Stage-dependent phosphoproteome remodeling of Parkinson's disease blood cells.

The complexity and heterogeneity of PD necessitate advanced diagnostic and prognostic tools to elucidate its molecular mechanisms accurately. In this study, we addressed this challenge by conducting a pilot phospho-proteomic analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from idiopathic PD patients at varying disease stages to delineate the functional alterations occurring in these cells throughout the disease course and identify key molecules and pathways contributing to PD progression. By integrating clinical data with phospho-proteomic profiles across various PD stages, we identify potential stage-specific molecular signatures indicative of disease progression. This integrative approach allows for the discernment of distinct disease states and enhances our understanding of PD heterogeneity.

Contribution of testosterone and estradiol in sexual dimorphism of early-onset Parkinson's disease.

Early-onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD) occurs during the fertile life, when circulating neuroactive sex hormones might enhance the sexual dimorphism of the disease. Here, we aimed to examine how sex hormones can contribute to sex differences in EOPD patients. A cohort of 34 EOPD patients, 20 males and 14 females, underwent comprehensive clinical evaluation of motor and non-motor disturbances. Blood levels of estradiol, total testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone were measured in all patients and correlated to clinical features. We found that female patients exhibited greater non-motor symptoms and a relatively higher rate of dystonia than males. In females, lower estradiol levels accounted for higher MDS-UPDRS-II and III scores and more frequent motor complications, while lower testosterone levels were associated with a major occurrence of dystonia. In male patients, no significant correlations emerged. In conclusion, this study highlighted the relevance of sex hormone levels in the sexual dimorphism and unique phenotype of EOPD.

Post-COVID-19 Hyposmia Does Not Exhibit Main Neurodegeneration Markers in the Olfactory Pathway.

The biological substrate of persistent post-COVID-19 hyposmia is still unclear. However, as many neurodegenerative diseases present with smell impairment at onset, it may theoretically reflect degeneration within the central olfactory circuits. However, no data still exist regarding the post-COVID-19 patients. As the olfactory neurons (ONs) mirror pathological changes in the brain, allowing for tracking the underlying molecular events, here, we performed a broad analysis of ONs from patients with persistent post-COVID-19 OD to identify traces of potential neurodegeneration. ONs were collected through the non-invasive brushing of the olfactory mucosa from ten patients with persistent post-COVID-19 hyposmia (lasting > 6 months after infection) and ten age/sex-matched controls. Immunofluorescence staining for protein quantification and RT-PCR for gene expression levels were combined to measure ONs markers of α-synuclein, amyloid-ß, and tau pathology, axonal injury, and mitochondrial network. Patients and controls had similar ONs levels of oligomeric α-synuclein, amyloid-ß peptide, tau protein, neurofilament light chain (NfL), cytochrome C oxidase subunit 3 (COX3), and the heat shock protein 60 (HSP60). Our findings thus did not provide evidence for synucleinopathy and amyloid-ß mismetabolism or gross traces of neuronal injury and mitochondrial dysfunction within the olfactory system in the early phase of persistent post-COVID-19 hyposmia.

A biological characterization of patients with postmenopausal Parkinson's disease.

Menopause increases the risk for Parkinson's disease (PD), although the underlying biological mechanisms have not been established in patients. Here, we aimed to understand the basis of menopause-related vulnerability to PD. Main motor and non-motor scores, blood levels of estradiol, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone, CSF levels of total α-synuclein, amyloid-ß-42, amyloid-ß-40, total tau, and phosphorylated-181-tau were examined in 45 women with postmenopausal-onset PD and 40 age-matched controls. PD patients had higher testosterone and lower estradiol levels than controls, and the residual estradiol production was associated with milder motor disturbances and lower dopaminergic requirements. In PD but not in controls, follicle-stimulating hormone levels correlated with worse cognitive scores and CSF markers of amyloidopathy and neuronal loss. In conclusion, menopause-related hormonal changes might differentially contribute to clinical-pathological trajectories of PD, accounting for the peculiar vulnerability to the disease.

Peripheral immunity changes are associated with neurodegeneration and worse clinical outcome in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) pathogenesis is multifactorial. Systemic inflammation might have a role in gathering clinical-pathological trajectories. We aimed to shape the peripheral immune profile of iNPH and establish correlations with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers, ventricular enlargement, and clinical outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a single-center retrospective-longitudinal study, including 38 iNPH patients and 38 controls. Baseline iNPH Grading Scale and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores were collected with peripheral blood cell count, CSF amyloid-ß42 (Aß42), total tau (t-tau), phosphorylated-181-tau, and Evans index. Depending on 5-year outcome, iNPH patients were grouped into "poor outcome" (PO; mRS ≥ 5) and "favorable outcome" (FO; mRS < 5). Biomarkers were compared and correlated with each other. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed. RESULTS: iNPH patients compared to controls had higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR; 2.43 ± 1.04 vs. 1.61 ± 0.47, p < 0.001), higher neutrophils (4.22 ± 0.86 1000/mL vs. 3.48 ± 1.34, p = 0.033), and lower lymphocytes (1.45 ± 0.55 1000/mL vs. 2.07 ± 0.86, p = 0.038), with the expected CSF biomarkers signature. In the patients' cohort, NLR was associated directly with t-tau and inversely with Aß42. NLR directly correlated with Evans index. PO patients compared to those with FO had higher NLR (3.25 ± 1.40 vs. 2.01 ± 0.77, p = 0.035) and higher t-tau (274.76 ± 114.39 pg/mL vs. 150.28 ± 72.62, p = 0.017), with an area under the curve of 0.786 and 0.793, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: iNPH patients present a proinflammatory state associated with neurodegeneration and predicting poor clinical outcome. Systemic inflammation represents a factor in the clinical-pathological progression of iNPH, and the NLR emerges as a potential prognostic index.

Motor cortex transcranial direct current stimulation improves non-motor symptoms in early-onset Parkinson's disease: a pilot study.

Early-onset Parkinson's Disease (EOPD) demands tailored treatments. The younger age of patients might account for a higher sensitivity to transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) based non-invasive neuromodulation, which may raise as an integrative therapy in the field. Accordingly, here we assessed the safety and efficacy of the primary left motor cortex (M1) anodal tDCS in EOPD. Ten idiopathic EOPD patients received tDCS at 2.0 mA per 20 min for 10 days within a crossover, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot study. The outcome was evaluated by measuring changes in MDS-UPDRS part III, Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS), PD-cognitive rating scale, and PD Quality of Life Questionnaire-39 scores. We showed that anodal but not sham tDCS significantly reduced the NMSS total and "item 2" (sleep/fatigue) scores. Other parameters were not modified. No adverse events occurred. M1 anodal tDCS might thus evoke plasticity changes in cortical-subcortical circuits involved in non-motor functions, supporting the value as a therapeutic option in EOPD.

Clinical and neurochemical correlates of the APOE genotype in early-stage Parkinson's disease.

Emerging evidence indicates that apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype may influence Parkinson's disease (PD) course, although clinical and neurochemical correlates have not been completely established. This study aimed to determine the associations of APOE genotypes (ε4 vs. non-ε4) with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurodegeneration biomarkers and clinical parameters in early-stage PD patients. One hundred and seventy-five PD patients and 89 non-neurodegenerative controls grouped in APOE-ε4 carriers (28 PD; 12 controls) and non-APOE-ε4 carriers (147 PD; 78 controls) were enrolled. CSF levels of amyloid-ß-42, amyloid-ß-40, total and 181-phosphorylated tau, and clinical scores were compared among groups adjusting for main covariates. APOE genotypes prevalence was similar in PD and controls. PD APOE-ε4 carriers had lower amyloid-ß-42 CSF levels than PD non-APOE-ε4 carriers and controls, independently from age. PD APOE-ε4 carriers also had higher total and "item 5" (attention and memory) non-motor symptoms scale scores than PD non-APOE-ε4 carriers, independently from confounding factors. APOE-ε4 genotype might thus account for a more vulnerable PD subtype characterized by prominent amyloidopathy and a greater burden of non-motor symptoms in the early disease stages. DATA AVAILABILITY: Data are available upon reasonable request.

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and lymphocyte count reflect alterations in central neurodegeneration-associated proteins and clinical severity in Parkinson Disease patients.

INTRODUCTION: Peripheral inflammation has been recently associated to Parkinson disease (PD). However, how the peripheral inflammatory immune response could affect the clinical-pathological features of the disease is not fully understood. In this study, we assessed the peripheral immune profile of a well-characterized PD cohort, examining several correlations with CSF biomarkers of neurodegeneration and the main clinical parameters, aimed at better elucidating the complex dynamics of the brain-periphery interactions in PD. METHODS: The leukocyte populations counts (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils) and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were collected and compared in 61 PD patients and 60 sex/age matched controls (CTRLs). Immune parameters were correlated with CSF levels of total α-synuclein, amyloid-ß-42, total and phosphorylated-tau and main motor and non-motor scores. RESULTS: PD patients had lower lymphocyte and higher NLR counts compared to CTRLs. In PD patients, the lymphocyte count directly correlated with CSF α-synuclein levels, whereas NLR displayed an inverse correlation with the CSF amyloid-ß42 levels. The lymphocyte count also negatively correlated with HY stage, while NLR positively with the disease duration. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided in vivo evidence that, in PD, changes in leukocytes in the periphery, assessed as relative lymphopenia and NLR increase, reflect in central neurodegeneration-associated proteins modifications, especially in α-synuclein and amyloid-ß pathways, and greater clinical burden.

Sex hormones differentially contribute to Parkinson disease in males: A multimodal biomarker study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Parkinson disease (PD) presents relevant sex-related differences in epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical features, with males being more vulnerable to the disease. Sex hormones might have a role, as the experimental models suggest; however, human-based evidence is scarce. Here, we integrated multimodal biomarkers to investigate the relationships between circulating sex hormones and clinical-pathological features in male PD patients. METHODS: A cohort of 63 male PD patients underwent comprehensive clinical evaluation of motor and nonmotor disturbances; measurement of estradiol, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) blood levels; and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) assay of total α-synuclein, amyloid-ß-42, amyloid-ß-40, total tau, and phosphorylated-181 tau levels. A subgroup of 47 PD patients underwent brain volumetry by 3-T magnetic resonance imaging for further correlations. A control group of 56 age-matched individuals was enrolled for comparative analyses. RESULTS: Male PD patients had higher estradiol and testosterone levels than controls. Estradiol had independent inverse associations with Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part 3 score and disease duration; it was also lower in nonfluctuating patients. Testosterone had inverse independent correlations with CSF α-synuclein and right globus pallidus volume. FSH and LH had age-dependent correlations with cognitive impairment and CSF amyloid-ß-42/amyloid-ß-40 ratio. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggested that sex hormones could differentially contribute to clinical-pathological features of PD in male patients. Whereas estradiol might have a protective role in motor impairment, testosterone might be involved in male vulnerability to PD neuropathology. Gonadotropins instead might mediate age-dependent phenomena of amyloidopathy and cognitive decline.