Calcium oxalate ureterolithiasis in a cat / Ureterolitíase por oxalato de cálcio em gato

Background: Uroliths in ureters are seldom seen in cats and, according to our knowledge, there are no reports of ureterolithiasis in this specie in our country. The radiography and ultrasound should be used in combination to improve the sensitivity to 90% in detecting ureteral calculi in cats. The aim of this study is to report a case of ureterolithiasis in a cat, emphasizing the importance of appropriate use of diagnostic imaging to identify the cause of nephropathy, enabling the return of the renal function.Case: A 7-year-old female cat, was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul with history of weight loss for two months and previous diagnosis of chronic kidney insufficiency. In blood work, it was found total calcium and creatinine increase. At x-ray evaluation, it was found two radiopaques structures on the right kidney, consistent with uroliths and the presence of a small radiopaque structure in the region of the left ureter. Ultrasound exam indicated two hyperechoic structures in the right renal pelvis, forming acoustic shadowing suggestive of lithiasis. The left kidney showed partial loss of renal parenchyma by distention of the pelvis for anechogenic homogeneous content compatible with hydronephrosis. It was also observed dilated left ureter in its proximal third. After three days, the animal was subjected to...

Aproximadamente 98% dos cálculos localizados nos ureteres de gatos contêm oxalato de cálcio [5]. No entanto, menos de 7% dos urólitos de oxalato de cálcio encontram-se nos ureteres desta espécie [7]. Gatos com ureterolitíase podem apresentar vômito, inatividade, depressão e dor abdominal. Se houver obstrução ureteral, o animal pode desenvolver azotemia devido à redução aguda ou gradual da função renal [8]. A realização de exames complementares como a radiografia e a ultrassonografia abdominais é recomendada para alcançar o correto diagnóstico e a exata localização do urólito [2]. A remoção cirúrgica é indicada caso haja obstrução, dor, aumento no tamanho e no número de urólitos [3]. O presente trabalho visa relatar a ocorrência de um urólito de oxalato de cálcio localizado no ureter de um gato, enfatizando a importância do diagnóstico por imagem para instituição do tratamento adequado e a resolução da insuficiência renal...

Calcium oxalate ureterolithiasis in a cat / Ureterolitíase por oxalato de cálcio em gato

Background: Uroliths in ureters are seldom seen in cats and, according to our knowledge, there are no reports of ureterolithiasis in this specie in our country. The radiography and ultrasound should be used in combination to improve the sensitivity to 90% in detecting ureteral calculi in cats. The aim of this study is to report a case of ureterolithiasis in a cat, emphasizing the importance of appropriate use of diagnostic imaging to identify the cause of nephropathy, enabling the return of the renal function.Case: A 7-year-old female cat, was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul with history of weight loss for two months and previous diagnosis of chronic kidney insufficiency. In blood work, it was found total calcium and creatinine increase. At x-ray evaluation, it was found two radiopaques structures on the right kidney, consistent with uroliths and the presence of a small radiopaque structure in the region of the left ureter. Ultrasound exam indicated two hyperechoic structures in the right renal pelvis, forming acoustic shadowing suggestive of lithiasis. The left kidney showed partial loss of renal parenchyma by distention of the pelvis for anechogenic homogeneous content compatible with hydronephrosis. It was also observed dilated left ureter in its proximal third. After three days, the animal was subjected to...(AU)

Aproximadamente 98% dos cálculos localizados nos ureteres de gatos contêm oxalato de cálcio [5]. No entanto, menos de 7% dos urólitos de oxalato de cálcio encontram-se nos ureteres desta espécie [7]. Gatos com ureterolitíase podem apresentar vômito, inatividade, depressão e dor abdominal. Se houver obstrução ureteral, o animal pode desenvolver azotemia devido à redução aguda ou gradual da função renal [8]. A realização de exames complementares como a radiografia e a ultrassonografia abdominais é recomendada para alcançar o correto diagnóstico e a exata localização do urólito [2]. A remoção cirúrgica é indicada caso haja obstrução, dor, aumento no tamanho e no número de urólitos [3]. O presente trabalho visa relatar a ocorrência de um urólito de oxalato de cálcio localizado no ureter de um gato, enfatizando a importância do diagnóstico por imagem para instituição do tratamento adequado e a resolução da insuficiência renal...(AU)

Ramos colaterais do arco aórtico e suas principais ramificações em coelho da raça Nova Zelândia (Oryctolagus cuniculus) / Collaterals branches of the aortic arch and its main rami in rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Neste trabalho, sistematizaram-se os ramos colaterais do arco aórtico e suas principais ramificações, utilizando 30 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia. O sistema arterial foi preenchido com látex corado em vermelho através da aorta torácica no sentido contrário ao fluxo sanguíneo e fixado em uma solução aquosa de formaldeído a 20%. Os ramos colaterais do arco aórtico foram o tronco braquiocefálico e a artéria subclávia esquerda. O tronco braquiocefálico emitiu as artérias carótidas comuns esquerda e direita, continuando-se como artéria subclávia direita. Esta emitiu, de medial para lateral, as artérias: vertebral, tronco comum cervical superficial-profunda e tronco costocervical-torácica interna. Já a artéria subclávia esquerda emitiu as artérias: vertebral, intercostal suprema, torácica interna, escapular dorsal e tronco comum cervical superficial-profunda.

In this study, the collaterals branches of the aortic arch and its main rami were systematized in 30 New Zealand rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The arterial system was filled with red latex in the opposite direction to blood flow, and fixed in 20% formaldehyde solution. The collaterals branches of the aortic arch were the brachiocephalic trunk and the left subclavian artery. The brachiocephalic truk emitted the left and the right common carotid arteries, continuing as the right subclavian artery. This emitted, from medial to lateral, the arteries: vertebral, superficial-deep cervical common trunk and costocervical-internal thoracic trunk. Already the left subclavian artery emitted the arteries: vertebral, supreme intercostal, internal thoracic, dorsal scapular and superficial-deep cervical common trunk.

Ramos colaterais viscerais da aorta abdominal em coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia (Oryctolagus cuniculus) / Visceral Collateral Branches of the Abdominal Aorta in New Zealand Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Background: Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are lagomorphs belonging to the Leporidae family. They are widely used in laboratory experiments and are an important source for humans feeding industry. In the biomedical investigation field, the rabbit contributes for the production of several scientific studies. Since studies about the rabbit's morphology is rare, especially what refers to abdominal vascularization, this work had the objective to systematize and describe the visceral collateral branches of the abdominal aorta in New Zealand rabbits. Materials, Methods & Results: Fourteen male and sixteen female New Zealand young adult rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were used. Animals were euthanized with T 61, administered via an intrapulmonary injection. Skin was removed, thoracic cavity opened in plastron, thoracic aorta cannulated, according to blood flow, and the two cranial and caudal cava veins sectioned near the heart. System was washed with saline solution and heparin and filled with red latex. Animals remained immersed in running water, for 90 min, and the trunk was transversally sectioned, near the last thoracic vertebra. The abdominal cavity remained closed and formaldehyde was administered via an intraperitoneal injection. Samples were fixed in formaldehyde for seven days, the abdominal cavity opened, the viscera removed in block and the arteries dissected. Schematic drawings of every preparation were made-up and the visceral branches of the abdominal aorta systematized. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using percentage values. The celiac artery was the first direct visceral collateral branch, followed by the cranial mesenteric artery, and they were given off from the ventral surface of the abdominal aorta. The renal arteries were originated from the lateral side of the abdominal aorta, and the right vessel was originated more cranial than the left. Near the entrance of the pelvic cavity, the abdominal aorta emitted from its ventral surface the caudal mesenteric artery, and near this latter, the aorta abdominal originated the right and left gonadal arteries. The adrenal arteries were found as being indirect visceral collateral branches, which in most of the cases originated from the caudal phrenic artery. It was also observed that the right and left umbilical arteries were indirect visceral collateral branches, but from the internal iliac artery on its respective antimere. Discussion: In nutria, the celiac and the cranial mesenteric arteries were the first and second direct visceral collaterals branches, respectively, and they were given off from the ventral surface of the abdominal aorta, as observed in rabbits. In moco, the cranial mesenteric artery could be given off in a common trunk with the caudal mesenteric artery, which was not observd in rabbit. As opposed to nutria, in which the renal artery was double in 3,3% of the animals, on the rigth and left antimeres, in the rabbit was observed its absence in one sample, to the left, due to left kidney agenesis. The gonadal artery, in chinchilla, was branch of the correspondent renal artery and in nutria, was a branch of umbilical artery. It was noticed in this study that the gonadal artery in rabbit was originated directly from the abdominal aorta. The caudal mesenteric artery, in nutria, was usually emitted from the aorta abdominal ventral surface, near its bifurcation, and could be absent, while in rabbit it was double in 3,3% of the animals.

Técnicas anatômicas como método complementar para aprendizado de nefrotomia / Anatomical techniques as a complementary method for learning nephrotomy

Background: The use of animals in attempt to understand biological processes began many years ago with Hippocrates (450 B.C.). Galeno (129-210 a.C.) studied the anatomy and physiology of the monkeys, believing in their similarity to humans. The use of animals in experiments has always been the target of too much criticism by several society segments, questioning animal suffering after manipulation. This is due to the fact that students and professors consider that such practices are against their moral and ethical principles, besides the psychological issues that they can promote. Because of this, alternative and complementary methods were developed for surgical training and motor development of surgeons, with the goal to reduce the number of animals in these practices and to increase qualification and surgical skills. The objective of this study is to offer a complementary method of learning in the area of surgery, specifically anatomical techniques as a complementary method for learning nephrotomy. Materials, Methods & Results: Four dog kidneys were used from the pathology sector of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. The kidneys were removed from the abdominal cavity with the perirenal fat, blood vessels and ureter. The renal artery, renal vein and ureter were cannulated and filled with red, blue and yellow colored latex, respectively. After this, the kidneys were immersed for one hour in running water for latex polymerization. Then, the nephrotomy technique was performed. At each step of the technique, renal structures were observed, incised in a clean and easy way, and each one identified perfectly by color. Discussion: The use of animals in practical classes is still a rule in the most of brazilian universities. Several studies have observed that the teaching of practices, based on alternative techniques instead of vivisection, enabled students to equal or more learning. Virtual reality techniques, handmade devices for training surgical nodes, models for anatomical and physiological study of the ocular and circulatory systems, objects for the practice of venous puncture, artifi cial limbs for surgical practice, models for the practice of microsurgery in small vessels, cylinder with several layers the simulates in every detail a surgical procedure, mannequins, simulators, videos and the use of cadavers and viscera chemically prepared for learning surgical techniques are some of the alternative methods found nowadays. Since it is expected that veterinary medicine students experience real patients, the combination of their acquired knowledge to the practice of complementary methods, helps the student to better understand the technique and facilitates the learning process. When using viscera to help in veterinary surgical technique classes, the students participate more effectively in the classroom, without the stress and fear they face when they first practice with live animals. Furthermore, this alternative allows them to train many times every technique, refining the accuracy, coordination and manual skills, so important for a surgeon. The use of colored latex injected kidneys to simulate nephrotomy proved to be an effective method to complement the training of future surgeons, without loosing teaching quality neither using animals for this purpose.

Ramos colaterais parietais e terminais da aorta abdominal em coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia (Oryctolagus cuniculus) / Parietal collateral and terminal branches of the abdominal aorta in New Zealand rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Background: Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are lagomorphs belonging to the Leporidae family. They are an important source for humans feeding industry and widely used in laboratory experiments. In the biomedical investigation field, the rabbit contributes for the production of several scientific studies. Since information about the rabbit's morphology is rare, especially what refers to abdominal vascularization, this work had the objective to systematize and describe the parietal collateral and terminal branches of the abdominal aorta in New Zealand rabbits. Materials, Methods & Results: Fourteen male and sixteen female New Zealand young adult rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were used. Animals were euthanized with T 61, administered via an intrapulmonary injection. Skin was removed, thoracic cavity opened in plastron, thoracic aorta cannulated, according to blood flow, and the two cranial and caudal cava veins sectioned near the heart. System was washed with saline solution and heparin and filled with red latex. Animals remained immersed in running water, for 90 min, and the trunk was transversally sectioned, near the last thoracic vertebra. The abdominal cavity remained closed and formaldehyde was administered via an intraperitoneal injection. Samples were fixed in formaldehyde for seven days, the abdominal cavity opened, the viscera removed in block and the arteries dissected. Schematic drawings of every preparation were made-up and the parietal and terminal branches of the abdominal aorta systematized. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using percentage values. The direct parietal collateral branches of the abdominal aorta were the lumbar arteries, while the indirect collateral branches were the cranial phrenic, phrenicoabdominal and deep iliac circunfl ex arteries. The terminal branches of the abdominal aorta were the right and left common iliac arteries, and each one gave off the internal iliac artery and continued as external iliac artery. The median sacral artery was not considered a terminal branch like in other mammals, but a collateral branch. Discussion: In nutria, from six to eight single lumbar arteries were given off from the dorsal surface of the abdominal aorta. In this study, it was observed that almost every lumbar arteries were single, except for the fi rst vessel, which in 50% of the cases was double. The literature does not describe the formation of the phrenicoabdominal artery, in the rabbit. The cranial abdominal artery was described as a branch of the corresponding renal artery, and the caudal phrenic artery was given off from the dorsal surface of the abdominal aorta or sometimes, together with the last dorsal intercostal artery. In our study, it was observed that the caudal phrenic and cranial abdominal arteries were collateral branches of the phrenicoabdominal artery, which was a branch of the renal artery. The median sacral artery, in nutria, was originated from the dorsal surface, cranially to the aorta's bifurcation, being considered a collateral branch like observed in rabbits. As opposed to nutria, in which the deep iliac circunflex artery was branch of the external iliac artery, in the rabbit it was generally a branch of the common iliac artery. In rabbits, the terminal branches of the abdominal aorta, the common iliac arteries and the internal and external iliac arteries, were similar to literature's reports in rats and in nutria.