnosis of mammary osteosarcoma. Around 15 days after the diagnostic the animal died and was sent the Animal Pathology Laboratory of the HV/UFU for necropsy. During the external exam there was a mass at the same site of the primary mass previously extracted. Besides it, there were masses affecting lungs, intestine and kidneys. The histopathological exam showed sites of metastasis of osteosarcoma in the organs described, as well as neoplastic...(AU)

Osteossarcoma mamário com êmbolo neoplásico em cerebelo / Mammary osteosarcoma with neoplastic emboli in cerebellum

Background: The mammary neoplasms are highly frequent in female dogs. It is characterized by the proliferation of epithelial or mesenchymal cells. The mammary osteosarcoma is a example of the proliferation of the last group and its main feature is production of osteoid matrix and areas of mature bone tissue formation. Metastases to the lungs and regional lymph nodes are frequent, however some other metastasis sites have been reported. The aim of this study is to report a mammary osteosarcoma in a 12-year-old mixed-breed female dog with multiple metastases and neoplastic emboli to the central nervous system. Case: The animal was brought to the Veterinary Hospital of the Uberlândia Federal University (HV/UFU) with the complaint of increase in the volume of the mammary glands. The cytopathological exams was performed in the mass that measured 15 cm of diameter and covering a large region of the mammary gland, from the right cranial thoracic to the right cranial abdominal mammary gland. The cytological diagnostic was inconclusive because of the lack of material for diagnosis. Therefore, total unilateral mastectomy was performed for histopathology analysis. The material was then sent to the Animal Pathology Laboratory of the HV/UFU where routine processing was performed. The microscopy showed proliferation of mesenchymal cells arranged in bundles with intense pleomorfism and producing osteoid matrix, leading to the diagnosis of mammary osteosarcoma. Around 15 days after the diagnostic the animal died and was sent the Animal Pathology Laboratory of the HV/UFU for necropsy. During the external exam there was a mass at the same site of the primary mass previously extracted. Besides it, there were masses affecting lungs, intestine and kidneys. The histopathological exam showed sites of metastasis of osteosarcoma in the organs described, as well as neoplastic...

Ocorrência de tecoma (subtipo tumor estromal esclerosante) em cadela: relato de caso / Occurrence of thecoma (sclerosing stromal tumor subtype) in a female dog: case report / Ocurrencia de tecoma (subtipo tumor estromal esclerosante) en una perra: reporte de un caso

O tecoma é uma neoplasia ovariana rara, sendo, portanto, escassas suas descrições na medicina veterinária. Uma de suas formas de apresentação é o tumor estromal esclerosante, representando cerca de 2-6% dos tumores estromais com origem no ovário. Este subtipo de tecoma ainda não foi descrito em cadelas. Este trabalho objetiva relatar a ocorrência de um tecoma de grandes dimensões, classificado como tumor estromal esclerosante. A cadela era da raça labrador, 10 anos de idade, e o diagnóstico foi estabelecido após exame necroscópico. O histórico clínico constava aumento de volume abdominal, diminuição da evacuação e presença de coágulos de sangue na urina. A avaliação histopatológica da massa demonstrou um agregado de células fusiformes, por vezes ovais, dispostas em feixes, com núcleo central, citoplasma claro de aspecto vacuolizado, indicando a presença de lipídios. O diagnóstico foi confirmado pela técnica histoquímica do Tricromio de Masson, permitindo observar a presença de fibras colágenas dispostas entre as células, concluindo o diagnóstico de tecoma do subtipo estromal esclerosante.(AU)

Thecoma is a rare ovarian neoplasm and its descriptions in veterinary medicine are scarce. The tumor may be sclerosing stromal tumor subtype, accounting for about 2-6% of ovarian origin stromal tumors. This tecoma subtype has not yet been described in female dogs. This study aims to report the occurrence of a large tecoma, classified as sclerosing stromal tumor. The bitch was a 10-year-old Labrador breed, and the diagnosis was established after necroscopic examination. Clinical history consisted of increased abdominal, decreased evacuation and presence of clots in the urine. Histopathological evaluation showed an aggregate of fusiform cells, sometimes oval, arranged in bundles, with central nucleus, clear cytoplasm of vacuolated aspect, indicating the presence of lipids. The diagnosis was confirmed by histochemical technique of Masson's Trichrome, allowing the observation of collagen fibers arranged between the cells, concluding the diagnosis of tecoma of the sclerosing stromal subtype.(AU)

El tecoma es una neoplasia ovárica rara, siendo, por lo tanto, escasas sus descripciones en la medicina veterinaria. Una de sus formas de presentación es el tumor estromal esclerosante, que representa alrededor del 2-6% de los tumores estromales con origen en el ovario. Este subtipo de tecoma aún no se ha descrito en perras. Este trabajo objetiva relatar la ocurrencia de un tecoma de grandes dimensiones, clasificado como tumor estromal esclerosante. La perra era de la raza labradora, 10 años de edad, y el diagnóstico fue establecido después del examen necroscópico. La historia clinica ha constatado aumento de volumen abdominal, disminución de la evacuación y presencia de coágulos en la orina. La evaluación histopatológica de la masa demostró un agregado de células fusiformes, a veces ovaladas, dispuestas en haces, con núcleo central, citoplasma claro de aspecto vacuolizado, indicando la presencia de lípidos. El diagnóstico fue confirmado a través de técnica histoquímica del Tricromio de Masson, permitiendo observar la presencia de fibras colágenas dispuestas entre las células, concluyendo el diagnóstico de tecoma del subtipo estromal esclerosante.(AU)

Rendimento de carcaça e caracterização macroscópica de lesões em fígados de rãs-touro (Lithobates catesbeianus) abatidas em Uberlândia - MG / Carcass yield and macroscopic characterization of liver lesions of bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) slaughtered in Uberlândia - MG

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o rendimento de carcaças e caracterizar as alterações macroscópicas em fígados de rãs-touro de um abatedouro de Uberlândia-MG. 90 animais foram avaliados quanto ao rendimento de carcaça e peso de fígado pelo Teste de MannWhitney (p<0,05). Além disso, na etapa de evisceração, os fígados também foram avaliados quanto à coloração e presença de lesão, e comparados pelo Teste Exato de Fisher (p<0,05). Os machos apresentaram maior rendimento de carcaça (56,64%). A frequência de lesões no fígado para ambos os sexos foi de 53,33% e a coloração de maior ocorrência foi a pálida (67,8%). A alta ocorrência de lesões e alterações de coloração do fígado indicam possíveis falhas de manejo sanitário e zootécnico nesta produção. Assim, avaliações complementares podem ajudar a identificar as causas das lesões.

Ocorrência de tecoma (subtipo tumor estromal esclerosante) em cadela: relato de caso / Occurrence of thecoma (sclerosing stromal tumor subtype) in a female dog: case report / Ocurrencia de tecoma (subtipo tumor estromal esclerosante) en una perra: reporte de un caso

O tecoma é uma neoplasia ovariana rara, sendo, portanto, escassas suas descrições na medicina veterinária. Uma de suas formas de apresentação é o tumor estromal esclerosante, representando cerca de 2-6% dos tumores estromais com origem no ovário. Este subtipo de tecoma ainda não foi descrito em cadelas. Este trabalho objetiva relatar a ocorrência de um tecoma de grandes dimensões, classificado como tumor estromal esclerosante. A cadela era da raça labrador, 10 anos de idade, e o diagnóstico foi estabelecido após exame necroscópico. O histórico clínico constava aumento de volume abdominal, diminuição da evacuação e presença de coágulos de sangue na urina. A avaliação histopatológica da massa demonstrou um agregado de células fusiformes, por vezes ovais, dispostas em feixes, com núcleo central, citoplasma claro de aspecto vacuolizado, indicando a presença de lipídios. O diagnóstico foi confirmado pela técnica histoquímica do Tricromio de Masson, permitindo observar a presença de fibras colágenas dispostas entre as células, concluindo o diagnóstico de tecoma do subtipo estromal esclerosante.

Thecoma is a rare ovarian neoplasm and its descriptions in veterinary medicine are scarce. The tumor may be sclerosing stromal tumor subtype, accounting for about 2-6% of ovarian origin stromal tumors. This tecoma subtype has not yet been described in female dogs. This study aims to report the occurrence of a large tecoma, classified as sclerosing stromal tumor. The bitch was a 10-year-old Labrador breed, and the diagnosis was established after necroscopic examination. Clinical history consisted of increased abdominal, decreased evacuation and presence of clots in the urine. Histopathological evaluation showed an aggregate of fusiform cells, sometimes oval, arranged in bundles, with central nucleus, clear cytoplasm of vacuolated aspect, indicating the presence of lipids. The diagnosis was confirmed by histochemical technique of Masson's Trichrome, allowing the observation of collagen fibers arranged between the cells, concluding the diagnosis of tecoma of the sclerosing stromal subtype.

El tecoma es una neoplasia ovárica rara, siendo, por lo tanto, escasas sus descripciones en la medicina veterinaria. Una de sus formas de presentación es el tumor estromal esclerosante, que representa alrededor del 2-6% de los tumores estromales con origen en el ovario. Este subtipo de tecoma aún no se ha descrito en perras. Este trabajo objetiva relatar la ocurrencia de un tecoma de grandes dimensiones, clasificado como tumor estromal esclerosante. La perra era de la raza labradora, 10 años de edad, y el diagnóstico fue establecido después del examen necroscópico. La historia clinica ha constatado aumento de volumen abdominal, disminución de la evacuación y presencia de coágulos en la orina. La evaluación histopatológica de la masa demostró un agregado de células fusiformes, a veces ovaladas, dispuestas en haces, con núcleo central, citoplasma claro de aspecto vacuolizado, indicando la presencia de lípidos. El diagnóstico fue confirmado a través de técnica histoquímica del Tricromio de Masson, permitiendo observar la presencia de fibras colágenas dispuestas entre las células, concluyendo el diagnóstico de tecoma del subtipo estromal esclerosante.

Ocorrência de tecoma (subtipo tumor estromal esclerosante) em cadela: Relato de caso

El tecoma es una neoplasia ovárica rara, siendo, por lo tanto, escasas sus descripciones en la medicina veterinaria. Una de sus formas de presentación es el tumor estromal esclerosante, que representa alrededor del 2-6% de los tumores estromales con origen en el ovario. Este subtipo de tecoma aún no se ha descrito en perras. Este trabajo objetiva relatar la ocurrencia de un tecoma de grandes dimensiones, clasificado como tumor estromal esclerosante. La perra era de la raza labradora, 10 años de edad, y el diagnóstico fue establecido después del examen necroscópico. La historia clinica ha constatado aumento de volumen abdominal, disminución de la evacuación y presencia de coágulos en la orina. La evaluación histopatológica de la masa demostró un agregado de células fusiformes, a veces ovaladas, dispuestas en haces, con núcleo central, citoplasma claro de aspecto vacuolizado, indicando la presencia de lípidos. El diagnóstico fue confirmado a través de técnica histoquímica del Tricromio de Masson, permitiendo observar la presencia de fibras colágenas dispuestas entre las células, concluyendo el diagnóstico de tecoma del subtipo estromal esclerosante.

Thecoma is a rare ovarian neoplasm and its descriptions in veterinary medicine are scarce. The tumor may be sclerosing stromal tumor subtype, accounting for about 2-6% of ovarian origin stromal tumors. This tecoma subtype has not yet been described in female dogs. This study aims to report the occurrence of a large tecoma, classified as sclerosing stromal tumor. The bitch was a 10-year-old Labrador breed, and the diagnosis was established after necroscopic examination. Clinical history consisted of increased abdominal, decreased evacuation and presence of clots in the urine. Histopathological evaluation showed an aggregate of fusiform cells, sometimes oval, arranged in bundles, with central nucleus, clear cytoplasm of vacuolated aspect, indicating the presence of lipids. The diagnosis was confirmed by histochemical technique of Masson"s Trichrome, allowing the observation of collagen fibers arranged between the cells, concluding the diagnosis of tecoma of the sclerosing stromal subtype.

O tecoma é uma neoplasia ovariana rara, sendo, portanto, escassas suas descrições na medicina veterinária. Uma de suas formas de apresentação é o tumor estromal esclerosante, representando cerca de 2-6% dos tumores estromais com origem no ovário. Este subtipo de tecoma ainda não foi descrito em cadelas. Este trabalho objetiva relatar a ocorrência de um tecoma de grandes dimensões, classificado como tumor estromal esclerosante. A cadela era da raça labrador, 10 anos de idade, e o diagnóstico foi estabelecido após exame necroscópico. O histórico clínico constava aumento de volume abdominal, diminuição da evacuação e presença de coágulos de sangue na urina. A avaliação histopatológica da massa demonstrou um agregado de células fusiformes, por vezes ovais, dispostas em feixes, com núcleo central, citoplasma claro de aspecto vacuolizado, indicando a presença de lipídios. O diagnóstico foi confirmado pela técnica histoquímica do Tricromio de Masson, permitindo observar a presença de fibras colágenas dispostas entre as células, concluindo o diagnóstico de tecoma do subtipo estromal esclerosante.

Tumor ósseo multilobular em um cão / Multilobular tumor of bone in a dog

Background: Multilobular tumor of bone (MTB) is a primary bone neoplasm, uncommon in dogs. This tumor was called ofmany names for a long time, as: chondroma rodens, multilobular osteochondrosarcoma, multilobular osteoma, multilobularchondroma, calcificating aponeurotic fibroma, although MTB was preferred chosen, because these other name could becorrelated with humans tumors. This tumor is observed specially in skull bone, although it was reported in zygomaticarc, hard palate, axilla, spine and penis. Mostly happen in big breeds dogs, and middle to old age patients. Clinical signsdepending of region and how aggressive the tumor is, usually are related to compression of any structure. The growth ofMTB is frequently slow and progressive, locally invasive, occurring relapse after surgical revomal, although the tumorhas low to moderate metastatic potential. The aim of this study is to report a case of MTB in a female dog and describeanatomopathological changes.Case: A female dog, mixed breed, 13 year-old, of middleweight was admitted in Pathology Department of College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (FCAV-Unesp), Campus of Jaboticabal - SP, to be undergone to necropsy. Thepatient have never shown any epileptic crisis or neurologic signs. In macroscopic examination was found a mass in skull,which invaded the orbit and frontal sinus, but it was not invading brain cavity. The neoplasm had and irregular surface, firmconsistent, color was white mixed to red areas, after cut it was granular and rough, and had some point mineralized areas.The lobs of lung had much firm masses, colored gray to white. In cytology it was observed fusiform to polyhedric isolatedmesenchymal cells, moderated pleomorphic, basophilic cytoplasm, thin granulated nuclear chromatin, and visible nucleolithat was involved by eosinophilic extracellular matrix...(AU)

Tumor ósseo multilobular em um cão / Multilobular tumor of bone in a dog

Background: Multilobular tumor of bone (MTB) is a primary bone neoplasm, uncommon in dogs. This tumor was called ofmany names for a long time, as: chondroma rodens, multilobular osteochondrosarcoma, multilobular osteoma, multilobularchondroma, calcificating aponeurotic fibroma, although MTB was preferred chosen, because these other name could becorrelated with humans’ tumors. This tumor is observed specially in skull bone, although it was reported in zygomaticarc, hard palate, axilla, spine and penis. Mostly happen in big breeds dogs, and middle to old age patients. Clinical signsdepending of region and how aggressive the tumor is, usually are related to compression of any structure. The growth ofMTB is frequently slow and progressive, locally invasive, occurring relapse after surgical revomal, although the tumorhas low to moderate metastatic potential. The aim of this study is to report a case of MTB in a female dog and describeanatomopathological changes.Case: A female dog, mixed breed, 13 year-old, of middleweight was admitted in Pathology Department of College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (FCAV-Unesp), Campus of Jaboticabal - SP, to be undergone to necropsy. Thepatient have never shown any epileptic crisis or neurologic signs. In macroscopic examination was found a mass in skull,which invaded the orbit and frontal sinus, but it was not invading brain cavity. The neoplasm had and irregular surface, firmconsistent, color was white mixed to red areas, after cut it was granular and rough, and had some point mineralized areas.The lobs of lung had much firm masses, colored gray to white. In cytology it was observed fusiform to polyhedric isolatedmesenchymal cells, moderated pleomorphic, basophilic cytoplasm, thin granulated nuclear chromatin, and visible nucleolithat was involved by eosinophilic extracellular matrix...

Puma (Puma concolor) predating sheep in Uberlândia, Brazil: physical injuries, stress and myopathy / Predação de ovelhas por onça-parda (Puma concolor) em Uberlândia, Brasil: lesões macroscópicas, estresse e miopatia

Puma (Puma concolor) is in Brazil among the major species involved in human-wildlife conflicts, primarily due to the predation of sheep and goats in farms. A puma might kill from one to several animals in a single predation episode, and free-ranging flocks of goats and sheep are usually affected. These attacks are rarely witnessed and direct observation of predation is rare. We herein report three predation episodes and the cause of death of sheep kept inside paddocks in a farm located besides a major town of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Death of 31 animals was attributed to a puma as determined by circumstantial evidence, necropsy of 16 animals, laboratory findings and direct observation of the predator at the occurrence site. However, death of only eight animals was caused by traumatic injury mainly at the cervical region. The remaining animals lacked lethal traumatic injuries and post mortem examination indicated circulatory collapse (congestion of internal organs). Two surviving animals had a great increase in creatinine phosphokinase blood levels and thus death of remaining animals was attributed to stress and myopathy caused by fear and chasing of sheep trapped inside paddocks. Measures taken after the third predation episode (illumination of paddocks, pasture height control, vegetation clearance around the paddocks and closure of animals in stalls at night) prevented further attacks.

A onça-parda (Puma concolor) é uma das principais espécies relacionadas a conflitos entre humanos e animais selvagens no Brasil, principalmente devido predação de ovinos e caprinos em fazendas. Este felino selvagem pode matar de um a vários animais em um único episódio de predação, sendo geralmente, cabras e ovelhas criados extensivamente os mais afetados. Esses ataques raramente são testemunhados e por isso a observação direta da predação também é rara. Neste trabalho são relatados três episódios de predação e causa mortis de ovinos mantidos em piquetes em uma fazenda vizinha à Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A morte de 31 animais foi atribuída a uma onça-parda, conforme provas circunstanciais, exame necroscópico de 16 animais, achados laboratoriais e a observação direta do predador no local da ocorrência. Entretanto, a morte de apenas oito animais foi causada por lesão traumática, principalmente na região cervical. Os demais não apresentaram lesões traumáticas letais e nestes o exame post-mortem indicou colapso circulatório (congestão dos órgãos internos). Dois animais sobreviventes apresentaram acentuado aumento dos níveis sanguíneos de creatinina fosfoquinase, permitindo assim atribuir a morte dos demais animais ao estresse e miopatia provocadas pelo medo e perseguição das ovelhas dentro dos piquetes. Após o terceiro episódio de predação medidas preventivas foram adotadas e a iluminação dos piquetes, o controle da altura do capim nos piquetes, a redução da vegetação ao redor dos piquetes e a manutenção dos animais em baias fechadas durante a noite impediram novos episódios, pelo menos até o momento.

Correlation between systolic function and presence of myofibroblasts in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy / Correlação entre função sistólica e presença de miofibroblastos na cardiomiopatia induzida pela doxorrubicina

Cardiotoxicity induced by doroxubicin generates systolic disfunction and myocardial remodeling with presence of myofibroblasts. These cells are thought to be attracted to the injured heart to avoid the development of congestive heart failure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the systolic dysfunction generated by doxorubicin through Doppler echocardiography, and its correlation with the presence of myofibroblasts in the myocardium. Twenty-five New Zealand White rabbits were divided into two groups (control, and treated with doxorubicin). The drug was administered for six weeks; Doppler echocardiography was performed before the first, and after the last administration of doxorubicin. Immuno detection of myofibroblasts was performed by immunohistochemistry. The treated group exhibited significant reduction in systolic function as assessed by Doppler echocardiography, and increased frequency of myofibroblasts, which were present in similar amounts in the left ventricle, interventricular septum, and right ventricle. There was a significant negative correlation between number of myofibroblasts in the interventricular septum and in the left ventricle with systolic function indices, which reveals that the higher the number of fibroblasts, the worst systolic function is in rabbits treated with doxorubicin. Increase in myofibroblast numbers was not sufficient to preserve systolic function.(AU)

A cardiotoxicidade induzida pela doxorrubicina gera disfunção sistólica e remodelamento miocárdico, com presença de miofibroblastos. Acredita-se que essas células sejam atraídas para a não evolução do quadro de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a função sistólica gerada pela doxorrubicina por meio da ecodopplercadiografia e correlacioná-la com a presença de miofibroblastos no miocárdio. Foram utilizados 25 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia, alocados em dois grupos (controle e tratados com doxorrubicina). O fármaco foi administrado por seis semanas e a ecodopplercardiografia foi realizada no momento zero e após a última administração da doxorrubicina. A imunodetecção dos miofibroblastos foi realizada por imuno-histoquímica. Houve redução significativa na função sistólica, observada na ecodopplercardiografia e aumento na imundetecção dos miofibroblastos nos animais tratados, na mesma intensidade no ventrículo esquerdo, septo interventricular e ventrículo direito. Houve correlação negativa significativa entre o número de miofibroblastos no septo interventricular e no ventrículo esquerdo com os índices de função sistólica, revelando que quanto mais miofibroblastos presentes, pior é a função sistólica de coelhos tratados com doxorrubicina. O aumento do número de miofibroblastos não foi suficiente para manutenção da função sistólica.(AU)

Correlation between systolic function and presence of myofibroblasts in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy / Correlação entre função sistólica e presença de miofibroblastos na cardiomiopatia induzida pela doxorrubicina

ABSTRACT: Cardiotoxicity induced by doroxubicin generates systolic disfunction and myocardial remodeling with presence of myofibroblasts. These cells are thought to be attracted to the injured heart to avoid the development of congestive heart failure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the systolic dysfunction generated by doxorubicin through Doppler echocardiography, and its correlation with the presence of myofibroblasts in the myocardium. Twenty-five New Zealand White rabbits were divided into two groups (control, and treated with doxorubicin). The drug was administered for six weeks; Doppler echocardiography was performed before the first, and after the last administration of doxorubicin. Immuno detection of myofibroblasts was performed by immunohistochemistry. The treated group exhibited significant reduction in systolic function as assessed by Doppler echocardiography, and increased frequency of myofibroblasts, which were present in similar amounts in the left ventricle, interventricular septum, and right ventricle. There was a significant negative correlation between number of myofibroblasts in the interventricular septum and in the left ventricle with systolic function indices, which reveals that the higher the number of fibroblasts, the worst systolic function is in rabbits treated with doxorubicin. Increase in myofibroblast numbers was not sufficient to preserve systolic function.

RESUMO: A cardiotoxicidade induzida pela doxorrubicina gera disfunção sistólica e remodelamento miocárdico, com presença de miofibroblastos. Acredita-se que essas células sejam atraídas para a não evolução do quadro de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a função sistólica gerada pela doxorrubicina por meio da ecodopplercadiografia e correlacioná-la com a presença de miofibroblastos no miocárdio. Foram utilizados 25 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia, alocados em dois grupos (controle e tratados com doxorrubicina). O fármaco foi administrado por seis semanas e a ecodopplercardiografia foi realizada no momento zero e após a última administração da doxorrubicina. A imunodetecção dos miofibroblastos foi realizada por imuno-histoquímica. Houve redução significativa na função sistólica, observada na ecodopplercardiografia e aumento na imundetecção dos miofibroblastos nos animais tratados, na mesma intensidade no ventrículo esquerdo, septo interventricular e ventrículo direito. Houve correlação negativa significativa entre o número de miofibroblastos no septo interventricular e no ventrículo esquerdo com os índices de função sistólica, revelando que quanto mais miofibroblastos presentes, pior é a função sistólica de coelhos tratados com doxorrubicina. O aumento do número de miofibroblastos não foi suficiente para manutenção da função sistólica.

Tumor venéreo transmissível subcutâneo relato de caso / Subcutaneous transmissible venereal tumor case report / Tumor venéreo transmisible subcutáneo relato de un caso

O tumor venéreo transmissível (TVT) é neoplasia específica de caninos, de apresentação frequente em genitais. As metástases se dão por via hematógena ou linfática, e o acometimento extragenital é raro. A forma cutânea é relatada como lesão proliferativa verrucosa, de superfície ulcerada e friável, em geral concomitante à forma genital da doença. Para contribuir com dados clínicos, citopatológicos, prognóstico e devido à apresentação incomum, relata-se um caso de TVT subcutâneo em cadela adulta, sem raça definida, castrada, disseminado em forma de nódulos na face interna dos membros posteriores. O exame citopatológico revelou muitas células redondas com núcleo em geral excêntrico, cromatina frouxa e citoplasma amplo, muito vacuolizado, típicos de TVT plasmocitóide. Quatro sessões de quimioterapia com sulfato de vincristina levaram à remissão completa do tumor. É incomum ocorrer TVT apenas no subcutâneo, ainda mais quando não há lesões genitais a sugerir metástase.(AU)

Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a specific cancer of the canine species that usually affects the genital region. Metastases occur by hematogenous or lymphatic routes. The extragenital form is rare and the cutaneous form is reported to be a warty proliferative lesion of ulcerated and friable surface, which usually presents itself concomitantly to the genital form of the disease. We hereby report a case of subcutaneous TVT in a mixed-breed neutered female, in order to contribute clinical and cytopathological data, as well as prognosis, due to unusual presentation of this neoplasm. The formation was disseminated as multiple nodules located on the inner face of the hind limbs. Diagnosis was achieved by cytological examination, which revealed the presence of round cells with predominantly eccentric nuclei, loose chromatin and large and intensely vacuolated cytoplasm, features of plasmacytoid TVT. Four courses of chemotherapy with vincristine sulfate were conducted, yielding complete remission of the tumor. The subcutaneous appearance of TVT is unusual, especially when no genital lesions that might suggest metastasis are found.(AU)

El tumor venéreo transmisible (TVT) es una neoplasia específica de los perros que se presenta con mayor frecuencia en región genital. Las metástasis pueden ocurrir por vía hematógena o linfática; es rara la presentación de tumores extragenitales. La forma cutánea se caracteriza como una lesión verrugosa proliferativa, de superficie ulcerada y friable, generalmente concomitante con la forma genital de la enfermedad. Con el objetivo de contribuir con datos clínicos, citopatológicos y de pronóstico, y dada su presentación tan poco frecuente, se relata un caso de TVT subcutáneo en una perra adulta, mestiza, castrada, que se diseminó en forma de nódulos en la cara interna de los miembros posteriores. El examen citopatológico mostró un gran número de células redondas con núcleo generalmente excéntrico, cromatina laxa y citoplasma amplio, muy vacuolizado, típicos de TVT plasmocitoide. Cuatro sesiones de quimioterapia con sulfato de vincristina llevaron a la remisión completa del tumor. Es poco común la presentación de un TVT exclusivamente subcutáneo, mas aún sin lesiones genitales que sugieran una metástasis.(AU)

Tumor venéreo transmissível subcutâneo – relato de caso / Subcutaneous transmissible venereal tumor – case report / Tumor venéreo transmisible subcutáneo – relato de un caso

O tumor venéreo transmissível (TVT) é neoplasia específica de caninos, de apresentação frequente em genitais. As metástases se dão por via hematógena ou linfática, e o acometimento extragenital é raro. A forma cutânea é relatada como lesão proliferativa verrucosa, de superfície ulcerada e friável, em geral concomitante à forma genital da doença. Para contribuir com dados clínicos, citopatológicos, prognóstico e devido à apresentação incomum, relata-se um caso de TVT subcutâneo em cadela adulta, sem raça definida, castrada, disseminado em forma de nódulos na face interna dos membros posteriores. O exame citopatológico revelou muitas células redondas com núcleo em geral excêntrico, cromatina frouxa e citoplasma amplo, muito vacuolizado, típicos de TVT plasmocitóide. Quatro sessões de quimioterapia com sulfato de vincristina levaram à remissão completa do tumor. É incomum ocorrer TVT apenas no subcutâneo, ainda mais quando não há lesões genitais a sugerir metástase.

Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a specific cancer of the canine species that usually affects the genital region. Metastases occur by hematogenous or lymphatic routes. The extragenital form is rare and the cutaneous form is reported to be a warty proliferative lesion of ulcerated and friable surface, which usually presents itself concomitantly to the genital form of the disease. We hereby report a case of subcutaneous TVT in a mixed-breed neutered female, in order to contribute clinical and cytopathological data, as well as prognosis, due to unusual presentation of this neoplasm. The formation was disseminated as multiple nodules located on the inner face of the hind limbs. Diagnosis was achieved by cytological examination, which revealed the presence of round cells with predominantly eccentric nuclei, loose chromatin and large and intensely vacuolated cytoplasm, features of plasmacytoid TVT. Four courses of chemotherapy with vincristine sulfate were conducted, yielding complete remission of the tumor. The subcutaneous appearance of TVT is unusual, especially when no genital lesions that might suggest metastasis are found.

El tumor venéreo transmisible (TVT) es una neoplasia específica de los perros que se presenta con mayor frecuencia en región genital. Las metástasis pueden ocurrir por vía hematógena o linfática; es rara la presentación de tumores extragenitales. La forma cutánea se caracteriza como una lesión verrugosa proliferativa, de superficie ulcerada y friable, generalmente concomitante con la forma genital de la enfermedad. Con el objetivo de contribuir con datos clínicos, citopatológicos y de pronóstico, y dada su presentación tan poco frecuente, se relata un caso de TVT subcutáneo en una perra adulta, mestiza, castrada, que se diseminó en forma de nódulos en la cara interna de los miembros posteriores. El examen citopatológico mostró un gran número de células redondas con núcleo generalmente excéntrico, cromatina laxa y citoplasma amplio, muy vacuolizado, típicos de TVT plasmocitoide. Cuatro sesiones de quimioterapia con sulfato de vincristina llevaron a la remisión completa del tumor. Es poco común la presentación de un TVT exclusivamente subcutáneo, mas aún sin lesiones genitales que sugieran una metástasis.

Linfoma multicêntrico em gato: relato de caso / Multicentric Iymphoma in a cat:a case report / Linfoma multicéntrico de gato:reporte de un caso

O linfoma é uma neoplasia que ocorre com frequência em gatos, porém seu diagnóstico tardio dificulta ou impossibilita o tratamento. Objetivou-se relatar o caso de um felino, 4 anos, apresentando prostração, anorexia, dispneia e dificuldade de deglutição e linfadenomegalia generalizada. À citologia notou-se células redondas, citoplasma escasso, núcleo basofílico com figuras de mitose aberrantes. Realizou-se teste imuno cromatográfico para Felv, o qual mostrou resultado positivo. No exame radiológico, foi observado aumento da densidade radiográfica nos pulmões e ausência de visualização de silhueta cardíaca. O animal veio a óbito e no exame necroscópico notou-se mucosas pálidas, linfonodos superficiais aumentados, coração recoberto por linfonodo mediastinal, linfonodos mesentéricos aumentados, e nos rins nódulos no parênquima.Exame histopatológico confirmou se tratar de linfoma.

Lymphoma is a cancer that occurs frequently in cats, but late diagnosis difficult or impossibletreatment. The objective was to report the case of a cat, 4 years, with depression, anorexia, dyspnea anddifficulty swallowing and generalized Iymphadenopathy. In the cytology was noted round cells, little cytoplasm,basophilic nucleus with aberrant mitotic figures. Immunochromatographic test was performed to Felv, whichshowed positive results. The x-ray examination showed an increase radiographic density in the lungs andwithout cardiac silhouette view. The animal died and necropsy examination showed pale mucous membranes,increased superficial lymphnodes, heart covered with mediastinal lymphnode, increased mesenteric lymphnodes, and kidneys nodules in the parenchyma. Histopathological examination confirmed the case oflymphoma.

El linfoma es un cáncer que se presenta con frecuencia en los gatos, pero el diagnóstico tardíohace el tratamiento difícil o imposible. El objetivo es presentar el caso de un gato, 4 anos, con prostacíon,anorexia, disnea y dificultad para tragar y linfadenopatía generalizada. En la citología se observó células redondas, poco citoplasma, núcleo basófilo con figuras mitóticas aberrantes. Prueba inmuno cromatográficase realizó para FeLV, que mostró resultados positivos. El examen radiológico, se observó un aumento de la densidad radiográfica en los pulmones sin vista de la silueta cardiaca. El animal murió y examen de necropsiamostró membranas mucosas pálidas, el aumento de los ganglios linfáticos superficiales, corazón cubierto delos ganglios linfáticos dei mediastino, el aumento de los ganglios linfáticos mesentéricos, y rinones nódulosen el parénquima. EI examen histopatológico confirmó el caso de linfoma.

Linfoma multicêntrico em gato: relato de caso / Multicentric Iymphoma in a cat:a case report / Linfoma multicéntrico de gato:reporte de un caso

O linfoma é uma neoplasia que ocorre com frequência em gatos, porém seu diagnóstico tardio dificulta ou impossibilita o tratamento. Objetivou-se relatar o caso de um felino, 4 anos, apresentando prostração, anorexia, dispneia e dificuldade de deglutição e linfadenomegalia generalizada. À citologia notou-se células redondas, citoplasma escasso, núcleo basofílico com figuras de mitose aberrantes. Realizou-se teste imuno cromatográfico para Felv, o qual mostrou resultado positivo. No exame radiológico, foi observado aumento da densidade radiográfica nos pulmões e ausência de visualização de silhueta cardíaca. O animal veio a óbito e no exame necroscópico notou-se mucosas pálidas, linfonodos superficiais aumentados, coração recoberto por linfonodo mediastinal, linfonodos mesentéricos aumentados, e nos rins nódulos no parênquima.Exame histopatológico confirmou se tratar de linfoma.(AU)

Lymphoma is a cancer that occurs frequently in cats, but late diagnosis difficult or impossibletreatment. The objective was to report the case of a cat, 4 years, with depression, anorexia, dyspnea anddifficulty swallowing and generalized Iymphadenopathy. In the cytology was noted round cells, little cytoplasm,basophilic nucleus with aberrant mitotic figures. Immunochromatographic test was performed to Felv, whichshowed positive results. The x-ray examination showed an increase radiographic density in the lungs andwithout cardiac silhouette view. The animal died and necropsy examination showed pale mucous membranes,increased superficial lymphnodes, heart covered with mediastinal lymphnode, increased mesenteric lymphnodes, and kidneys nodules in the parenchyma. Histopathological examination confirmed the case oflymphoma.(AU)

El linfoma es un cáncer que se presenta con frecuencia en los gatos, pero el diagnóstico tardíohace el tratamiento difícil o imposible. El objetivo es presentar el caso de un gato, 4 anos, con prostacíon,anorexia, disnea y dificultad para tragar y linfadenopatía generalizada. En la citología se observó células redondas, poco citoplasma, núcleo basófilo con figuras mitóticas aberrantes. Prueba inmuno cromatográficase realizó para FeLV, que mostró resultados positivos. El examen radiológico, se observó un aumento de la densidad radiográfica en los pulmones sin vista de la silueta cardiaca. El animal murió y examen de necropsiamostró membranas mucosas pálidas, el aumento de los ganglios linfáticos superficiales, corazón cubierto delos ganglios linfáticos dei mediastino, el aumento de los ganglios linfáticos mesentéricos, y rinones nódulosen el parénquima. EI examen histopatológico confirmó el caso de linfoma.(AU)

Influence of apoptosis on the cutaneous and peripheral lymph node inflammatory response in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis.

In canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), the abnormalities most commonly observed in clinical examination on the animals are lymphadenomegaly and skin lesions. Dogs are the main domestic reservoir for the protozoon Leishmania (L.) chagasi and the skin is the main site of contamination by the vector insect. Some protozoa use apoptosis as an immunological escape mechanism. The aim of this study was to correlate the presence of apoptosis with the parasite load and with the inflammatory response in the skin and lymph nodes of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania (L.) chagasi. Thirty-three dogs from the municipality of Araçatuba (São Paulo, Brazil) were used, an endemic area for CVL. Muzzle, ear and abdominal skin and the popliteal, subscapular, iliac and mesenteric lymph nodes of symptomatic (S), oligosymptomatic (O) and asymptomatic (A) dogs were analyzed histologically. The parasite load and percentage apoptosis were evaluated using an immunohistochemical technique. Microscopically, the lymph nodes presented chronic lymphadenitis and the skin presented plasmacytic infiltrate and granulomatous foci in the superficial dermis, especially in the ear and muzzle regions. The inflammation was most severe in group S. The parasite load and apoptotic cell density were also greatest in this group. The cause of the lymphoid atrophy in these dogs was correlated with T lymphocyte apoptosis, thus leaving the dogs more susceptible to CVL. The peripheral lymph nodes presented the greatest inflammatory response. Independent of the clinical picture, the predominant inflammatory response was granulomatous and plasmacytic, both in the skin and in the peripheral lymph nodes. The ear skin presented the greatest intensity of inflammation and parasite load, followed by the muzzle skin, in group S. The ear skin area presented a non-significant difference in cell profile, with predominance of macrophages, and a significant difference from group A to groups O and S. It was seen that in these areas, there were high densities of parasites and cells undergoing apoptosis, in group S. The association between apoptosis and parasite load was not significant in the lymph nodes, but in the muzzle regions and at the ear tips, a positive correlation was seen between the parasite load and the density of cells undergoing apoptosis. The dogs in group S had the highest parasite load and the greatest number of apoptotic cells, thus suggesting that the parasite had an immune evasion mechanism, which could be proven statistically in the skin.