Effects of glyphosate-based herbicide on gut microbes and hepatopancreatic metabolism in Pomacea canaliculata.

Roundup®, a prominent glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH), holds a significant position in the global market. However, studies of its effects on aquatic invertebrates, including molluscs are limited. Pomacea canaliculata, a large freshwater snail naturally thrives in agricultural environments where GBH is extensively employed. Our investigation involved assessing the impact of two concentrations of GBH (at concentrations of 19.98 mg/L and 59.94 mg/L, corresponding to 6 mg/L and 18 mg/L glyphosate) during a 96 h exposure experiment on the intestinal bacterial composition and metabolites of P. canaliculata. Analysis of the 16 S rRNA gene demonstrated a notable reduction in the alpha diversity of intestinal bacteria due to GBH exposure. Higher GBH concentration caused a significant shift in the relative abundance of dominant bacteria, such as Bacteroides and Paludibacter. We employed widely-targeted metabolomics analysis to analyze alterations in the hepatopancreatic metabolic profile as a consequence of GBH exposure. The shifts in metabolites primarily affected lipid, amino acid, and glucose metabolism, resulting in compromised immune and adaptive capacities in P. canaliculata. These results suggested that exposure to varying GBH concentrations perpetuates adverse effects on intestinal and hepatopancreatic health of P. canaliculata. This study provides an understanding of the negative effects of GBH on P. canaliculata and may sheds light on its potential implications for other molluscs.

Causal links between major depressive disorder and insomnia: A Mendelian randomisation study.

Both Major depressive disorder (MDD) and insomnia are two common mental disorders. However, the inherent and comprehensive genetic factors causing the links between MDD and insomnia are unclear yet. Here, based on GWAS results for each disorder, we used linkage disequilibrium (LD) score regression analysis and a multi-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to test the genetic relationships between these two diseases. Genetic correlation analyses indicated that MDD has a significant genetic correlation with insomnia (correlation ratio = 0.40 ± 0.03, P = 1.12 × 10-52). Mendelian randomization analysis indicated that liability to MDD confers a causal effect on insomnia (bxy = 0.16 ± 0.02, P = 1.11 × 10-18), while liability to insomnia confers a causal effect on MDD (bxy = 0.57 ± 0.07, P = 1.17 × 10-14). We found that the transcription factor 4 (TCF4) gene may contribute to the mutual influences between MDD and insomnia. These results provide insights into the relationships between MDD and insomnia and may have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services.