Facteurs de risque associés à la mortalité néonatale dans un hôpital de niveau tertiaire en République Démocratique du Congo

Contexte : Dans la province du Sud-Kivu (RD Congo), le taux de mortalité néonatale est de 47‰. L'objectif de notre étude est d'analyser la mortalité néonatale dans le service de néonatologie d'une structure tertiaire de santé de la province du Sud-Kivu.Méthodes : Etude transversale couvrant la période 2009-2013. Tous les enfants âgés de 0-28 jours étaient inclus dans l'étude. Les tests statistiques utilisés étaient le pourcentage, le Khi2 et l'Odds ratio. Résultats: Au total, 1,638 nouveau-nés étaient admis dans le service. Le taux de mortalité néonatale était de 26.6% (passant de 40.8% en 2009 à 21.2% en 2013). La mortalité épurée était de 16.7%. Les facteurs de risque liés à la mortalité néonatale étaient (OR, p) : le sexe masculin [1.4 (1.1-1.9) ; p = 0.0138], la prématurité [4.3 (2.9-6.4) ; p < 0.0001], l'asphyxie périnatale [2.6 (2.1-3.2) ; p < 0.0001], l'âge de la mère > 35 ans [1.2 (1.2-3.2) ; p = 0.0061], les mères célibataires [2.8 (1.4-5.8) ; p = 0.0034], une menace d'accouchement prématuré [3.0 (1.3-7.1) ; p = 0.0111] et la naissance dans une maternité autre que celle de l'HPGRB [5.3 (4.0-7.1) ; p < 0.0001].Conclusion : Le taux de mortalité néonatale reste élevé bien que des efforts aient été fournis pour sa réduction. Différents facteurs de risques associés à la mortalité néonatale ont été identifiés. Des actions de sensibilisation/prévention doivent être soutenues pour réduire ce fléau

[Time trends in demographic and clinical characteristics of adult patients on HAART initiation in West Africa]. / Evolution des conditions d'initiation du traitement antirétroviral des patients infectés par le VIH en Afrique de l'Ouest.

OBJECTIVE: We studied the evolution of drug combinations used, as well as the clinical and immunological profile of patients at initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) between 1996 and 2006 in West Africa. SETTINGS AND METHOD: IeDEA West Africa is a network of HIV care programs established in 2006. We analyzed data from 12 clinical centers treating adults in five countries: Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Senegal, Gambia, and Mali. Patients 16 years of age or over were included in the study and the following was documented: sex, date of birth and date of initiation of HAART. RESULTS: We included 14,496 adult patients having started HAART, among these 55 % had started HAART between 2005-2006. The proportion of HIV-infected women increased from 46 % in 1996-2000 to 63 % in 2005-2006. The median age at HAART initiation remained constant: 35 years for women and 40 years for men. The proportion of patients having started HAART with a CD4 count<200 cells/microl was 54 % in 1996-2000, and 64 % in 2005-2006. The most frequently prescribed HAART was: AZT/3TC (or d4T/DDI)/IDV (27 %) in 1996-2000; d4T (or AZT)/3TC/EFV (49 %) in 2003-2004, and d4T/3TC/NVP (49 %) in 2005-2006. CONCLUSION: The first line HAART regimen recommended by WHO was initiated in 83 % of cases in 2005-2006. New approaches to an earlier initiation of ART should be explored to reduce mortality in HIV-infected patients on HAART.

Tobacco use and its determinants in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy in West African countries.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking is common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients from industrialised countries. In West Africa, few data concerning tobacco consumption exist. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of the International Epidemiological Database to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) network in West Africa was conducted. Health workers administered a questionnaire assessing tobacco and cannabis consumption among patients receiving antiretroviral treatment. Regular smokers were defined as current smokers who smoked >1 cigarette per day for >or=1 year. RESULTS: Overall, 2920 patients were enrolled in three countries. The prevalence of ever smokers and regular smokers were respectively 46.2% (95%CI 42.8-49.5) and 15.6% (95%CI 13.2-18.0) in men and 3.7% (95%CI 2.9-4.5) and 0.6% (95%CI 0.3-0.9) in women. Regular smoking was associated with being from Côte d'Ivoire or Mali compared to Benin (OR 4.6, 95%CI 2.9-7.3 and 7.7, 95%CI 4.4-13.6), severely impaired immunological status at highly active antiretroviral treatment initiation (OR 1.5, 95%CI 1.1-2.2) and history of tuberculosis (TB; OR 1.8, 95%CI 1.1-3.0). CONCLUSION: There are marked differences in smoking prevalence among these West African countries. This survey approach also provides proof of the association between cigarette smoking and TB in HIV-infected patients, a major public health issue in this part of the world.

Birth order and intellectual development: the confluence model in the light of cross-cultural evidence.

For Israeli eighth-grade students of Asian-African origin, achievement decreases as a function of birth order in small families and increases as a function of birth order in large families. This finding cannot be accounted for by differences in developmental rate or size of birth intervals. It can be accounted for by considering the effect of external influences, such as schooling, on intellectual development.