A western route of prehistoric human migration from Africa into the Iberian Peninsula.

Being at the western fringe of Europe, Iberia had a peculiar prehistory and a complex pattern of Neolithization. A few studies, all based on modern populations, reported the presence of DNA of likely African origin in this region, generally concluding it was the result of recent gene flow, probably during the Islamic period. Here, we provide evidence of much older gene flow from Africa to Iberia by sequencing whole genomes from four human remains from northern Portugal and southern Spain dated around 4000 years BP (from the Middle Neolithic to the Bronze Age). We found one of them to carry an unequivocal sub-Saharan mitogenome of most probably West or West-Central African origin, to our knowledge never reported before in prehistoric remains outside Africa. Our analyses of ancient nuclear genomes show small but significant levels of sub-Saharan African affinity in several ancient Iberian samples, which indicates that what we detected was not an occasional individual phenomenon, but an admixture event recognizable at the population level. We interpret this result as evidence of an early migration process from Africa into the Iberian Peninsula through a western route, possibly across the Strait of Gibraltar.

[Early detection or screening in the prevention of prostate cancer?] / ¿Detección precoz o cribado en la prevención del cáncer de próstata?

Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common malignancy in men in the developed world and the second leading cause of cancer death in men in the USA, behind lung cancer. In Europe, it is the third leading cause of cancer death in men (after lung and colorectal cancers). The role of PC screening is currently being questioned. The following article summarises the most relevant epidemiological aspects of PC, as well as major clinical trials of PC screening, and recommendations of the various medical scientific associations on whether or not to screen for PC.

[Relationship between lower urinary tract symptoms in men and erectile dysfunction]. / Relación entre los síntomas del tracto urinario inferior en el varón y la disfunción eréctil.

The relationship between lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and erectile dysfunction (ED) is the result of their greater association in advanced age. Nevertheless, several investigations show that urinary tract symptoms have an independent relationship with sexual dysfunction and lower satisfaction. Likewise, the severity of LUTS correlates with the magnitude of sexual dysfunction, which suggests a possible causal relationship. The combined therapeutic approach of these 2 entities (ED and LUTS) brings a benefit to the patient both in urinary symptoms and sexual sphere. This review focuses on the relationship between ED, LUTS due to benign prostatic hyperplasia, and related therapies.

[Update on the medical treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men]. / Actualización en el tratamiento médico de los síntomas del tracto urinario inferior en el varón.

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are a frequent cause of consultation in Primary Care, especially in men >40 years of age. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has been recognized as the most common cause of bothersome LUTS, causing significant interference with everyday activities and quality of life. The purpose of this study is to provide an update on recent developments regarding the medical management of male LUTS.

[Consensus document on the management and follow-up of the male with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostate hyperplasia]. / Documento de consenso sobre pautas de actuación y seguimiento del varón con síntomas del tracto urinario inferior secundarios a hiperplasia prostática benigna.

Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a high-incidence condition. Its diagnosis and treatment is shared between urologists and Primary Care physicians. Its management uses up a significant amount of resources. The Spanish Society of Primary Care Physicians (SEMERGEN), the Spanish Society of General Practitioners and Family Doctors (SEMG), the Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine (semFYC), and the Spanish Association of Urology (AEU) have prepared a document on the management and monitoring of BPH, in which the aim is to incorporate the latest evidence in order to update the previously published guidelines, and present them here in condensed form. The main objective of these new recommendations is to raise the awareness of Primary Care physicians and assist them in its diagnostic evaluation, treatment and monitoring, as well as providing unified consensus criteria for referral to the secondary care level.

[Urine incontinence referral criteria for primary care]. / Criterios de derivación en incontinencia urinaria para atención primaria.

Despite the high incidence of urinary incontinence (UI), health professional awareness of this disease is low, which in itself is not serious but significantly limits the lives of the patients. The Primary Care associations, Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria [SEMERGEN], Sociedad Española de Médicos Generales y de Familia [SEMG], Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria [semFYC]) along with the Asociación Española de Urología (EAU) have developed this consensus with the proposal of making GPs aware, and to help them in the diagnosis, treatment and referral to Urologists. The first goal in primary care must be the detection of UI, thus an opportunistic screening at least once in the lifetime of asymptomatic women > 40 years old and asymptomatic men > 55 years old. The diagnosis, based on medical history and physical examination, must determine the type and severity of the UI in order to refer severe cases to the Urologist. Except for overactive bladder (OAB), non-pharmacological conservative treatment is the first approach to uncomplicated UI in females and males. Antimuscarinics are the only drugs that have demonstrated efficacy and safety in urge urinary incontinence (UUI) and OAB. In men with mixed symptoms, excluding severe obstruction cases, a combination therapy of alpha-blockers and antimuscarinics should be chosen.

Criterios de derivación en incontinencia urinaria para atención primaria / Urine incontinence referral criteria for primary care

A pesar de la elevada incidencia de incontinencia urinaria (IU) existe una escasa sensibilización de los profesionales sanitarios hacia esta afección, que no es grave, pero que sí autolimita de forma importante la vida de las personas que la presentan. Las sociedades científicas de Atención Primaria (Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria [SEMERGEN], Sociedad Española de Médicos Generales y de Familia [SEMG], Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria [semFYC]) y la Asociación Española de Urología [AEU]) han elaborado este documento de consenso con los objetivos de sensibilizar al médico de atención primaria y ayudarle a la evaluación diagnóstica, tratamiento y derivación al especialista de la IU. El primer objetivo desde atención primaria (AP) debe ser la detección de la IU, por lo que se recomienda realizar un cribado oportunista al menos, una vez a lo largo de la vida en mujeres asintomáticas > 40 años y en varones asintomáticos > 55 años. En la evaluación diagnóstica, basada en la anamnesis y la exploración física, se deberá determinar el tipo y gravedad de la IU con el objetivo de derivar al especialista los casos de IU complicada. Con excepción de la vejiga hiperactiva (VH), el tratamiento conservador no farmacológico constituye el abordaje principal de la IU no complicada, tanto en mujeres como en varones. En la IU de urgencia/VH (IUU/VH), los antimuscarínicos son los únicos fármacos que han demostrado eficacia y seguridad. En el caso de los varones con síntomas mixtos, excluyendo los casos de obstrucción severa, se debe optar por un tratamiento combinado de alfa-bloqueantes y antimuscarínicos (AU)

Despite the high incidence of urinary incontinence (UI), health professional awareness of this disease is low, which in itself is not serious but significantly limits the lives of the patients. The Primary Care associations, Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria [SEMERGEN], Sociedad Española de Médicos Generales y de Familia [SEMG], Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria [semFYC]) along with the Asociación Española de Urología (EAU) have developed this consensus with the proposal of making GPs aware, and to help them in the diagnosis, treatment and referral to Urologists. The first goal in primary care must be the detection of UI, thus an opportunistic screening at least once in the lifetime of asymptomatic women > 40 years old and asymptomatic men > 55 years old. The diagnosis, based on medical history and physical examination, must determine the type and severity of the UI in order to refer severe cases to the Urologist. Except for overactive bladder (OAB), non-pharmacological conservative treatment is the first approach to uncomplicated UI in females and males. Antimuscarinics are the only drugs that have demonstrated efficacy and safety in urge urinary incontinence (UUI) and OAB. In men with mixed symptoms, excluding severe obstruction cases, a combination therapy of alpha-blockers and antimuscarinics should be chosen (AU)

Criterios de derivación en incontinencia urinaria para atención primaria / Urine incontinence referral criteria for primary care

A pesar de la elevada incidencia de incontinencia urinaria (IU) existe una escasa sensibilización de los profesionales sanitarios hacia esta afección, que no es grave, pero que sí autolimita de forma importante la vida de las personas que la presentan. Las sociedades científicas de Atención Primaria (Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria [SEMERGEN], Sociedad Española de Médicos Generales y de Familia [SEMG], Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria [semFYC]) y la Asociación Española de Urología [AEU]) han elaborado este documento de consenso con los objetivos de sensibilizar al médico de atención primaria y ayudarle a la evaluación diagnóstica, tratamiento y derivación al especialista de la IU. El primer objetivo desde atención primaria (AP) debe ser la detección de la IU, por lo que se recomienda realizar un cribado oportunista al menos, una vez a lo largo de la vida en mujeres asintomáticas > 40 años y en varones asintomáticos > 55 años. En la evaluación diagnóstica, basada en la anamnesis y la exploración física, se deberá determinar el tipo y gravedad de la IU con el objetivo de derivar al especialista los casos de IU complicada. Con excepción de la vejiga hiperactiva (VH), el tratamiento conservador no farmacológico constituye el abordaje principal de la IU no complicada, tanto en mujeres como en varones. En la IU de urgencia/VH (IUU/VH), los antimuscarínicos son los únicos fármacos que han demostrado eficacia y seguridad. En el caso de los varones con síntomas mixtos, excluyendo los casos de obstrucción severa, se debe optar por un tratamiento combinado de alfa-bloqueantes y antimuscarínicos (AU)

Despite the high incidence of urinary incontinence (UI), health professional awareness of this disease is low, which in itself is not serious but significantly limits the lives of the patients. The Primary Care associations, Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria [SEMERGEN], Sociedad Española de Médicos Generales y de Familia [SEMG], Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria [semFYC]) along with the Asociación Española de Urología (EAU) have developed this consensus with the proposal of making GPs aware, and to help them in the diagnosis, treatment and referral to Urologists. The first goal in primary care must be the detection of UI, thus an opportunistic screening at least once in the lifetime of asymptomatic women > 40 years old and asymptomatic men > 55 years old. The diagnosis, based on medical history and physical examination, must determine the type and severity of the UI in order to refer severe cases to the Urologist. Except for overactive bladder (OAB), non-pharmacological conservative treatment is the first approach to uncomplicated UI in females and males. Antimuscarinics are the only drugs that have demonstrated efficacy and safety in urge urinary incontinence (UUI) and OAB. In men with mixed symptoms, excluding severe obstruction cases, a combination therapy of alpha-blockers and antimuscarinics should be chosen (AU)

[Urine incontinence referral criteria for primary care]. / Criterios de derivación en incontinencia urinaria para atención primaria.

Despite the high incidence of urinary incontinence (UI), health professional awareness of this disease is low, which in itself is not serious but significantly limits the lives of the patients. The Primary Care associations, Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria [SEMERGEN], Sociedad Española de Médicos Generales y de Familia [SEMG], Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria [semFYC]) along with the Asociación Española de Urología (EAU) have developed this consensus with the proposal of making GPs aware, and to help them in the diagnosis, treatment and referral to Urologists. The first goal in primary care must be the detection of UI, thus an opportunistic screening at least once in the lifetime of asymptomatic women > 40 years old and asymptomatic men > 55 years old. The diagnosis, based on medical history and physical examination, must determine the type and severity of the UI in order to refer severe cases to the Urologist. Except for overactive bladder (OAB), non-pharmacological conservative treatment is the first approach to uncomplicated UI in females and males. Antimuscarinics are the only drugs that have demonstrated efficacy and safety in urge urinary incontinence (UUI) and OAB. In men with mixed symptoms, excluding severe obstruction cases, a combination therapy of alpha-blockers and antimuscarinics should be chosen.