Estudio de la expresión del receptor de vitamina D en la ontogenia del testículo y en tumores de células de leydig: posible interacción con el sistema histaminérgico

RESUMEN La vitamina D (VD), un esteroide pleiotrópico, ha sido relacionada con la función reproductiva masculina, pero aún no se ha estudiado la expresión de su receptor (RVD) en el desarrollo testicular. RVD regula la expresión de componentes del sistema histaminérgico, y la histamina (HA) modula la esteroidogénesis en células de Leydig (CL). Se ha relacionado a la deficiencia de VD con múltiples patologías, entre ellas cáncer. Los tumores de células de Leydig (TCL) son los más frecuentes del intersticio testicular, y al malignizar no responden a radio/quimioterapia. VD fue descripta como tratamiento para varios tumores, pero se desconoce su aplicación en TCL. Por lo expuesto, hemos estudiado la expresión de RVD en la ontogenia de testículo de rata, evaluando su correlación con los niveles de testosterona séricos (T) y el contenido de HA; y además evaluamos la expresión de RVD en testículo humano fetal, neonatal, prepuberal, TCL e hiperplasia de CL. En testículo de rata, se observó un aumento en la expresión de RVD en CL con la edad, en línea con el incremento de T, y en contraposición con la disminución del contenido de HA, lo cual fue consistente con la reducción en los niveles de la enzima que cataliza su síntesis, HDC. Esto sugiere que la VD podría ejercer una función en el desarrollo testicular normal, ya sea en forma directa sobre las CL o mediante la regulación de la expresión de componentes del sistema histaminérgico (HDC y/o receptores de HA). Por su parte, el TCL humano presentó sobreexpresión de RVD y HDC. Considerando que las hormonas esteroideas se encuentran aumentadas en esta patología y funcionan como factores de crecimiento, si el calcitriol pudiera modular la esteroidogénesis podría tener una aplicación terapéutica.

ABSTRACT Vitamin D (VD) is a steroid hormone traditionally related to bone health. However, several authors have associated VD with reproduction and steroidogenesis in males. The presence ofVD receptor (VDR) and the enzymes involved in its activation had been reported in several cell types of the testes. Until now, nobody has studied RVD expression during testicular development. In addition, VDR in association with its co-activators or co-repressors, regulates the expression of several genes, including those related to the histaminergic system. Previously, we demonstrated that histamine (HA) can modulate steroidogenesis in Leydig cells (LC) in a concentration-dependent manner. Also, we observed a decrease in the endogenous HA content, consistent with the previously described decrease of HDC (histidine decarboxylase, the enzyme responsible of HA synthesis) levels, during LC ontogeny. Epidemiologic studies strongly suggest that a relationship exists between VD deficiency and multiple pathologies, particularly cancer. Leydig cell tumors (LCT) are rare endocrine tumors ofunknown etiology, which originate in the testicular interstitium. The incidence worldwide is 1-3% in adults and 4% in prepubertal boys, but recent publications indicate that these figures have been increasing. While usually benign, approximately 10% of LCT in adults become malignant and do not respond to chemo or radiotherapy. It is imperative to deeply investigate the biology of LCT, to identify new therapeutic targets. The potential role of calcitriol (1a,25(OH)2-vitamin-D3) in cancer treatment has been described for several types of tumors, but it remains unexplored in LCT. Thus, as a first step, it is worth evaluating VDR expression in LCT.In view of the aforecited evidence, herein we studied VDR expression during the rat testicular ontogeny, evaluating a possible correlation withserum testosterone (T) levels in blood, endogenous levels of HA and the previously described HDC expression levels. We also analized VDR expression in human testes corresponding to three different stages of development (fetal, neonatal andjuvenile), in LCT and in LC hyperplasia. Methods: Rat testes of different ages (7, 21, 35, 90 y 240 days), human fetal, neonatal and pre pubertal testes, a human LCT and a human LC hyperplasia; were used for detection of VDR by immunohistochemistry. Results: In the rat testes, VDR expression increased with age in LC, in line with the increase in serum testosterone; and in contrast with the decrease in the endogenous content of HA and HDC levels. Likewise, we detected an increase in VDR expression with age in the human testes samples. LCT presentedVDR and HDC overexpression. We also detected VDR in LC hyperplasia. Conclusions: Given that VDR testicular expression increases with age in LC, as well as testosterone serum levels, it is reasonable to speculate thatVD may play a role in normal testicular development, either acting directly on LC or by regulating one of more components of the histaminergic system (HDC or HA receptors). Considering that VDR is overexpressed in LCT, and that steroids are increased in this pathology (and act like growth factors); if calcitriol could modulate steroidogenesis, it could have a therapeutic role.

Inhibidores de histidina decarboxilasa atenúan la actividad proangiogénica de células de Leydig tumorales: ¿Potencial terapia neoadyuvante para el tratamiento de leydigiomas? / Histidine decarboxylase inhibitors attenuate the pro angiogenic activity of Leydig tumor cells: Potential neoadjuvant therapy for the treatment of leydigiomas?

Resumen Los tumores de células de Leydig (TCL) son tumores endócrinos del intersticio testicular, cuya incidencia se encuentra en aumento. Los síntomas incluyen feminización o virilización en pacientes prepuberales, y pérdida de libido, disfunción eréctil, infertilidad y/o ginecomastia en adultos. Si bien son usualmente benignos, cuando malignizan en adultos no responden a radio y quimioterapia. Múltiples trabajos han reportado que la histidina decarboxilasa (HDC), enzima que cataliza la conversión de L-histidina en histamina (HA), tiene un rol importante en el desarrollo de tumores. A su vez, en nuestro laboratorio demostramos que la HA induce la proliferación de células de Leydig tumorales (CLT) murinas, mientras que la inhibición de HDC disminuye su proliferación y capacidad esteroidogénica. Además, observamos elevada expresión de HDC en TCL pediátricos vs. controles de distintos estadios de madurez sexual; y se ha descrito que ratones knock out para HDC poseen una angiogénesis incompleta. Para evaluar el rol de HDC en la modulación de la angiogénesis se empleó la línea de CLT de rata R2C, principal modelo utilizado en estudios de Leydigioma. También se realizaron estudios en TCL pediátricos. Los medios condicionados por las CLT R2C estimularon la angiogénesis tanto in vitro como in vivo (empleando HUVEC y analizando el grado de vascularización de membranas corioalantoideas de codorniz, respectivamente). El efecto in vitro se revirtió al tratar previamente las CLT R2C con α-metil-DL-histidinadihidrocloruro, inhibidor específico de HDC. A su vez, tanto la HA como los medios condicionados provenientes de TCL pediátricos, produjeron un aumento en la proliferación de las HUVEC. Nuestros resultados sugieren que las CLT producen HA y otros factores proangiogénicos, y que la inhibición selectiva de HDC atenúa la capacidad proangiogénica de las CLT. En base a estos resultados y evidencias previas del laboratorio, inhibidores específicos de HDC podrían ser utilizados como potencial terapia neoadyuvante en TCL.

ABSTRACT Leydig Cell tumors (LCT) are a rare group of endocrine tumors in the testicular interstitium. Between 1 and 3% of testicular malignances in adults and 4% in prepubertal children belong to LCT. An increasing incidence of this type of neoplasia has been reported recently all around the world. Particularly, a strong relationship between LCT and the use of anabolic steroids (which are commonly used nowadays) has been reported recently. In prepubertal boys, symptoms include feminization or virilization, depending on the major circulating steroid (estradiol or testosterone respectively). Adult patients show loss of libido, penile dysfunction, infertility and/or gynecomastia. Although the etiology still is unknown, several studies indicate that tumoral Leydig cells have an excessive production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), as well as aromatase (CYP19) overexpression, which causes an enormous amount of estrogens (particularly estradiol, E2), and both factors play an important role in tumorigenesis. While usually benign, when LCT became malignant in adults they respond poorly to radio and chemotherapy. Likewise, it has been reported that both therapies increase the incidence of several tumors. All these data imply the need of new therapeutic targets to avoid the chirurgical dissection of the testes and the consequences of the hormonal therapies associated, which implicate not only the loss in reproductive function, but also psychological disorders. Several publications have reported that histidine decarboxylase (HDC), the only enzyme capable of catalyzing the conversion from L-histidine to histamine (HA) in mammals, has an important role in the development of several types of tumors, such as colorectal, breast and melanoma. At the same time, in our laboratory we have reported that HA induces cell proliferation of murine Leydig cells, and complementary, this cell proliferation decreases when inhibiting selectively HDC, as well as steroid synthesis (progesterone and E2). Also, we observed a higher expression of HDC in pediatric LCT (n = 3) than normal controls corresponding to different stages of sexual maturation (n = 9). It has been described that HDC knock out mice have an incomplete angiogenesis, and also that MA-10 Leydig cells HDC expression correlates with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The aim of this study is to improve our knowledge about the role of HDC in LCT biology, particularly, the angiogenesis modulation. We used the R2C Leydig cell line, the most used model for in vitro studies of Leydigioma, because it overexpresses CYP19 and constitutively produces high levels of IGF-1 and E2, as well as human LCT. R2C and pediatric LCT angiogenic capability was evaluated in vitro by measuring proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). In addition, we verified R2C cells angiogenic capability in vivo, using quail embryo vasculature (chorioallantoic membrane assay). Both models have been validated for the study of angiogenesis. Conditioned medium obtained from R2C cell culture stimulated angiogenesis in vitro (p <0.001) as well as in vivo (p <0.001). The in vitro effect was reverted with a previous treatment on the R2C cell culture using α-methyl-DL-histidine hydrochloride (α-MHD, 10 µM), a specific HDC activity inhibitor (p <0.001). Finally, human conditioned medium from pediatric LCT increased HUVEC proliferation (p <0.01). In the same way, the analyzed patients showed higher testosterone and estradiol levels than normal serum concentrations, which was in concordance to phenotypical features observed in presence of LCT. Our results indicate that tumoral Leydig cells (TLC) produce HA, as well as other angiogenic factors, and it could be stimulating the vascular endothelium. The selective inhibition of HDC attenuates the pro-angiogenic capability in TLC. Considering all these results and previous observations of our laboratory, specific inhibitors of HDC could be used, in the future, as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of LCT.

Apoptosis en trasplante de pulmón / Apoptosis in lung transplantation. Influence of lavage and reperfusion on the organ

Objetivo: Determinar el rol de la irrigación con soluciones de preservación, la reperfusión y el rechazo en la apoptosis pulmonar en un escenario de trasplante pulmonar. Material y método: Venticuatro cerdos Landrace con un peso de 15 a 30 kilogramos fueron usados como donantes y receptores en un modelo de trasplante pulmonar izquierdo, con 5 días de sobrevida. Las muestras se obtuvieron en la siguiente secuencia: 1A: Donante, pulmón izquierdo inmediatamente luego de la apertura del torax. 1B: donante, pulmón derecho, inmediatamente luego de la apertura del tórax. 2A: Donante pulmón izquierdo, inmediatamente luego de la irrigación del organo. 2B Donante, pulmón derecho, sin irrigar. 3A: Pulmón izquierdo implantado, 1 hora luego de reperfundido en el receptor . 3B: Pulmón derecho (nativo), 1 hora luego de reperfundido el pulmón donante en el receptor. 4A: Pulmón izquierdo, biopsia transbronquial a las 48 horas postrasplante. 4B: Pulmón derecho, biopsia transbronquial a las 48 horas postransplante. 5A: Púlmón izquierdo, 5º día postrasplante (sacrificio). Todos los pulmones fueron irrigados con solución de Euro-Collins fría (4Cº) durante la ablación. Seis receptores no recibieron inmunosupresión y otros 6 receptores recibieron 15 mg/KG/ día de ciclosporina intravenosa.

Apoptosis en trasplante de pulmón. Influencia del lavado y la reperfusión del órgano / Apoptosis in lung transplantation. Influence of lavage and reperfusion on the organ

Objetivo: Determinar el rol de la irrigación con soluciones de preservación, la reperfusión y el rechazo en la apoptosis pulmonar en un escenario de trasplante pulmonar. Material y método: Venticuatro cerdos Landrace con un peso de 15 a 30 kilogramos fueron usados como donantes y receptores en un modelo de trasplante pulmonar izquierdo, con 5 días de sobrevida. Las muestras se obtuvieron en la siguiente secuencia: 1A: Donante, pulmón izquierdo inmediatamente luego de la apertura del torax. 1B: donante, pulmón derecho, inmediatamente luego de la apertura del tórax. 2A: Donante pulmón izquierdo, inmediatamente luego de la irrigación del organo. 2B Donante, pulmón derecho, sin irrigar. 3A: Pulmón izquierdo implantado, 1 hora luego de reperfundido en el receptor . 3B: Pulmón derecho (nativo), 1 hora luego de reperfundido el pulmón donante en el receptor. 4A: Pulmón izquierdo, biopsia transbronquial a las 48 horas postrasplante. 4B: Pulmón derecho, biopsia transbronquial a las 48 horas postransplante. 5A: Púlmón izquierdo, 5º día postrasplante (sacrificio). Todos los pulmones fueron irrigados con solución de Euro-Collins fría (4Cº) durante la ablación. Seis receptores no recibieron inmunosupresión y otros 6 receptores recibieron 15 mg/KG/ día de ciclosporina intravenosa. Los niveles plasmáticos de ciclosporina fueron dosados en tiempo 0 al 2º y 5º día postrasplante. Cada muestra fue analizada por un observador ciego para determinar el grado de rechazo (A0 y A1 negativo. A2. A3 y A4 positivo), proliferación celular, y el índice de apaptosis en neumonocitos I y II empleando la técnica de TUNEL y Caspasa. Las pruebas de Chi cuadrado; prueba de t de student y kruskal Wallis fueron utilizadas para el análisis estadístico. Se consideró significativo un valor de p menor a 0.05. Resultados: El grado de rechazo fue negativo en todas las muestras excepto en 4A (1 animal) y 5A (5 animales sin ciclosporina y 3 animales de los que recibieron ciclosporina) (p<0.05)

Dose dependency of the serum bio/immuno GH ratio in children during pharmacological secretion tests.

Dissociation between GH bioactivity (bio-GH) and GH immunoactivity (immuno-GH) is due to the heterogeneity of the molecule: the measurements do not always provide reliable information on the bio-GH. We studied the ratio of bio-GH and immuno-GH during pharmacological secretion tests in 211 sera to study the concentration-response curve of the assay (C1), 16 samples of normally growing subjects with idiopathic short stature (C2), 13 samples from patients with GH deficiency (GHD1) and 6 samples of 3 patients with GHD and normal provocative tests (GHD2). GH bioactivity was determined by the Nb2 cell proliferation assay (bio-GH) and immuno-GH by a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay (IFMA) (immuno-GH). A non-linear negative relationship between the serum bio-GH/immuno-GH ratio and serum immuno-GH was observed in C1. In log-log plotting representation, two cut-off lines were drawn: a vertical cut-off line separating above-below cut-off serum peak immuno-GH values in provocative tests, and a diagonal cut-off line separating normal-abnormal serum bio-GH/immunoGH ratio; four areas were defined. GHD1 had normal ratios, but below cut-off peak immuno-GH responses. P2 and P3 of Group GHD2 had abnormal ratios in samples with low serum immuno-GH but only P2 had autosomal dominant mutation. P1 had the same autosomal dominant isolated GHD as P2 but a low normal ratio. Our data underline the importance of relatively low serum GH concentrations in mediating GH biological actions. An abnormal serum bio-GH/immuno-GH ratio might explain certain cases of GHD and might be useful in detecting abnormal circulating isoforms of GH in patients with growth failure.

Expression of the aromatase gene in the human prepubertal testis.

It has been proposed that estrogens might play a negative feedback role in the local regulation of androgen biosynthesis in the testis. Although aromatase has been reported to be present in human adult Leydig cells, CYP19 gene expression in the human prepubertal testis has not been studied. Human prepubertal testicular tissue was obtained from 12 testes collected at necropsy. Ages ranged from 0.07 to 7 years, but 7 of the 12 subjects were younger than 3 months old. Tissue mRNA was subjected to RT-PCR analysis by two methods. Cytochrome P450arom mRNA was detected by non-radioactive RT-PCR in five of the 12 prepubertal testes collected from 0.05-7 year-old subjects, and in one testis collected from a 15 year-old pubertal control. Four of these five prepubertal samples belonged to the youngest infant group. Using a more sensitive, radioactive RT-PCR, aromatase mRNA was detected in all prepubertal testes. This study shows that the CYP19 gene is expressed in the prepubertal human testis including the period of early postnatal activation. It is possible that estrogens may have a role in prepubertal males during this period.

Secretion of inhibin B by human prepubertal testicular cells in culture.

OBJECTIVE: Inhibin B is a secretory product of Sertoli cells of the human testis. It has been reported that serum levels of inhibin B in infant boys, peaking at 3 months of age, exceed levels in adult men. The aim of this study was to evaluate inhibin B secretion in primary prepubertal mixed testicular cell cultures, prepared from testes collected at necropsy. DESIGN AND METHODS: Cell cultures were divided into three age groups on the basis of differences in testicular histology: group 1 (n = 7), 1- to 10-day-old newborns, group 2 (n = 7), 1- to 9-month-old infants, and group 3 (n = 8), 12- to 84-month-old children. Cells were maintained in culture for 6 days, harvested and counted. In some samples, during the last 4 days, cells were stimulated with 10ng/ml highly purified human (h) LH (n = 9), 2 ng/ml recombinant human (rh) FSH (n = 9) or 50 ng/ml rhGH (n = 4). On day 6, the secretion of inhibin B and testosterone into the medium was estimated in triplicate. Inhibin B was determined by ELISA and testosterone by RIA. RESULTS: Median (range) inhibin B secretion was 465 (225-1007), 275 (107-298), and 58 (15-184) pg/million cells.24h in groups 1, 2 and 3 respectively. A logarithmic transformation of these values was performed to normalize data. Mean+/-s.d. of transformed inhibin B secretion in group 1 was significantly higher than in group 2 or 3 (P<0.005) and the values for groups 1 and 2 were significantly higher than that for group 3 (P< 0.005). No significant correlation between testosterone and inhibin B secretion into the medium was found when the 22 culture samples were analyzed as a whole. Inhibin B secretion was significantly increased after stimulation with highly purified hLH, rhFSH and rhGH (P < 0.05) and a significant positive correlation between inhibin B and testosterone was found under both hLH and rhFSH stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that cells collected from newborns have the highest capacity to secrete inhibin B in vitro, and that this capacity decreases with age during the first years of life. Since no data are available on serum inhibin levels in newborns, it is possible that concentrations at 3 months of age do not represent a post-natal peak but a declining level of high newborn values. As expected, FSH stimulated inhibin B secretion in culture. LH stimulation was probably mediated by paracrine factors secreted by interstitial cells. Finally, our results add new evidence of the involvement of GH in testicular maturation.

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome: in vivo and in vitro study of testicular function in a prepubertal patient with ambiguous genitalia.

The pathogenesis of the development of ambiguous genitalia reported in some 46,XY patients with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is not understood. Presumably, it is related to the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase deficiency present in these patients. In this study we have evaluated testicular function, both in vivo and in vitro, in a 46,XY patient with ambiguous genitalia, reared as a girl. The diagnosis was based on clinical features, low serum cholesterol and high serum 7-dehydrocholesterol levels. Serum hormone values, determined during the first month of age, showed normal basal testosterone (1.95 ng/ml), LH (0.91 U/l) and FSH (2.51 U/l). However, serum testosterone did not increase after hCG administration (1.98 ng/ml). On the other hand, the patient had a positive biological response to exogenous testosterone (decrease in sex hormone-binding globulin serum levels). She was orchidectomized at the age of 33 mo. Testicular cells were dispersed and maintained in culture for 6 d. These cells showed a very good capacity to secrete testosterone into the culture medium (X +/- SD, 26.1 +/- 11.7 vs. 4.36 +/- 1.70 pmol/10(6) cells/24 h in a control group of testicular cells prepared from testes collected at necropsy). The patient's cells failed to respond to LH stimulation (18.6 +/- 4.0 pmol/10(6) cells/24 h), although they did respond to other stimuli. It is concluded that the severe cholesterol deficiency of this patient did not impair the capacity of the testes to synthesize testosterone. However, the LH/hCG receptor or its subsequent message was activated neither in vivo nor in vitro. This finding suggests that the foetal testes might have failed to respond to placental hCG at the time of male external genital differentiation. This failure could have been responsible for the ambiguous genitalia present in this patient.

[Role of 3 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta HSD) in human adrenal androgen synthesis]. / Implicancias de la enzima 3 beta hidroxiesteroide dehidrogenasa (3 beta HSD) en la síntesis de andrógenos en la adrenal humana.

Adrenarche is the maturational increase of adrenal androgens that takes place in 6-8 year old children. In order to study the role of 3 beta HSD in the regulation of the synthesis of human adrenal androgens, the abundance of 3 beta HSD mRNA (Dot Blot and semiquantitative RT-PCR) was measured in 11 human prepubertal and early pubertal adrenal tissues. Subjects were divided in 2 age groups (Gr): Gr1, < 8 years (y) old (n = 6, range 0.1-2.5) and Gr2, > or = 8 y old (n = 5, range 8.0-13.0). Tissue from one adrenal tumor with Cushing's syndrome (TSC) and 2 virilizing adrenal tumors (TV), as well as adrenal cells prepared from the TSC and from 1 TV were also studied. They were maintained in culture for 3 days in basal conditions (BC) and under ACTH and IGF-1 stimulation. mRNA in Gr1 was higher than in Gr2 (Dot blot: 4.65 +/- 2.70 and 0.28 +/- 0.27 AU, p = 0.006; RT-PCR: 21.5 +/- 12.5 and 6.77 +/- 3.78 AU, p = 0.039, respectively). 3 beta HSD mRNA in TSC (8.74 +/- 1.74) was higher than in the 2 TVs (0.47 +/- 0.02 and 0.87 +/- 0.08) p = 0.001. In TSC cells, basal mRNA (0.82 +/- 0.10) decreased under ACTH (0.55 +/- 0.06), p = 0.005, and increased under IGF-1 (2.36 +/- 0.07), p = 0.006. No changes were observed in TV cells. On day 3, TV cells in BC secreted 1170.0 +/- 210.0 and 335.0 +/- 29.0 pmol/10(6) cells in 24 hs of DHEAS and androstenedione, while TSC cells secreted 17.1 +/- 3.5 and 73.7 +/- 11.7, respectively. Values increased under ACTH in TV cells (2006.0 +/- 360.0 and 525.0 +/- 76.0) and in TSC cells (29.8 +/- 5.4 and 366.8 +/- 129) p < 0.05, but they decreased under IGF-1 only in TSC cells (7.9 +/- 2.4 and 43.7 +/- 6.1) p < 0.05. These data support the hypothesis that human adrenarche could be secondary to a decrease of 3 beta HSD mRNA. Our finding that when 3 beta HSD mRNA decreases androgen secretion increases (ACTH) and when 3 beta HSD mRNA increases androgen secretion decreases (IGF-1), strongly suggests that 3 beta HSD has a modulatory role in adrenal androgen steroidogenesis.

Implicancias de la enzima 3 beta hidroxiesteroide dehidrogenasa (3 beta HSD) en la síntesis de andrógenos en la adrenal humana. / [Role of 3 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta HSD) in human adrenal androgen synthesis]

Adrenarche is the maturational increase of adrenal androgens that takes place in 6-8 year old children. In order to study the role of 3 beta HSD in the regulation of the synthesis of human adrenal androgens, the abundance of 3 beta HSD mRNA (Dot Blot and semiquantitative RT-PCR) was measured in 11 human prepubertal and early pubertal adrenal tissues. Subjects were divided in 2 age groups (Gr): Gr1, < 8 years (y) old (n = 6, range 0.1-2.5) and Gr2, > or = 8 y old (n = 5, range 8.0-13.0). Tissue from one adrenal tumor with Cushings syndrome (TSC) and 2 virilizing adrenal tumors (TV), as well as adrenal cells prepared from the TSC and from 1 TV were also studied. They were maintained in culture for 3 days in basal conditions (BC) and under ACTH and IGF-1 stimulation. mRNA in Gr1 was higher than in Gr2 (Dot blot: 4.65 +/- 2.70 and 0.28 +/- 0.27 AU, p = 0.006; RT-PCR: 21.5 +/- 12.5 and 6.77 +/- 3.78 AU, p = 0.039, respectively). 3 beta HSD mRNA in TSC (8.74 +/- 1.74) was higher than in the 2 TVs (0.47 +/- 0.02 and 0.87 +/- 0.08) p = 0.001. In TSC cells, basal mRNA (0.82 +/- 0.10) decreased under ACTH (0.55 +/- 0.06), p = 0.005, and increased under IGF-1 (2.36 +/- 0.07), p = 0.006. No changes were observed in TV cells. On day 3, TV cells in BC secreted 1170.0 +/- 210.0 and 335.0 +/- 29.0 pmol/10(6) cells in 24 hs of DHEAS and androstenedione, while TSC cells secreted 17.1 +/- 3.5 and 73.7 +/- 11.7, respectively. Values increased under ACTH in TV cells (2006.0 +/- 360.0 and 525.0 +/- 76.0) and in TSC cells (29.8 +/- 5.4 and 366.8 +/- 129) p < 0.05, but they decreased under IGF-1 only in TSC cells (7.9 +/- 2.4 and 43.7 +/- 6.1) p < 0.05. These data support the hypothesis that human adrenarche could be secondary to a decrease of 3 beta HSD mRNA. Our finding that when 3 beta HSD mRNA decreases androgen secretion increases (ACTH) and when 3 beta HSD mRNA increases androgen secretion decreases (IGF-1), strongly suggests that 3 beta HSD has a modulatory role in adrenal androgen steroidogenesis.

Basal testosterone secretion and response to human luteinizing, follicle-stimulating, and growth hormones in culture of cells isolated from testes of infants and children.

Little is known on the hormonal regulation of the early postnatal phase of Leydig cell activation in the human. Testosterone secretion by prepubertal testicular cells in culture was studied in two different age groups, 0-7-mo-old (group 1) and 16-36-mo-old (group 2) boys. A mixed cell preparation was isolated from testes collected at necropsy and maintained in culture for 6 d. Cells were cultured in serum-free medium in basal conditions and under the stimulation of human (h)LH, hFSH, or recombinant hGH, and the secretion of testosterone was determined on d 6 by RIA. In basal conditions, cells of group 1 secreted more testosterone (median 5.83 pmol/10(6) cells.d, n = 7) than cells of group 2 (median 1.73, n = 5), p < 0.05, reflecting the steroidogenic potential of the testes in vivo. Under hLH stimulation, cells of group 1 responded by increasing testosterone secretion significantly. Surprisingly, hFSH stimulation elicited a similar response in cells of group 1. Because FSH receptors are presumably located in Sertoli cells, it is concluded that these cells secreted a paracrine factor that stimulated testosterone secretion by Leydig cells. On the other hand, recombinant hGH also stimulated the secretion of testosterone by cells of group 1. Recombinant hGH could have interacted with either GH or prolactin receptors of testicular cells. Cells of group 2 did not respond to any stimulus. Because serum levels of LH, FSH, GH, and prolactin are higher during the first months of life than later in childhood, it is possible that the early postnatal activation of the testis is under multiple pituitary hormone influence.

Human prepubertal testicular cells in culture: steroidogenic capacity, paracrine and hormone control.

The neonatal human Leydig cell undergoes a transient period of activation during the first months of life. The biological significance of this activation is unknown. Furthermore, little is known about the hormonal regulation of this biological process, even though it coincides with an elevation of LH levels in serum. In order to study the function of human prepubertal testicular culture cells, obtained during the neonatal period, a method for maintaining primary culture cells (isolated from testes collected at necropsy) in culture was developed. Within 24 h after death, testes were collected from 1-36-month-old subjects. Subjects were divided into two age groups, based on the presence or absence of fetal Leydig cells: 1-7-month-old infants (group 1) and 12-36-month-old children (group 2). Testes were digested with collagenase, and cells were seeded in multi-well dishes. Cells were grown in serum-free conditioned media supplemented with 5 mg/l vitamin C, 0.2 IU/l vitamin E and 10% fetal bovine serum for 2 days. Cells were then grown for an additional 4 days in serum-free media in the presence or absence of hLH (40 IU/l), hCG (135 IU/l), rh FSH (1.5 IU/l), rhGH (0.12 IU/l) or insulin (0.9 mumol/l). Concentrations of steroids in media were determined by RIA on day 6 of culture. In basal conditions cells of group 1 (n = 11) secreted more testosterone, androstendione, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (mean +/- SE: 6.76 +/- 1.86, 7.37 +/- 1.82, 61.9 +/- 1.86, 5.75 +/- 1.74 and 8.51 +/- 3.23 pmol/10(6) cells/24 h, respectively) than cells of group 2 (n = 5) (2.95 +/- 1.15, 1.50 +/- 2.75, 1.44 +/- 2.75, 0.78 +/- 1.74 and 3.23 +/- 1.32, respectively). Under hLH stimulation, cells of group 1 increased testosterone, androstendione and 17-hydroxyprogesterone secretions (to 38.2 +/- 0.89, 13.5 +/- 1.17 and 51.7 +/- 3.23), while progesterone secretion remained unchanged (2.82 +/- 1.20). Cell response to rhFSH and rhGH was similar to that of hLH. On the other hand, medium collected from cultures of cells isolated from a Sertoli cell tumor was able to stimulate testosterone secretion in subcultures of control testicular cells in a way similar to that of hCG. In conclusion, (1) these prepubertal human testicular cells can be maintained in primary culture for several days keeping their in vivo steroidogenic potential; (2) cells isolated from young infants can respond to hLH in culture; (3) response to rhFSH is probably mediated by a paracrine factor; (4) response to rhGH is observed in the absence of gonadotropins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Testicular steroid biosynthesis in a boy with a large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor producing prepubertal gynecomastia.

A study of a large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor of the testis associated with bilateral gynecomastia in an 8-year-old boy is presented. Macroscopically, the two testes showed multiple, large, and hard calcified nodules. Histology revealed clusters or cords of tumor cells with foci of calcifications as well as evidences, in the adjacent testicular parenchyma, of initiation of gonadal development, such as early signs of spermatogenesis and sparse Leydig cell differentiation. In vivo, serum hormone studies showed gonadotropin-independent gonadal activity. After orchidectomy two macroscopically distinct fractions of the removed testes, tumoral and extratumoral, were processed separately for cell isolation and culture. The secretion of testosterone, androstenedione, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone to the medium on day 6 of culture showed that steroidogenesis in cells of the extratumoral fraction was more active than in the tumoral fraction. On the other hand, tumoral fraction cells showed much higher aromatase activity than extratumoral cells. Furthermore, conditioned medium of tumoral fraction cells was able to stimulate testosterone secretion when it was added to subcultures of testicular cells isolated from a control subject. It is postulated that tumoral cells might have stimulated neighboring interstitial cells to differentiate into Leydig cells and to secrete androgens, which in turn might have been aromatized to estrogens by tumoral cells.

Primary culture of prepubertal human testicular cells isolated from testes collected at necropsy.

The aim of the present work was to develop a method for maintaining prepubertal human testicular cells in culture. Seven pairs of testes of boys who died of causes unrelated to endocrine or metabolic diseases were obtained at necropsy. Histology of the testes was normal. Testes were digested with collagenase and dispersed cells were seeded in multi-well dishes in the presence of 5% bovine fetal serum. After the first day, cells were cultured for five days in serum-free medium in the presence or absence of 918 pmol/l insulin. At the end of culture, microscopic examination showed healthy looking cells with characteristics compatible with pre-Sertoli cells; peritubular cells were identified by immunocytochemistry. In the presence of insulin, cells were able to secrete either testosterone or estradiol into the medium, as well as to reveal aromatase activity. In order to study the effect of the time elapsed between death and beginning of cultures, steroidogenic activity was related to this post mortem time. It was found that, in the presence of insulin, cells obtained from testes with less than 24 h of post mortem time secreted testosterone (64 +/- 7.2 pmol/10(6) cells.24 h, mean +/- SD) while cells obtained from testes with more than 24 h of post mortem time did not secrete testosterone. With long post mortem times, aromatase activity under insulin increased from non-detectable to 35 pmol/10(6) cells.24 h. Time course studies showed that cells with capacity to secrete testosterone increase this secretion gradually up to day 10 of culture, while those with detectable aromatase activity showed increments in this activity during the first week of culture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Orquitis autoinmune experimental / Experimental autoimmune orchitis

A pesar de los numerosos trabajos realizados en el modelo de orquitis autoinmune experimental (OAE) aún existen varias incógnitas acerca de su patogenia. Clásicamente, la OAE se indujo en cobayos utilizando como antígenos, espermatozoides u homogenado testicular. Nuestro primer interés fue determinar si antígenos no espermáticos como los componentes extracelulares de la pared del túbulo seminífero, utilizados como inmunógenos, eran capaces de inducir un cuadro autoinmune testicular. Obtuvimos, a partir del testículo de la rataÑ a) una preparación rica en membranas basales del túbulos seminífero (STBM) y b) a partir del STBM, una fracción no relacionada al componente colágeno (D-STBM) que demostró poseer determinantes antigénicos comunes con la laminina, principal glicoproteína no colágena de las membranas basales. El 50% de las ratas inmunizadas con STBM, D-STBM o laminina, desarrolaron una lesión testicular moderada, multifocal, caracterizada por leves infiltrados intersticiales, alteraciones de las membranas basales del túbulo seminífero y de la célula de Sertoli, descamación del epitelio germinal y atrofia tubular. También se detectaron anticuerpos circulantes y una respuesta de inmunidad celular específica. A su vez, ratas inyectadas con un suero heterólogo anti-D-STBM desarrollaron una lesión similar. Por otra parte, se indujo una orquitis severa inmunizando ratas Wistar con un hmogenado testicular homólogo y adyuvantes y se estudiaron las poblaciones linfáticas de los ganglios... (AU)

Orquitis autoinmune experimental / Experimental autoimmune orchitis

A pesar de los numerosos trabajos realizados en el modelo de orquitis autoinmune experimental (OAE) aún existen varias incógnitas acerca de su patogenia. Clásicamente, la OAE se indujo en cobayos utilizando como antígenos, espermatozoides u homogenado testicular. Nuestro primer interés fue determinar si antígenos no espermáticos como los componentes extracelulares de la pared del túbulo seminífero, utilizados como inmunógenos, eran capaces de inducir un cuadro autoinmune testicular. Obtuvimos, a partir del testículo de la rataÑ a) una preparación rica en membranas basales del túbulos seminífero (STBM) y b) a partir del STBM, una fracción no relacionada al componente colágeno (D-STBM) que demostró poseer determinantes antigénicos comunes con la laminina, principal glicoproteína no colágena de las membranas basales. El 50% de las ratas inmunizadas con STBM, D-STBM o laminina, desarrolaron una lesión testicular moderada, multifocal, caracterizada por leves infiltrados intersticiales, alteraciones de las membranas basales del túbulo seminífero y de la célula de Sertoli, descamación del epitelio germinal y atrofia tubular. También se detectaron anticuerpos circulantes y una respuesta de inmunidad celular específica. A su vez, ratas inyectadas con un suero heterólogo anti-D-STBM desarrollaron una lesión similar. Por otra parte, se indujo una orquitis severa inmunizando ratas Wistar con un hmogenado testicular homólogo y adyuvantes y se estudiaron las poblaciones linfáticas de los ganglios...

[Experimental autoimmune orchitis]. / Orquitis autoinmune experimental.

Experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) has been extensively studied in spite of which its pathogenic mechanisms are still poorly understood. It has been mostly induced in guinea pigs using spermatozoa or a testicular homogenate plus adjuvants. Initially, the aim of our work was to establish if non-spermatic antigens, such as extracellular components of the walls of seminiferous tubules, were able to induce an autoimmune orchitis. For this purpose, we obtained from rat testes: a) a preparation rich in basement membranes of seminiferous tubules (STBM) and b) a soluble fraction of STBM, non-related to collagen (D-STBM), presenting common antigenic determinants with laminin, the main non-collagen glycoprotein of basement membranes. Fifty per cent of rats immunized with STBM, D-STBM or a murine laminin, developed a multifocal and moderate damage of the testes characterized by mild interstitial cell infiltrates, alterations of the basement membranes of seminiferous tubules and Sertoli cells, sloughing of the germinal epithelium and tubular atrophy. Circulating antibodies and a specific cellular immune response were also detected. Moreover, rats passively injected with an heterologous anti-D-STBM serum developed a similar testicular lesion and showed Ig deposits on the basement membranes of seminiferous tubules. In relation to the pathogenic mechanisms of EAO, we studied the variations of T and B cell populations, at the immunization draining lymph nodes, during the development of orchitis. A severe EAO was induced in Wistar rats by immunization with an homologous testes homogenate plus adjuvants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Orquitis autoinmune experimental. / [Experimental autoimmune orchitis]

Experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) has been extensively studied in spite of which its pathogenic mechanisms are still poorly understood. It has been mostly induced in guinea pigs using spermatozoa or a testicular homogenate plus adjuvants. Initially, the aim of our work was to establish if non-spermatic antigens, such as extracellular components of the walls of seminiferous tubules, were able to induce an autoimmune orchitis. For this purpose, we obtained from rat testes: a) a preparation rich in basement membranes of seminiferous tubules (STBM) and b) a soluble fraction of STBM, non-related to collagen (D-STBM), presenting common antigenic determinants with laminin, the main non-collagen glycoprotein of basement membranes. Fifty per cent of rats immunized with STBM, D-STBM or a murine laminin, developed a multifocal and moderate damage of the testes characterized by mild interstitial cell infiltrates, alterations of the basement membranes of seminiferous tubules and Sertoli cells, sloughing of the germinal epithelium and tubular atrophy. Circulating antibodies and a specific cellular immune response were also detected. Moreover, rats passively injected with an heterologous anti-D-STBM serum developed a similar testicular lesion and showed Ig deposits on the basement membranes of seminiferous tubules. In relation to the pathogenic mechanisms of EAO, we studied the variations of T and B cell populations, at the immunization draining lymph nodes, during the development of orchitis. A severe EAO was induced in Wistar rats by immunization with an homologous testes homogenate plus adjuvants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Testis lesions and cellular and humoral immune responses induced in rats by immunization with laminin.

Sixty-six percent of rats immunized with laminin isolated from a mouse Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) sarcoma developed moderate lesions in the testis characterized by multiple foci of seminiferous tubules with different degrees of sloughing of the germinal epithelium or atrophy intermingled with normal histological areas. Interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrates were seen in the epididymis. By electron microscopy, pathological changes in the basement membranes of the seminiferous tubules, such as splitting and focal thickenings of knob-like projections toward the epithelium, were observed. Moreover, Sertoli cell cytoplasm showed dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum and large vacuoles. By electron microscopy with the immunoperoxidase technique, staining for in vivo-bound rat IgG was detected along the walls of the seminiferous tubules as a bright linear immunofluorescence and as a dense reaction product on the basal lamina. High titers of circulating antilaminin antibodies were detected by ELISA in all the rats immunized with laminin. As revealed by the skin test, a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction to laminin was observed in these rats.