Dilatación y fisuras anales: ¿abuso sexual? / Dilation and anal fissures: sexual abuse?

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[Scrotal hair in infants]. / Vello escrotal en lactantes.

The presence of pubic hair is exceptional in healthy infants of both sexes. In most of the cases described in the literature, the process was self-limited and no etiology was found. Nevertheless, in some patients, this finding has been associated with other manifestations of hyperandrogenism related to potentially serious diseases such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia or virilizing tumors. In the present article, we describe seven infants followed-up in the Pediatric Endocrine Clinic because of scrotal hair. In all patients, the process was self-limited and resolved spontaneously and no hormonal or developmental alterations were observed. Key words: Scrotal hair, infants, virilization.

Vello escrotal en lactantes / Scrotal hair in infants

La aparición de vello sexual es excepcional en los lactantes de ambos sexos. La mayoría de los casos descritos en la bibliografía constituyen procesos autolimitados, en los que su etiología no ha sido definida. Sin embargo, en algunos casos se ha asociado con otras manifestaciones de hiperandrogenismo relacionadas con procesos potencialmente graves como son la hiperplasia suprarrenal congénita y tumores productores de andrógenos. En el presente artículo se describe los casos de 7 lactantes varones que fueron vistos en la consulta de endocrinología pediátrica por vello escrotal. En todos ellos el proceso fue autolimitado, sin que se observaran alteraciones hormonales o en el desarrollo (AU)

The presence of pubic hair is exceptional in healthy infants of both sexes. In most of the cases described in the literature, the process was self-limited and no etiology was found. Nevertheless, in some patients, this finding has been associated with other manifestations of hyperandrogenism related to potentially serious diseases such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia or virilizing tumors. In the present article, we describe seven infants followed-up in the Pediatric Endocrine Clinic because of scrotal hair. In all patients, the process was self-limited and resolved spontaneously and no hormonal or developmental alterations were observed (AU)

Efectos del yogur enriquecido con isómeros del ácido linoleico conjugado, sobre resistencia a la insulina en adolescentes obesos / The effects of yogurt with isomer enriched conjugated linoleico acid on insulina resistance in obese adolescents

El incremento en la incidencia de obesidad es uno de los problemas sanitarios más relevantes en los países en desarrollo. La resistencia a la insulina juega un papel clave en las alteraciones metabólicas asociadas a la obesidad. Son pocas las intervenciones que permitan, de forma eficaz, reducir el peso corporal y las alteraciones metabólicas como consecuencia de la misma. Objetivos. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron determinar si la administración de una mezcla de isómeros de ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) reduce el peso corporal y mejora la resistencia a la insulina en adolescentes obesos. Diseño experimental. Se llevó a cabo un estudio doble ciego, caso-control, donde se estudiaron 39 pacientes adolescentes obesos, a los cuales de forma aleatoria se les administro diariamente 200 g de yogur líquido suplementado con 3 g de CLA o placebo, durante 16 semanas. Se determinó el peso, talla índice de mas corporal (IMC), colesterol total en plasma y el HDL, insulina, glucosa, adiponectina, así como el índice de resistencia a la insulina (HOMA), antes del inicio de la ingesta, al finalizar, y tras un periodo sin la suplementación. Resultados. No se observaron diferencias significativas en el peso, talla, IMC, colesterol total y en HDL, y adiponectina, entre el grupo suplementado con CLA y el grupo placebo, ni al inicio del estudio, durante y tras el tratamiento. Tras 16 semanas de suplementación con CLA, los nivels de glucosa plasmática y el índice de resistencia a la insulina (HOMA) se redujeron comparado con el grupo placebo (p<0.05). Conclusión. En adolescentes obesos, la administración de CLA disminuye el índice de resistencia a la insulina, independientemente de los cambios en el peso y en el IMC (AU)

Increase in the incidence of obesity is one of the most relevant health care problems in the developing countries. Insulin resistance plays a key role in obesity associated metabolic disorders. There are few interventions that make it possible to effectively reduce body weight and metabolic disorders that occur as a consequence of it. Objectives: This present study aimed to determine if the administration of a mixture of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers reduces body weight and improves insulin resistance in obese adolescents. Experimental design. A double blind, case – controlled, study was conducted in which 39 obese adolescent patients were studied. Daily, they were randomly administered 200 g of liquid yogurt supplemented with 3 g of CLA, or placebo, for 16 weeds. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol in plasma and in HDL, insulin, glucose, adiponectin and insulin resistance index (HOMA) were measured before the onset of intake, at completion, and after a period without supplementation. Results: No significant differences were observed in weight, height, BMI, total cholesterol and in HDL and adiponectin between the group supplemented with CLA and the placebo group at the onset of the study, during and after the treatment. After 16 weeks of supplementation with CLA, the plasma glucose levels and insulin resistance index (HOMA) were reduced compared with the placebo group (p<0.05). Conclusion. In obese adolescents, administration of CLA decreases the insulin resistance index, independently of weight changes and BMI changes (AU)

Síndrome de esplenomegalia tropical en el diagnóstico diferencial de esplenomegalia masiva / Tropical splenomegaly syndrome in the differential diagnosis of massive splenomegaly

Presentamos el caso de un niño de 11 años de edad, de origen guineano, enviado a nuestro hospital por presentar esplenomegalia masiva, anemia, eosinofilia y fiebre intermitente. El estudio etiológico inicial no fue concluyente. Finalmente, se estableció el diagnóstico de síndrome de esplenomegalia por hiperreactividad a la malaria, o síndrome de esplenomegalia tropical, para lo cual fueron esenciales la exclusión de otras causas y la respuesta al tratamiento antipalúdico; la biopsia hepática fue característica del cuadro

We report the case of an 11-year-old boy from Equatorial Guinea, referred to our hospital with massive splenomegaly, anemia, eosinophilia and intermittent fever. The preliminary etiological study was not conclusive. Finally, a diagnosis of splenomegaly syndrome due to hyperreactivity to malaria or “tropical splenomegaly syndrome” was established. The exclusion of other causes and the response to antimalarial treatment provided the key to the diagnosis, and liver biopsy revealed the pattern typically associated with this condition

[Tracheal agenesis associated with laryngeal malformations as an unusual cause of airway failure]. / Agenesia traqueal asociada a malformaciones laríngeas como causa inusual de fracaso de la vía aérea.

Tracheal agenesis is an uncommon congenital malformation with an extremely high mortality rate. This malformation manifests after delivery as severe respiratory distress, cyanosis, lack of crying and impossibility of endotracheal respiratory support. This anomaly is usually associated with cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal malformations. Only a high index of suspicion and early surgical management will prevent death. An early diagnosis may also help the parents and the medical team to take appropriate decisions. Currently, there is no effective therapy that guarantees long-term survival.

Agenesia traqueal asociada a malformaciones laríngeas como causa inusual de fracaso de la vía aérea / Tracheal agenesis associated with laryngeal malformations as an unusual cause of airway failure

La agenesia traqueal es una malformación congénita infrecuente con una tasa de mortalidad extremadamente alta. Se presenta tras el nacimiento como distrés respiratorio severo, cianosis, ausencia de llanto e imposibilidad de soporte respiratorio endotraqueal. En la mayoría de los casos, se asocia con malformaciones cardiovasculares, gastrointestinales y respiratorias. La sospecha diagnóstica y un manejo quirúrgico precoz son la única vía para prevenir el fatal desenlace. Además, el diagnóstico precoz puede ayudar a los padres y al equipo médico a tomar las decisiones apropiadas. Hoy en día, no existe terapia definitiva eficaz que garantice una supervivencia a largo plazo

Tracheal agenesis is an uncommon congenital malformation with an extremely high mortality rate. This malformation manifests after delivery as severe respiratory distress, cyanosis, lack of crying and impossibility of endotracheal respiratory support. This anomaly is usually associated with cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal malformations. Only a high index of suspicion and early surgical management will prevent death. An early diagnosis may also help the parents and the medical team to take appropriate decisions. Currently, there is no effective therapy that guarantees long-term survival

[Group therapy for the treatment of obesity in children and adolescents]. / Terapia de grupo para el tratamiento de la obesidad infantil.

THERAPY: Although obesity is one of the leading health problems in developed countries, effective treatment is lacking. The aim of the present study was to determine whether group therapy is more efficient in inducing weigh loss than individual therapy in the pediatric age group. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Fifty obese patients, 15 preadolescents and 33 adolescents (12 boys and 23 girls) were studied. In all patients, dietary intake was modified to reduce calorie intake. Initially all patients were followed-up individually every 3 months (individual therapy) until the beginning of group therapy when the patients were seen monthly in groups of 10-15 patients with their parents (preadolescents) or alone (adolescents). In the group sessions, talks were given about diet and exercise. In each session, the patient who had shown the greatest improvement in habits and weight loss received a prize. The patients were followed-up for 2 years, with individual therapy in the first year and group therapy in the second. Differences in body mass index (BMI) z-score before the beginning of therapy and during therapy were analyzed using Student's paired T test. RESULTS: With individual therapy, no changes in BMI z-score were observed throughout the study. In contrast, with group therapy, BMI z-score decreased in all the groups studied. During the 1-year follow-up with individual therapy, 60 % of the patients gained more than 5 kg. With group therapy, only 10 % of patients gained more than 5 kg. CONCLUSIONS: In obese children and adolescents, group therapy was more efficient than individual therapy in inducing weight loss.

Terapia de grupo para el tratamiento de la obesidad infantil / Group therapy for the treatment of obesity in children and adolescents

Objetivos. No existen formas eficaces de tratamiento de la obesidad a pesar de constituir uno de los principales problemas sanitarios de los países desarrollados. En el presente trabajo estudiamos si la terapia de grupo es más eficaz para perder peso que la terapia individual en la edad pediátrica. Métodos. Se seleccionó un grupo de 50 pacientes obesos; 15 niños preadolescentes y 35 adolescentes (12 niños y 23 niñas). En todos ellos, tras la revisión de la dieta se introdujeron modificaciones para disminuir la ingesta calórica. Los niños fueron seguidos trimestralmente (terapia individual) hasta que se inició la terapia de grupo, realizándose a partir de entonces visitas mensuales en grupos de 10-15 niños, junto con sus padres (los preadolescentes) o solos (adolescentes). En las sesiones se comentaron temas nutricionales y formas de incrementar la actividad física. Además se dio un premio al niño que conseguía mejorar sus hábitos y perdía peso. Los pacientes fueron controlados durante 2 años, el primero con terapia individual y el segundo con terapia de grupo. Utilizando el test de la T-pareada se comparó la diferencia entre la z-score del índice de masa corporal (IMC) al inicio del tratamiento y durante el mismo. Resultados. Con la terapia individual no se observaron cambios en la z-score del IMC a lo largo del tiempo de seguimiento, mientras que con la terapia de grupo se observó una disminución significativa en todos los grupos. Durante el año de seguimiento con terapia individual un 60 % de los niños ganaron más de 5 kg, comparado con el 10 % observado durante la terapia de grupo. Conclusiones. En niños y adolescentes obesos, la terapia de grupo resultó más eficaz para perder peso que la terapia individual

Therapy. Although obesity is one of the leading health problems in developed countries, effective treatment is lacking. The aim of the present study was to determine whether group therapy is more efficient in inducing weigh loss than individual therapy in the pediatric age group. Experimental design. Fifty obese patients, 15 preadolescents and 33 adolescents (12 boys and 23 girls) were studied. In all patients, dietary intake was modified to reduce calorie intake. Initially all patients were followed-up individually every 3 months (individual therapy) until the beginning of group therapy when the patients were seen monthly in groups of 10-15 patients with their parents (preadolescents) or alone (adolescents). In the group sessions, talks were given about diet and exercise. In each session, the patient who had shown the greatest improvement in habits and weight loss received a prize. The patients were followed-up for 2 years, with individual therapy in the first year and group therapy in the second. Differences in body mass index (BMI) z-score before the beginning of therapy and during therapy were analyzed using Student's paired T test. Results. With individual therapy, no changes in BMI z-score were observed throughout the study. In contrast, with group therapy, BMI z-score decreased in all the groups studied. During the 1-year follow-up with individual therapy, 60 % of the patients gained more than 5 kg. With group therapy, only 10 % of patients gained more than 5 kg. Conclusions. In obese children and adolescents, group therapy was more efficient than individual therapy in inducing weight loss