RESUMEN
Mushrooms are renewable natural gift for humankind, furnished with unique taste, flavor and medicinal properties. For the last few decades study of mushroom polysaccharides has become a matter of great interest to the researchers for their immunomodulating, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and antitumor properties. Molecular mass, branching configuration, conformation of polysaccharides and chemical modification are the major factors influencing their biological activities. The mechanism of action of mushroom polysaccharides is to stimulate T-cells, B-cells, natural killer cells, and macrophage dependent immune responses via binding to receptors like the toll-like receptor-2, dectin-1. The present review offers summarized and significant information about the structural and biological properties of mushroom polysaccharides, and their potential for development of therapeutic materials.
Asunto(s)
Agaricales/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Enfermedades Transmisibles/tratamiento farmacológico , Cuerpos Fructíferos de los Hongos/química , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/farmacología , Factores Inmunológicos/farmacología , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Agaricales/metabolismo , Antiinfecciosos/química , Antiinfecciosos/aislamiento & purificación , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/aislamiento & purificación , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Linfocitos B/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Secuencia de Carbohidratos , Enfermedades Transmisibles/inmunología , Enfermedades Transmisibles/patología , Cuerpos Fructíferos de los Hongos/metabolismo , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/química , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/aislamiento & purificación , Expresión Génica , Humanos , Factores Inmunológicos/química , Factores Inmunológicos/aislamiento & purificación , Células Asesinas Naturales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Lectinas Tipo C/genética , Lectinas Tipo C/inmunología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Neoplasias/inmunología , Neoplasias/patología , Linfocitos T/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Receptor Toll-Like 2/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 2/inmunologíaRESUMEN
A water soluble heteroglycan (THPS) of an average molecular weight ~1.98 × 105 Da was isolated from the aqueous extract of the fruit bodies of an edible mushroom Termitomyces heimii. Structural characterization of THPS was carried out using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation and 1D/2D NMR studies. Sugar analysis indicated the presence of glucose, mannose, galactose, and fucose in a molar ratio of nearly 6:2:2:1. The repeating unit of the THPS had a backbone consisting of four (1 â 3)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl, one (1 â 6)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl, two (1 â 3)-α-D-manopyranosyl, and two (1 â 6)-α-D-galactopyranosyl residues, out of which one (1 â 3)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl residue was branched at O-6 position with terminal ß-d-glucopyranosyl residue and one (1 â 6)-α-D-galactopyranosyl residue was branched at O-2 position with terminal α-L-fucopyranosyl residue.
Asunto(s)
Agaricales/química , Polisacáridos/química , Termitomyces/química , Cromatografía Liquida , Estructura Molecular , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Análisis Espectral , Espectrometría de Masas en TándemRESUMEN
A new water soluble glucan (MGPS), with a molecular weight â¼1.48×105Da, was isolated from the fruit bodies of Meripilus giganteus by hot water extraction followed by purification through dialysis tubing cellulose membrane and sepharose 6B column chromatography. Its structural characteristics were investigated by acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, Smith degradation and 1D/2D NMR experiments. The monosaccharide composition analysis showed that MGPS contain only glucose. The backbone of MGPS was composed of two (1â3)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl, two (1â6)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl, two (1â6)-α-d-glucopyranosyl, and one (1â4)-α-d-glucopyranosyl residues, out of which one (1â3)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl residue was branched at O-6 position with terminal α-d-glucopyranosyl residue and one (1â4)-α-d-glucopyranosyl residue branched at O-6 position with terminal ß-d-glucopyranosyl residue. In vitro antioxidant studies showed that the MGPS exhibited hydroxide radical scavenging activity (IC50=390µg/mL), superoxide radical scavenging activity (IC50=70µg/mL), and ferrous ion chelating activity (IC50=290µg/mL).
Asunto(s)
Agaricales/química , Antioxidantes/química , Glucanos/química , Secuencia de Carbohidratos , Quelantes/química , Cuerpos Fructíferos de los Hongos/química , Hidrólisis , Espectroscopía de Resonancia MagnéticaRESUMEN
A water-soluble glucan was isolated from the alkaline extract of an ectomycorrhizal fungus, Ramaria botrytis. On the basis of sugar analysis, methylation analysis, Smith degradation, partial hydrolysis, and 1D/2D NMR studies, the structure of the repeating unit of the glucan was established as: [structure: see text]. This glucan showed immunostimulating activity by NO production on RAW 264.7, a murine macrophage cell line. Splenocyte and thymocyte proliferation were measured using, respectively, single cell suspensions of spleen and thymus obtained from normal mice.
Asunto(s)
Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/química , Basidiomycota/química , Glucanos/química , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/farmacología , Animales , Conformación de Carbohidratos , Línea Celular , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Glucanos/inmunología , Glucanos/farmacología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Ratones , Óxido Nítrico/biosíntesis , Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Bazo/citología , Bazo/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Timocitos/citología , Timocitos/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The structure of a water-soluble pectic polysaccharide (PS) isolated from immature onion stick (Allium cepa) was investigated using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation study, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC). The results of the above experiments indicated that the PS contained d-galactose, 6-O-Me-D-galactose, 3-O-acetyl-D-methyl galacturonate and D-methyl galacturonate in a molar ratio of nearly 1:1:1:1 and possesses a backbone of [â4)-α-D-GalpA6Me-(1â4)-α-D-GalpA6Me-(1â] in which one methyl galacturonate was substituted at O-3 position by an acetyl group and the neighboring methyl galacturonate being substituted at O-2 with a side chain, α-D-Galp-(1â4)-6-O-Me-ß-D-Galp-(1â. The probable structure of repeating unit of the pectic polysaccharide was established as: [formula in text] The pectic polysaccharide showed in vitro splenocyte, thymocyte as well as macrophage activations.
Asunto(s)
Galactosa , Cebollas/química , Pectinas/química , Polisacáridos/química , Animales , Galactosa/análogos & derivados , Galactosa/química , Galactosa/aislamiento & purificación , Galactosa/farmacología , Activación de Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Activación de Macrófagos/inmunología , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Ratones , Estructura Molecular , Polisacáridos/inmunología , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Timocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Timocitos/inmunología , AguaRESUMEN
An immunostimulating water-insoluble ß-glucan isolated from hot alkaline extract of the fruiting bodies of an edible somatic hybrid mushroom of Pleurotus florida and Calocybe indica var. APK2 showed significant macrophage, splenocyte, and thymocyte activations. On the basis of total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, and NMR experiments ((1)H, (13)C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, DEPT-135, and HSQC), the repeating unit of the polysaccharide is established.
Asunto(s)
Agaricales/química , Agaricales/genética , Macrófagos Peritoneales/efectos de los fármacos , beta-Glucanos/metabolismo , beta-Glucanos/farmacología , Animales , Conformación de Carbohidratos , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono , Células Cultivadas , Cuerpos Fructíferos de los Hongos/química , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Ratones , Bazo/citología , Timocitos/citología , Timocitos/efectos de los fármacos , beta-Glucanos/químicaRESUMEN
An immunoenhancing water-soluble hetero polysaccharide was isolated from an alkaline extract of the fruit bodies of an ectomycorrhizal edible mushroom, Tricholoma crassum (Berk.) Sacc. The structure of the molecule was investigated using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis; periodate oxidation study, and NMR spectroscopy techniques ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC). On the basis of the above-mentioned experiments the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as: This polysaccharide exhibited splenocyte, thymocyte as well as macrophage activations.
Asunto(s)
Mezclas Complejas/química , Cuerpos Fructíferos de los Hongos/química , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/farmacología , Factores Inmunológicos/farmacología , Tricholoma/química , Álcalis , Animales , Secuencia de Carbohidratos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/química , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/aislamiento & purificación , Hidrólisis , Factores Inmunológicos/química , Factores Inmunológicos/aislamiento & purificación , Activación de Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Metilación , Ratones , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Óxido Nítrico/biosíntesis , Oxidación-Reducción , Bazo/citología , Bazo/efectos de los fármacos , Bazo/inmunología , Timocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Timocitos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Two immunostimulating ß-glucans, PS-I (water soluble) and PS-II (water insoluble) isolated from hot water extract of the fruiting bodies of an edible mushroom Termitomyces robustus var. showed significant macrophage, splenocyte, and thymocyte activation. On the basis of total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR experiments ((1)H, (13)C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, DEPT-135, HSQC, and HMBC), the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharides is established as: PS-I: ->6)ß-D-Glcp-(1â (Water-soluble glucan) PS-II: â3)-ß-D-Glcp-(1â3)-ß-D-Glcp-(1â 6↑1 ß-D-Glcp (Water-insoluble glucan, Termitan).
Asunto(s)
Cuerpos Fructíferos de los Hongos/química , Inmunomodulación/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos Peritoneales/efectos de los fármacos , Termitomyces/química , beta-Glucanos/farmacología , Animales , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Precipitación Química , Etanol/química , Macrófagos Peritoneales/inmunología , Ratones , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Bazo/citología , Timocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Timocitos/inmunología , beta-Glucanos/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Three polysaccharide fractions (PS-I, PS-II, and PS-III) were isolated from the aqueous extract of a hybrid mushroom obtained through backcross mating of a somatic hybrid mushroom PfloVv12 (Sterile line) with Volvariella volvacea. PfloVv12 was obtained through protoplast fusion of Pleurotus florida and V. volvacea. PS-I was identified as 1,6-ß glucan. PS-II and PS-III were identified as mannoglucogalactan but differing in molecular weights only. On the basis of total acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR experiment ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC) the structures of these polysaccharides were established as;
Asunto(s)
Quimera/metabolismo , Galactanos/metabolismo , Glucanos/metabolismo , Pleurotus , Volvariella , Conformación de Carbohidratos , Secuencia de Carbohidratos , Quimera/genética , Galactanos/química , Galactanos/aislamiento & purificación , Glucanos/química , Glucanos/aislamiento & purificación , Glucosa/química , Endogamia , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Manosa/química , Datos de Secuencia MolecularRESUMEN
A water-soluble polysaccharide was isolated from hot aqueous extracts of fruits of Psidium guajava. The polysaccharide was found to contain 2-O-methyl-l-arabinose, 2-O-acetyl-D-galactose, and D-methyl galacturonate in a molar ratio of approximately 1:1:1. On the basis of acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC), the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as [carbohydrate structure: see text].
Asunto(s)
Frutas/química , Calor , Extractos Vegetales/química , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Psidium/química , Agua/química , Secuencia de Carbohidratos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Datos de Secuencia MolecularRESUMEN
A water-soluble polysaccharide, isolated from the hot aqueous extract of an edible mushroom, Agaricus bitorquis, was found to consist of d-glucose only. On the basis of total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC), the structure of the repeating unit was established as -->6)-beta-D-Glcp-(1-->.