RESUMEN
The Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) gene Diap1 encodes a protein referred to as DIAP1 (D rosophila Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein 1) that acts to supress apoptosis in "normal" cells in the fly. In this study we investigate the use of RNA interference (RNAi) to control two dipteran pests, Musca domestica and Delia radicum, by disrupting the control of apoptosis. Larval injections of 125-500 ng of Diap1 dsRNA resulted in dose-dependent mortality which was shown to be attributable to down-regulation of target mRNA. Insects injected with Diap1 dsRNA have approx. 1.5-2-fold higher levels of caspase activity than controls 24 hours post injection, providing biochemical evidence that inhibition of apoptotic activity by the Diap1 gene product has been decreased. By contrast adults were insensitive to injected dsRNA. Oral delivery failed to induce RNAi effects and we suggest this is attributable to degradation of ingested dsRNA by intra and extracellular RNAses. Non-target effects were demonstrated via mortality and down-regulation of Diap1 mRNA levels in M. domestica larvae injected with D. radicum Diap1 dsRNA, despite the absence of 21 bp identical sequence regions in the dsRNA. Here we show that identical 15 bp regions in dsRNA are sufficient to trigger non-target RNAi effects.
Asunto(s)
Dípteros/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Inhibidoras de la Apoptosis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Insectos/metabolismo , Interferencia de ARN , ARN Bicatenario/metabolismo , Animales , Proteínas Inhibidoras de la Apoptosis/genética , Proteínas de Insectos/genética , ARN Bicatenario/genética , Análisis de SupervivenciaAsunto(s)
Actitud del Personal de Salud , Recolección de Datos/estadística & datos numéricos , Rol del Médico , Indicadores de Calidad de la Atención de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Proyectos de Investigación/estadística & datos numéricos , Registros Electrónicos de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Minnesota , Evaluación de Resultado en la Atención de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Flujo de TrabajoRESUMEN
Two lawsuits filed this year in federal court claim that three drugmakers have colluded in order to simultaneously raise the price of insulin.
Asunto(s)
Costos de los Medicamentos/estadística & datos numéricos , Industria Farmacéutica/economía , Medicamentos Genéricos/economía , Medicamentos bajo Prescripción/economía , Control de Costos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Costos de los Medicamentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Costos de los Medicamentos/tendencias , Industria Farmacéutica/legislación & jurisprudencia , Competencia Económica , Humanos , Minnesota , Negociación , Investigación/economía , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Marihuana Medicinal/uso terapéutico , Dolor Intratable/tratamiento farmacológico , Comités Consultivos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Actitud del Personal de Salud , Sustitución de Medicamentos , Determinación de la Elegibilidad/legislación & jurisprudencia , Medicina Basada en la Evidencia/legislación & jurisprudencia , Humanos , Minnesota , Narcóticos/uso terapéuticoAsunto(s)
Logro , Ortopedia/historia , Deportes/historia , Lucha/historia , Adulto , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Masculino , MinnesotaAsunto(s)
Ahorro de Costo , Garantía de la Calidad de Atención de Salud/tendencias , Consulta Remota/tendencias , Telemedicina/tendencias , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/economía , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/tendencias , Humanos , Minnesota , Garantía de la Calidad de Atención de Salud/economía , Consulta Remota/economía , Telemedicina/economíaAsunto(s)
Diagnóstico Tardío/prevención & control , Errores Diagnósticos/prevención & control , Educación Médica/tendencias , Mejoramiento de la Calidad/tendencias , Estudios Transversales , Curriculum/tendencias , Diagnóstico Tardío/estadística & datos numéricos , Errores Diagnósticos/estadística & datos numéricos , Predicción , Humanos , MinnesotaAsunto(s)
Comité de Profesionales/organización & administración , Gestión de Riesgos/organización & administración , Violencia/prevención & control , Violencia/psicología , Lugar de Trabajo , Conducta Cooperativa , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital/organización & administración , Humanos , Capacitación en Servicio/organización & administración , Comunicación Interdisciplinaria , Minnesota , Medición de Riesgo , Medidas de Seguridad/organización & administraciónRESUMEN
The grain aphid Sitobion avenae (F.) is a major pest of wheat, acting as a virus vector as well as causing direct plant damage. Commonly grown wheat varieties in the UK have only limited resistance to this pest. The present study was carried out to investigate the potential of a diploid wheat line (ACC20 PGR1755), reported as exhibiting resistance to S. avenae, to serve as a source of resistance genes. The diploid wheat line was confirmed as partially resistant, substantially reducing the fecundity, longevity and growth rate of the aphid. Proteomic analysis showed that approximately 200 protein spots were reproducibly detected in leaf extracts from both the resistant line and a comparable susceptible line (ACC5 PGR1735) using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and image comparison software. Twenty-four spots were significantly up-regulated (>2-fold) in the resistant line after 24 h of aphid feeding (13 and 11 involved in local and systemic responses, respectively). Approximately 50 % of all differentially expressed protein spots were identified by a combination of database searching with MS and MS/MS data, revealing that the majority of proteins up-regulated by aphid infestation were involved in metabolic processes (including photosynthesis) and transcriptional regulation. However, in the resistant line only, several stress response proteins (including NBS-LRR-like proteins) and oxidative stress response proteins were identified as up-regulated in response to aphid feeding, as well as proteins involved in DNA synthesis/replication/repair. This study indicates that the resistant diploid line ACC20 PGR1755 may provide a valuable resource in breeding wheat for resistance to aphids.