[Multifocal inflammatory levamisole-induced leukoencephalopathy]. / Mul'tifokal'naya vospalitel'naya levamizol-indutsirovannaya leikoentsefalopatiya.

Levamisole (L) is an anthelmintic agent that is widely used in clinical practice. L can enter the human organism during the treatment of helminthiasis as well as during the using the contaminated cocaine. Multifocal inflammatory levamisole-induced leukoencephalopathy (MILL) is one of the most serious complications of L use. The article discusses the clinical and radiological features of MILL which have a number of similarities of multiple sclerosis (MS) appearance. The disease has a favorable prognosis if started early, but the diagnosis of this rare form of leukoencephalopathy can cause difficulties. The case of MILL in patient with mistaken diagnosis of MS is descrThe case of MILL in patient with mistaken diagnosis of MS is descraibed.ibed.

[Anti-NMDAR encephalitis associated with relapsing optic neuritis]. / Anti-NMDAR entsefalit s retsidiviruyushchim porazheniem zritel'nykh nervov.

Autoimmune encephalitis with antibodies to NMDA receptors (anti-NMDAR encephalitis), is the most common form of autoimmune encephalitis. The disease is curable, however, the lack of timely therapy can lead to the disability of patients or to the death. Difficulties in the diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis are caused by the heterogeneity of its manifestations, a possible overlapping with other autoimmune diseases and insufficient awareness about this form of encephalitis. This article describes the case of anti-NMDAR encephalitis associated with recurrent optic neuritis which might be an atypical manifestation for this disease. Optic neuritis could not be explained by overlapping with multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.

[Anti-NMDAR encephalitis associated with relapsing optic neuritis: a case report and differential diagnosis]. / Anti-NMDAR-éntsefalit s retsidiviruiushchim porazheniem zritel'nykh nervov: klinicheskoe nabliudenie i differentsial'nyi diagnoz.

Autoimmune encephalitis with antibodies to NMDA receptors, or anti-NMDAR encephalitis, is the most common form of autoimmune encephalitis. The disease is curable, however, the lack of timely therapy can lead to the disability of patients or to the death. Difficulties in the diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis are caused by the heterogeneity of its manifestations, a possible overlapping with other autoimmune diseases and insufficient awareness about this form of encephalitis. This article presents the literature review and describes the case of anti-NMDAR encephalitis associated with recurrent optic neuritis, which might be an atypical manifestation for this disease. Optic neuritis could not be explained by overlapping with multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.

[Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and rebound syndrome in multiple sclerosis patients who stopped disease modification therapy: current understanding and a case report]. / Vospalitel'nyi sindrom vosstanovleniia immuniteta i rebaund-sindrom pri otmene nekotorykh preparatov immunomoduliruiushchei terapii rasseiannogo skleroza: obshchie predstavleniia i sobstvennoe nabliudenie.

More and more multiple sclerosis patients have been receiving treatment with new immunomodulatory drugs. Its discontinuation because of side-effects, lack of efficacy or pregnancy has been increasing as well. This paper reviews such severe complications of natalizumab and fingolimod cessation as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) and rebound. The short history, immunopathogenesis and diagnostic criteria of IRIS in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus infection are covered. Clinical and radiological presentations as well as possible pathogenic mechanisms of IRIS in patients treated with natalizumab and fingolimod are discussed. The authors also report the case of a woman with multiple sclerosis treated with fingolimod, who experienced a severe relapse when she stopped treatment. Diagnostic criteria and prognostic factors for IRIS and rebound are needed in patients with multiple sclerosis who discontinue the new disease modification therapy.

[Diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitisoptica spectrum disorders]. / Diagnosticheskie kriterii optikomielit-assotsiirovannykh rasstroistv.

The review is devoted to revised international diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitisoptica spectrum disorders (NMOSD).Current diagnostic criteria allow NMOSD diagnosis not only for serum aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G antibodies (AQP4-IgG)-seropositive patients but for AQP4-IgG-seronegative patients as well. New criteria are expected to make NMOSD diagnosis earlier and more accurate as well as to facilitate the differentiation with multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, unify international criteria should help to perform comparable epidemiologic studies and clinical trials of new drugs for NMOSD.

Reptiles and their importance in the epidemiology of leishmaniasis.

Promastigote flagellates have been isolated from various species of lizard and from some other reptiles. It is known that sandflies readily feed upon lizards and it has been thought that reptiles could be a reservoir for mammalian leishmaniasis. A feature of reptilian infections is the extreme scarcity of parasites in blood smears and in tissue impression smears but isolations may readily be made in culture media. The intradermal inoculation of promastigote cultures from lizards into mammals and man induces a positive leishmanial response and gives rise to long-lasting dermal knots from which living parasites can be recovered for periods of several months.Associations between promastigotes and lizards in parts of the USSR, particularly in the Turkmenian SSR, and experimental work in the USSR on the transmission of promastigote strains to a variety of mammals, including gerbils, mice, monkeys, and man, are reviewed. The author accepts the generally held view that although promastigote flagellates of reptiles are important in an evolutionary context, having probably given rise to the mammalian leishmanias, present-day strains must be considered nonpathogenic for mammals.