RESUMEN
The Andean kañihua seed (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) is widely used as an ancestral nutraceutical with great industrial potential and is a little-researched seed. It has high biological and nutritional value due to its protein content of 15-19 %, optimal balance of essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, mineral content, vitamins, and non-bitter saponin content. It is a potential source of peptides with different pharmacological activities such as antimicrobials, antioxidants, antihypertensives, and antidiabetics, among others. It has been a functional food in the Altiplano of Peru and Bolivia since the time of the Incas (between the 12th and 16th centuries) and is a functional food proposal for the world. In this bibliographic review, we present a detailed scientific description of the botanical characteristics, genetics, phytochemical composition, bioactives, and nutritional value. The potential uses at an industrial, medical, pharmacological, and biotechnological level and current advances in scientific research on the kañihua seed. In addition, it is an alternative grain to guarantee food security in terms of quantity, quality, and opportunity.
RESUMEN
The Andean grains from the Peruvian Altiplano, quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) and kanihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) have high protein content and an optimal balance of essential amino acids and minerals such as iron (19.8 mg/100 g y 17.6 mg/100 g, respectively). The objective of this research was to evaluate the antianemic activity of extruded flour from quinoa seeds variety Negra Collana and kanihua variety Ramis in anemic Holtzman strain rats. The results of the proximal analysis showed high protein content in quinoa at 22% and kanihua at 16.2%, and the acute toxicity test showed harmlessness up to the dose of 15000 mg/Kg in both flours confirmed with the anatomopathological observation of organs such as liver, stomach, lung, kidneys, and brain. In the evaluation of the antianemic activity, a basal average of 29.3 ± 0.2% of hematocrit was observed in the group of anemic rats treated with quinoa flour, and in twelve weeks, it increased to 53.8 ± 0.3% of hematocrit (p ≤ 0.05). A group of anemic rats treated with kanihua flour had a basal average of 29.5 ± 0.3%, and in twelve weeks, it increased to 51.7 ± 0.3% (p ≤ 0.05). A group of rats without anemia treated with quinoa and kanihua flour showed a basal average of 50.2 ± 0.2% and 49.3 ± 0.3%; in twelve weeks, it increased to 55.2 ± 0.2% and 54.8 ± 0.1%, respectively. It was concluded that oral administration of 360 mg/Kg every 24 h of quinoa flour and kanihua flour increased hematocrit levels by 24.5 ± 0.5% and 22.2 ± 0.3%; weight 65.8 ± 0.3 g and 59.2 ± 0.1 g; height 6.8 ± 0.1 cm and 5.7 ± 0.5 cm, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). In rats without anemia increased hematocrit levels by 5.3 ± 0.0% and 5.5 ± 0.0%; weight 37.7 ± 0.1 g and 21.7 ± 0.05 g; height 4 ± 0.0 cm and 3.9 ± 0.0 cm, respectively (p ≤ 0.05).