RESUMEN
This investigation determined the capacity of murine monoclonal antibodies directed to human immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses to identify molecules with conserved epitopes in the serum of the nonhuman primate, Macaca fascicularis. We subsequently utilized this cross-reactivity to document the characteristics of IgG subclass antibody responses in M. fascicularis to parenteral immunization with intact oral microorganisms, antigens from oral microorganisms, and finally a defined protein toxin, tetanus toxoid. The IgG response in nonhuman primates immunized with tetanus toxoid showed a 40-fold and 110-fold increase after primary and secondary immunizations, respectively. The major IgG subclass responses were IgG1 and IgG3, with little, though significant, responses in the IgG4 and IgG2 subclasses. Seventy-five to 94% of the natural IgG antibody in nonhuman primate sera to Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Campylobacter rectus was IgG1. IgG2 and IgG3 predominated to Bacteroides fragilis, IgG4 to Actinomyces viscosus and an equal distribution among the subclasses was noted in response to Fusobacterium nucleatum. Parenteral immunization of nonhuman primates with intact P. gingivalis elicited primarily IgG3 and IgG4, while the post-immunization IgG response to P. intermedia was largely IgG1. Nonhuman primates were also parenterally immunized with cell envelope antigens of P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, or a combination of cell envelope antigen from C. rectus and F. nucleatum and cell wall antigens of A. viscosus. The greatest IgG antibody response seen post-immunization was reactive with anti-human IgG1 for all of these antigens except to C. rectus which bound nonhuman primate antibody reactive with anti-human IgG2. It appears that the bacteria and their products exhibit unique differences in their induction of serum IgG subclass antibody responses. The characteristics of their immunogenicity as detected by the nonhuman primate may contribute to the ability of the immune responses to effectively interact with these pathogens.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/biosíntesis , Anticuerpos Heterófilos/biosíntesis , Antígenos Bacterianos/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Enfermedades Periodontales/inmunología , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/inmunología , Anticuerpos Monoclonales , Especificidad de Anticuerpos/inmunología , Antígenos Bacterianos/química , Antígenos de Superficie/inmunología , Bacteroides/inmunología , Campylobacter/inmunología , Reacciones Cruzadas , Epítopos/inmunología , Femenino , Fusobacterium nucleatum/inmunología , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Inmunoglobulina G/clasificación , Macaca fascicularis , Ratones , Enfermedades Periodontales/microbiología , Enfermedades Periodontales/prevención & control , Porphyromonas gingivalis/inmunología , Prevotella intermedia/inmunología , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Toxoide Tetánico/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The anatomy of the hard plate is reviewed with respect to the clinical considerations of harvesting intraoral hard palate grafts for various reconstructive eyelid procedures. Recommendations for harvesting grafts based on these anatomic principles are given.
Asunto(s)
Párpados/cirugía , Mucosa Bucal/trasplante , Hueso Paladar , Humanos , Hueso Paladar/anatomía & histología , Stents , Cirugía Plástica/métodosRESUMEN
A review of the peri-implant sulcus, including the histology of the sulcular epithelium, epithelial attachment, and the gingival connective tissue, is presented. The peri-implant junctional epithelial attachment is mediated by hemidesmosomes, as in the periodontal tissue. There is some controversy on the possible attachment of connective tissue fibers to the implant, but current studies indicate a parallel orientation with no insertion of the peri-implant connective tissue fibers. This difference in connective tissue attachment may affect the peri-implant tissue's susceptibility to disease.
Asunto(s)
Implantes Dentales , Inserción Epitelial/fisiología , Encía/fisiología , Cicatrización de Heridas , Animales , Tejido Conectivo/fisiología , Desmosomas/fisiología , Epitelio/fisiología , HumanosRESUMEN
This article is a review of plaque-induced inflammation around dental implants. The microflora around successful implants is similar to healthy sulci, while that associated with failing implants is similar to periodontally diseased sites. Implant microflora is similar to the tooth microflora in the partially edentulous mouth. The microflora of implants in partially edentulous mouths differs from that in edentulous mouths. This seems to indicate a bacterial reservoir around the teeth and the possibility of reinfection of the implant sulcus by periodontal pathogens. The maintenance of a tooth microflora consistent with periodontal health in partially edentulous mouths may lead to maintaining an implant microflora consistent with peri-implant health. Thus, periodontal and implant maintenance are linked and neither can be overlooked.
Asunto(s)
Implantes Dentales , Placa Dental/microbiología , Gingivitis/etiología , Periodoncio/microbiología , Animales , Implantes Dentales/efectos adversos , Placa Dental/complicaciones , Encía/microbiología , Gingivitis/microbiología , Humanos , Falla de Prótesis , Infecciones Relacionadas con Prótesis , Saliva/microbiologíaRESUMEN
This paper reviews investigations concerning the clinical parameters of evaluating dental implants during the maintenance phase of therapy. Clinical parameters that are discussed include mobility, gingival alterations, tissue movement, probing and attachment level measurements, bleeding upon probing, occlusion, and microbial monitoring. The role of implant radiology is discussed and encompasses radiographic interpretation, interval, and technique.
Asunto(s)
Implantes Dentales , Pérdida de Hueso Alveolar/diagnóstico por imagen , Oclusión Dental , Índice de Placa Dental , Retención de Prótesis Dentales , Hemorragia Gingival , Humanos , Mantenimiento , Evaluación de Procesos y Resultados en Atención de Salud , Índice Periodontal , Radiografía , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Although implant maintenance is one of the most frequently overlooked areas in implantology, the success of an implant can hinge on maintenance performed at regular intervals. Prevention of peri-implant disease should be a prime motivating factor for patient and therapist involvement in a regular maintenance program.