Terapia de ressincronização cardíaca após implante por cateter debioprótese valvar aórtica / Cardiac resynchronization therapy after transcatheter aortic valve implantation

O tratamento da estenose aórtica com implante por cateter de bioprótese valvar aórtica é sabidamente eficaz. Contudo, os distúrbios de condução são complicações frequentes e associam-se a elevada taxa de implante de marcapasso definitivo. Questões referentes ao melhor modo de estimulação, ao papel do cardiodesfibrilador na profilaxia de morte súbita e ao prognóstico ainda não apresentam consenso. Relata-se, portanto, um caso de paciente que, após o implante valvar, evoluiu com bloqueio completo de ramo esquerdo agudo e bradiarritmia, insuficiência cardíaca refratária ao tratamento medicamentoso, com fração de ejeção gravemente comprometida e intolerância ao betabloqueador por bradiarritmia. Optou-se, então, pela terapia de ressincronização ao invésdo marcapasso convencional, com boa resposta clínica. A associação com cardiodesfibrilador foi descartada paraprofilaxia de morte súbita após o estudo eletrofisiológico, o qual não evidenciou instabilidade elétrica ventricular...

Treatment of aortic stenosis with valve of transcatheter implant is known to be effective. However, conduction disorders are common complications and are associated with a high permanent pacemaker implantation rate. Questions regarding the best pacing mode, the role of the defibrillator in sudden death prevention and prognosis, do not have consensus yet. We report, therefore, the case of a patient who developed complete blockage of acute left bundle branch and bradyarrhythmia, heart failure refractory to drug therapy, poor ejection fraction and intolerance to betablocker due bradyarrhythmias after valve implant. Thus, we chose resynchronizationtherapy instead of conventional pacemakers and obtained a good clinical response. The association with adefibrillator was ruled out for sudden death prevention after the electrophysiological study, which did not show ventricular electrical instability...

Waldenström's macroglobulinemia - a review / Macroglobulinemia de Waldenström - uma revisão

Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM) is a lymphoproliferative disease of B lymphocytes, characterized by a lymphoplasmocytic lymphoma in the bone marrow and by IgM monoclonal hypergammaglobulinemia. It was first described in 1944 by Jan Gösta Waldenström, reporting two patients with oronasal bleeding, lymphadenopathy, anemia, thrombocytopenia, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate and serum viscosity, normal radiography and bone marrow infiltrated by lymphoid cells. The WM is a rare disease with a typically indolent clinical course, affecting mainly individuals aged between 63 and 68 years. Most patients have clinical signs and symptoms related to hyperviscosity resulting from IgM monoclonal gammopathy, and/or cytopenias resulting from bone marrow infiltration by lymphoma. The differential diagnosis with other lymphomas is essential for the assessment of prognosis and therapeutic approach. Treatment of patients with asymptomatic WM does not improve the quality of life of patients, or increase their survival, being recommended, therefore, their follow-up. For the treatment of symptomatic patients, alkylating agents, purine analogs and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies are used. However, the disease is incurable and the response to therapy is not always favorable. Recent studies have shown promising results with bortezomib, an inhibitor of proteasomes, and some patients respond to thalidomide. In patients with relapse or refractory to therapy, autologous transplantation may be indicated. The aim of this paper is to describe in detail the current knowledge on the pathophysiology of WM, main clinical manifestations, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.

A macroglobulinemia de Waldenström (MW) é uma doença linfoproliferativa dos linfócitos B, caracterizada por um linfoma linfoplasmocítico na medula óssea e por hipergamaglobulinemia monoclonal de tipo IgM. Foi descrita pela primeira vez em 1944, por Jan Gösta Waldenström, que descreveu dois doentes com hemorragia oronasal, adenopatias, anemia, trombocitopenia, velocidade de sedimentação eritrocitária e viscosidade sérica elevadas, radiografia óssea normal e medula óssea infiltrada por células linfoides. A MW é uma doença rara com um percurso clínico normalmente indolente, atingindo principalmente os indivíduos com idades entre 63 e 68 anos. A maioria dos doentes apresenta sintomas e manifestações clínicas relacionadas com a hiperviscosidade, resultante da gamopatia monoclonal IgM e/ou com as citopenias, resultantes da infiltração medular pelo linfoma. O diagnóstico diferencial com outros linfomas é essencial para a avaliação do prognóstico e a abordagem terapêutica. O tratamento dos doentes com MW assintomática não melhora a qualidade de vida do doente nem aumenta a sua sobrevivência, recomendando-se o acompanhamento clínico. Para o tratamento dos doentes sintomáticos, são usados agentes alquilantes, análogos das purinas e anticorpos monoclonais anti-CD20. No entanto, a doença é incurável e a resposta à terapêutica nem sempre é favorável. Estudos relativamente recentes mostram resultados promissores com o bortezomibe, um inibidor dos proteossomas, e alguns doentes respondem à talidomida. Nos doentes com recidivas ou refratários à terapêutica, pode-se indicar o transplante autólogo. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever, de forma detalhada, o conhecimento atual sobre a fisiopatologia da MW, as principais manifestações clínicas, o diagnóstico, o prognóstico e o tratamento.

Devemos suspender os agentes antiagregantes plaquetários para procedimentos de dispositivos cardíacos implantáveis? / Should we discontinue antiplatelet agents in implantable cardiac devices procedures?

A cardiopatia isquêmica está comumente associada a arritmias ventriculares malignas, sendo ocardiodesfibriladorimplantável indicado para pacientes selecionados. Essa população faz uso de agentesantiagregantes plaquetários como terapia única ou com duas medicações combinadas. Embora fundamentaispara o tratamento da coronariopatia, os antiagregantes plaquetários aumentam o risco de sangramento nessespacientes, em especial ao se tratar de intervenção cirúrgica. Os autores relatam o caso de paciente portador dedesfibrilador cardíaco implantável e cardiopatia isquêmica, que precisou suspender o uso de antiagregantesplaquetários em decorrência de indicação cirúrgica de troca da unidade geradora por desgaste de bateria. Apóssuspensão da dupla antiagregação, o paciente apresentou choque apropriado decorrente de fibrilação ventricularsecundária a trombose aguda intrastent.

Ischemic heart disease is commonly associated with malignant ventricular arrhythmias and theimplantable cardiac defibrillator is indicated for selected patients. This population uses single or dual antiplatelettherapy. Although they are essential for the treatment of coronary artery disease, anti-platelet agents increase therisk of bleeding in these patients, especially in surgical interventions. The authors report the case of a patient withimplantable cardiac defibrillator and ischemic heart disease, who had to discontinue the use of antiplatelet agentsdue to the indication for device replacement surgery. After discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy, the patienthad appropriate shock resulting from ventricular fibrillation secondary to acute in-stent thrombosis.

Acometimento do ventrículo esquerdo na displasia arritmogênica do ventrículo direito: estudo ecocardiográfico de três casos / Ventricle involvement in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: ecocardiographic study of three cases

A Displasia Arritmogênica do Ventrículo Direito (DAVD) é uma rara cardiomiopatia genética, caracterizada por infiltração fibrogordurosa, associada a alto risco de morte súbita (MS). A prevenção de MS permite-nos observar estágios mais avançados da doença, como o acometimento do ventrículo esquerdo (VE). O objetivo deste estudo é relatar três casos, nos quais, além das alterações do ventrículo direito (VD), foi observado acometimento do VE, com afinamento, hiperrefringência e hipocinesia acentuada das paredes inferior e ínferolateral documentadas ao ecocardiograma. Portanto, o estudo ecocardiográfico do paciente com DAVD deve incluir avaliação cuidadosa do VE, com especial atenção aos segmentos da parede inferior e ínferolateral.

Arrythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is a rare genetically mediated cardiomyopathy characterized as fibrofatty infi ltration, associated to high risk of sudden death (SD). Prevention of SD has allowed us to study advanced stages of this disease, like left ventricle (LV) involvement. The aim of this paper is to report three cases of patients with the disease, where, besides alteration of right ventricle, it was observed left ventricle involvement like thinning, brightness and hypokinesia of inferior and infero lateral walls, showed by echocardiography. So, echocardiography of ARVD patients must include carefully attention to the LV, especially when it comes to inferior and infero lateral walls.

Síndrome de wolff-parkinson-white e outras vias acessórias atrioventriculares em 1465 pacientes submetidos à ablação por radiofrequência / Wolff-parkinson-white syndrome and other atrioventricular accessory pathways in 1465 patients undergoing radio-frequency ablation

Vários estudos foram realizados analisando dados clínicos e eletrofisiológicos de pacientes com vias acessórias, todavia a sua maioria é proveniente de ensaios estrangeiros, que se basearam em um número relativamente pequeno de pacientes. Descrever o número e a localização das vias acessórias em pacientes brasileiros submetidos à ablação por radiofrequência. Foram analisados, retrospectivamente, 1465 pacientes consecutivos portadores de vias acessórias que foram submetidos...

Intra-His bundle block. Clinical, electrocardiographic, and electrophysiologic characteristics.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical, electrocardiographic, and electrophysiologic characteristics of patients (pt) with intra-His bundle block undergoing an electrophysiologic study (EPS). METHODS: We analyzed the characteristics of 16 pt with second-degree atrioventricular block and symptoms of syncope or dyspnea, or both, undergoing conventional EPS. RESULTS: Intra-His bundle block was documented in 16 pt during an EPS. In 15 (94%) pt, the atrioventricular block was recorded in sinus rhythm; 4 (25%) pt had intra-His Wenckebach phenomenon, which correlated with Mobitz I (MI) atrioventricular block on the electrocardiogram. Seven (44%) pt had 2:1 atrioventricular block, 2 of whom were asymptomatic (12.5%). One (6%) pt had intra- and infra-His bundle block. Clinically, 11 (68%) pt had syncope or presyncope, 3 (18%) had dyspnea on exertion, and 2 (12.5%) were asymptomatic. Eight (50%) pt had bundle-branch block as follows: 4 (25%) pt had left bundle-branch block, and 4 (25%) had right bundle-branch block. Left anterosuperior divisional block was observed in 3 pt (19%), 2 of whom with associated right bundle-branch block. CONCLUSION: Intra-His bundle block was observed in 11% of the pt with second-degree atrioventricular block, syncope or presyncope, or both, it being the most frequent clinical presentation. Intra-His bundle block was more common in the elderly (> 60 years) and among females. The most frequent electrocardiographic presentations were second-degree Mobitz I or type 2:1 atrioventricular block.

Bloqueio intra-his. Características clínicas, eletrocardiográficas e eletrofisiológicas / Intra-His bundle block. Clinical, electrocardiographic, and electrophysiologic characteristics

OBJECTIVE - To assess the clinical, electrocardiographic, and electrophysiologic characteristics of patients (pt) with intra-His bundle block undergoing an electrophysiologic study (EPS). METHODS - We analyzed the characteristics of 16 pt with second-degree atrioventricular block and symptoms of syncope or dyspnea, or both, undergoing conventional EPS. RESULTS - Intra-His bundle block was documented in 16 pt during an EPS. In 15 (94 percent) pt, the atrioventricular block was recorded in sinus rhythm; 4 (25 percent) pt had intra-His Wenckebach phenomenon, which correlated with Mobitz I (MI) atrioventricular block on the electrocardiogram. Seven (44 percent) pt had 2:1 atrioventricular block, 2 of whom were asymptomatic (12.5 percent). One (6 percent) pt had intra- and infra-His bundle block. Clinically, 11 (68 percent) pt had syncope or presyncope, 3 (18 percent) had dyspnea on exertion, and 2 (12.5 percent) were asymptomatic. Eight (50 percent) pt had bundle-branch block as follows: 4 (25 percent) pt had left bundle-branch block, and 4 (25 percent) had right bundle-branch block. Left anterosuperior divisional block was observed in 3 pt (19 percent), 2 of whom with associated right bundle-branch block. CONCLUSION - Intra-His bundle block was observed in 11 percent of the pt with second-degree atrioventricular block, syncope or presyncope, or both, it being the most frequent clinical presentation. Intra-His bundle block was more common in the elderly (> 60 years) and among females. The most frequent electrocardiographic presentations were second-degree Mobitz I or type 2:1 atrioventricular block