Analysis in circular economy research in Latin America: A bibliometric review.

Circular Economy (CE) plays a crucial role in Latin America, where the transition to new economic development models poses significant challenges. This study conducts a bibliometric analysis of CE research in the region to identify critical areas of development, influential authors, organizations, and future research trends. This analysis aims to highlight the progress made in the CE field in Latin America and identify areas for improvement to promote sustainable development. Using the Scopus database, we analyzed 632 research papers, and the rising number of CE publications in Latin America suggests a continuous growth trajectory, expected to reach over 2500 studies by 2026. The analysis reveals that Brazil leads CE research with 274 publications, Waste Management being the most studied topic. The study highlights the region's growing trend towards implementing innovative and sustainable solutions for waste management and resource utilization, such as bioengineering and biochemistry processes, which could positively impact the region's economy and environment. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for policymakers and researchers aiming to promote sustainable development in Latin America.

Mecanismos inmunológicos en Cnidaria: un sistema inmune basal de gran complejidad e interés bioprospectivo / Immunological mechanisms in Cnidaria: A highly complex basal immune system with bioprospective interest

Introducción: La protección ante agentes biológicos propios y externos de los cnidarios dependen de la inmunidad innata, la cual consta de tres procesos inmunológicos principales: 1) reconocimiento inmunológico, 2) señalización intracelular, y 3) respuesta efectora. Objetivo: Revisar críticamente el conocimiento actual del repertorio molecular involucrado en la respuesta inmune en cnidarios, así como, su papel en el establecimiento de la simbiosis, y las posibles aplicaciones biotecnológicas de las moléculas involucradas en el proceso de inmunidad. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de artículos científicos encontrados a través de las bases de datos del NCBI, Google Scholar y Scielo, con palabras claves como inmunidad y/o reconocimiento inmunológico en cnidarios, en una ventana de tiempo de la última década, sin descartar literatura clásica más antigua. Resultados: El reconocimiento inmunológico consiste en receptores inmunológicos que reconocen patrones moleculares e inducen respuestas efectoras como la movilización de moléculas al sitio de la infección, la ingestión microbiana y la formación de moléculas que activan cascadas de señalización. La fase de señalización involucra mediadores de la traducción de señales que activan genes de trascripción, y cascadas de señalización intracelular que inician respuestas de defensa adecuadas. Las respuestas efectoras incluyen la capa superficial del mucus, péptidos antimicrobianos, especies reactivas de oxígeno y la respuesta celular mediada por fagocitosis. Por último, se presenta un esquema y una tabla integral de las vías de respuesta inmune en los cnidario. Conclusiones: La inmunidad en Cnidaria está mediada por mecanismos de defensa complejos integrados por receptores de reconocimiento de patógenos, vías de señalización intracelular, células y moléculas efectoras encargadas de la eliminación del patógeno, y reconocimiento-aceptación de simbiontes. El estudio de compuestos activos del sistema inmune en Cnidaria ha sido poco explorado, sin embargo, el trabajo realizado con otros compuestos presentes en las toxinas de este filo, los sitúa como una fuente importante de moléculas antimicrobianas dignas de un análisis de bioprospección.

Introduction: Cnidarians depend on innate immunity for protection against both their own and external biological agents. It consists of three main immunological processes: 1) immune recognition, 2) intracellular signaling, and 3) effector response. Objective: To critically review current knowledge of the molecular repertoire involved in the immune response in cnidarians, its role in symbiosis, and possible biotechnological applications. Methods: We used keywords such as immunity, and immunological recognition in cnidarians, in the NCBI, Scielo and Google Scholar databases, for the last decade. Results: Cnidarian immune recognition consists of molecular pattern receptors and responses such as the mobilization of molecules to the site of infection, microbial ingestion, and the formation of molecules that activate signaling cascades. The signaling phase involves translation mediators that activate transcriptional genes and intracellular signaling cascades that initiate defenses. Effector responses include surface layer mucus, antimicrobial peptides, reactive oxygen species, and the cellular response mediated by phagocytosis. Conclusions: Immunity in Cnidaria is mediated by complex defense mechanisms composed of pathogen recognition receptors, intracellular signaling pathways, effector cells and molecules responsible for pathogen elimination, and recognition of symbionts. There is a potential for toxin compounds useful as antimicrobial molecules.

The specific inhibition of glycerol synthesis and the phosphorylation of a putative Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase give insight into the mechanism of osmotic sensing in a dinoflagellate symbiont.

Signaling pathways are fundamental for the establishment and maintenance of diverse symbioses. The symbiosis of cnidarians and dinoflagellate algae is the foundation for the ecological success of coral reefs, involving the transfer of photosynthetic products from the symbiont to host. However, signal transduction pathways for this symbiosis remain uncharacterized. Cultured and natural cnidarian symbionts can produce glycerol, one of the main translocated photosynthates. Here, we investigate whether a signal transduction pathway may be involved in inducing glycerol synthesis in cultured symbionts under an osmotic stress model. We evaluated the effect of specific inhibitors of the main transduction pathways, p38, JNK, and ERK 1/2 in Brevolium minutum, the symbiont of the Aiptasia model system. We found that glycerol production and the specific activity of the enzyme Gpdh were selectively inhibited by a p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) inhibitor. Additionally, the phosphorylation of a putative p38-like protein was rapidly detected. Finally, we studied the presence of each of the components of the p38 MAPK pathway in silico in genomes and transcriptomes reported up to date for different symbiont types. We propose a model for the arrangement of this pathway in the family of dinoflagellate symbionts known as Symbiodiniaceae.

Efecto en la transfusión posoperatoria de pacientes con artroplastia de rodilla mediante dosis única de ácido tranexámico preoperatorio entre los años 2010 - 2016 en una institución hospitalaria / Effect in the postoperative transfusion of patients with knee arthroplasty using a single dose of preoperative tranexamic acid in the HUCSR year 2010 to 2016

Introducción La transfusión posoperatoria es una complicación frecuente de la artroplastia de rodilla. El ácido tranexámico (AT) ha demostrado eficacia en disminuir la probabilidad de sangrado, sin embargo, son pocos los estudios en cuanto al tema. Los objetivos del estudio son: 1) Comparar el efecto de dosis única de 1g de ácido tranexámico preoperatoria en la tasa de transfusión en pacientes a quienes se realizó artroplastia de rodilla entre enero de 2010 y diciembre de 2016. 2) Caracterizar población de pacientes a quienes se realizó artroplastia de rodilla. 3) Determinar tasa de transfusión sanguínea en grupos de estudio. 4) Determinar factores de riesgo para transfusión sanguínea en pacientes con artroplastia de rodilla. Materiales y Metodos Estudio observacional descriptivo de tipo corte transversal analítico retrospectivo. Resultados Tasa de transfusión en grupo sin AT=15,2%; en grupo con AT=1,2%. La sangre perdida y el tiempo quirúrgico no presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos (p>0,05). Se consideran factores de riesgo: anticoagulación (OR 3,52; IC95% 1,28-9,65), insuficiencia renal crónica (OR 5,91; IC95% 1,11-31,27) y artritis reumatoidea (OR 55,83; IC95% 18,34-169,91). Discusión Según regresión logística, la cantidad de sangre perdida y administración del AT pueden predecir con un 97.5% de acierto la probabilidad de transfusión ante presencia de artritis reumatoide. La pérdida sanguínea mayor a 400 cc aumenta significativamente la probabilidad de transfusión cuando no se administra AT. El uso de AT preoperatorio es efectivo en reducir la tasa de transfusión sanguínea en pacientes a quienes se realiza ATR. Nivel de Evidencia: III

Background Postoperative transfusion is a common complication of knee arthroplasty. Tranexamic acid has shown efficacy in reducing the probability of bleeding, however, there are few studies on the subject. The aims of the study are: 1) To compare the effect of a single dose of 1g of preoperative tranexamic acid on the transfusion rate in patients who underwent knee arthroplasty between January 2010 and December 2016. 2) Characterize the population of patients who underwent knee arthroplasty. 3) Determine blood transfusion rate in study groups. 4) Determine risk factors for blood transfusion in patients with knee arthroplasty. Methods A descriptive observational study of a retrospective analytical cross section type was performed. Results Group transfusion rate without TA=15.2%, group transfusion rate with TA=1.2%. The blood loss and the surgical time did not show statistically significant differences between the groups (p>0.05). The following are considered risk factors: anticoagulation (OR: 3.52; 95%CI 1.28-9.65), chronic renal failure (OR: 5.91; 95%CI 1.11-31.27) and rheumatoid arthritis (OR: 55.83; 95%CI 18.34-169.91). Discussion According to logistic regression, the amount of blood lost and administration of the TA can predict with a 97.5% accuracy the probability of transfusion in the presence of rheumatoid arthritis. Blood loss greater than 400 cc significantly increases the probability of transfusion when TA is not administered. The use of preoperative TA is effective in reducing the rate of blood transfusion in patients who undergo ATR Evidence Level: III

Hernia pulmonar espontánea secundaria a acceso de tos: reparación por técnica asistida por video / Spontaneous lung hernia secondary to coughing fit: repair by video assisted technique

La hernia pulmonar es la protrusión del tejido pulmonar a través de una de las estructuras que lo contienen. Generalmente, son secundarias a traumatismos o a un procedimiento quirúrgico; con menos frecuencia, pueden ser espontáneas posteriores a accesos de tos. El diagnóstico se hace por el cuadro clínico y debe confirmarse con radiografía o tomografía, con las cuales se puede ver la protrusión del tejido pulmonar a través de los espacios intercostales. Pueden tratarse de manera conservadora si son asintomáticas, pero el tratamiento más común es el quirúrgico, con técnica abierta o asistida por video. Se presenta una revisión bibliográfica y el reporte de un caso manejado con técnica asistida por video.

Lung hernia is the protrusion of lung tissue through one of its bounding structures. Usually it develops as the result of thoracic trauma or after a surgical procedure; less frequently it can be spontaneous after a coughing fit. Diagnosis is made on the basis of the clinical findings and should be confirmed by X-ray imaging or computed tomography, which evidence the protrusion of the lung through the intercostal spaces. Treatment of lung hernia may be conservative when the patient is asymptomatic, but surgical intervention is most commonly performed, which can be by the open technique or by the video assisted technique. We present a literature review and report a case that was managed by the video assisted surgical technique.

Induction of glycerol synthesis and release in cultured Symbiodinium.

BACKGROUND: Symbiotic dinoflagellates transfer a substantial amount of their photosynthetic products to their animal hosts. This amount has been estimated to represent up to 90% of the photosynthetically fixed carbon and can satisfy in some instances the full respiratory requirements of the host. Although in several cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbioses glycerol is the primary photosynthetic product translocated to the host, the mechanism for its production and release has not been demonstrated conclusively. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using Symbiodinium cells in culture we were able to reproduce the synthesis and release of glycerol in vitro by employing an inductor for glycerol synthesis, osmotic up-shocks. Photosynthetic parameters and fluorescence analysis of photosystem II showed that the inductive conditions did not have a negative effect on photosynthetic performance, suggesting that the capacity for carbon fixation by the cells was not compromised. The demand for glycerol production required to attain osmotic balance increased the expression of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate and of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, possibly competing with the flux of fixed carbon necessary for protein synthesis. In longer exposures of cultured Symbiodinium cells to high osmolarity, the response was analogous to photoacclimation, reducing the excitation pressure over photosystem II, suggesting that Symbiodinium cells perceived the stress as an increase in light. The induced synthesis of glycerol resulted in a reduction of growth rates. CONCLUSIONS: Our results favor a hypothetical mechanism of a signaling event involving a pressure sensor that may induce the flux of carbon (glycerol) from the symbiotic algae to the animal host, and strongly suggest that carbon limitation may be a key factor modulating the population of symbionts within the host.

Capturing candidate drought tolerance traits in two native Andean potato clones by transcription profiling of field grown plants under water stress.

Candidate traits for drought tolerance were targeted by analyzing water stress responses in two moderately drought-tolerant native Andean potato clones, SA2563 and Sullu (Solanum tuberosum L. subsp, andigena (Juz, Bukasov) Hawkes) under field conditions. SA2563 exhibited increased root growth under drought, while Sullu retained a higher relative leaf water content. Gene expression profiling using the TIGR 10 K microarray revealed 1713 significantly differentially expressed genes, 186 of these genes were up-regulated in both clones. In addition to these commonly up-regulated genes, each clone induced a specific gene set in response to drought. Gene expression and metabolite analysis pinpointed candidate traits for drought tolerance present either in one or both of the clones under investigation. These traits included osmotic adjustment, changes in carbohydrate metabolism, membrane modifications, strengthening of cuticle and cell rescue mechanisms, such as detoxification of oxygen radicals and protein stabilization. Many of the up-regulated genes have been identified previously in laboratory studies on model plants using shock treatments, and the present study confirms the importance of these factors under field conditions.

Venta de alimentos en la vía pública en Colombia

Describe los antecedentes históricos y situación actual de la venta de alimentos en la vía pública en Colombia. Detalla las acciones que el gobierno, a través del Ministerio de Salud, está practicando para regular y conducir hacia niveles de seguridad higiénico-sanitaria, la venta de alimentos en la vía pública. Las acciones cubren los siguientes aspectos: legislación, seguridad social, capacitación y educación sanitaria, adecuación locativa y equipamiento, ubicación, control de calidad y vigilancia epidemiológica