Serologic profile of bovine Alfaherpesvirus type1 (BoHV-1) and Pestivírus A (BVDV-1) in herds of a family farming of the Sao Paulo state / Perfil sorológico do Alfaherpesvirus bovino tipo 1 (BoHV-1) e Pestivírus A (BVDV-1) em rebanhos da agricultura familiar no estado de São Paulo

Serum samples from 719 dairy cattle of reproductive age, from 47 farms in a settlement in the municipality of Andradina, São Paulo, were analyzed for the presence of antibodies against the Nebraska strain of BoHV-1 and Singer type 1 of BVDV-1, using the virus neutralization technique (VN). Regarding BoHV-1, 72.0% of the samples analyzed (518/719) were positive, with a geometric mean of antibody titers of 318. For BVDV-1, 44.8% of the samples were reactive, only one farm had no reactive animals, and the majority of antibody titers found in the animals' sera were low. The results of this study revealed that BoHV-1 was present in all of the studied herds, with moderate titration in the majority of cases, with the presence of some high individual titers among the tested animals. Also, even with the reactivation or circulation of BoHV-1 in herds, the clinical disease was not observed, an epidemiological finding that also applied to BVDV-1. In view of the results obtained, the circulation of diseases in family farm herds in the studied region was evident, suggesting the need to study local risk factors and improve health education policies as a way to prevent or reduce the prevalence of these diseases.(AU)

Coletou-se 719 amostras de soro sanguíneo de bovinos em idade reprodutiva, de 47 propriedades de um assentamento no município de Andradina-SP. As amostras foram analisadas para presença de anticorpos contra ambos os vírus estudados, pela técnica de virusneutralização, utilizando-se a estirpe Nebraska para o BoHV-1 e Singer tipo 1 para o BVDV-1. Em relação ao BoHV-1, 72,0% (518/719) das amostras foram positivas, sendo 318 a média geométrica dos títulos de anticorpos (GMT).Para o BVDV-1, 44,8% das amostras foram reagentes; apenas uma propriedade não teve animais reagentes, sendo a maioria dos títulos de anticorpos encontrados nos soros baixa. Observou-se que o BoHV-1 está presente em todos os rebanhos estudados com titulação moderada, com presença de alguns títulos individuais altos entre animais e com GMT alta em um dos rebanhos. Mesmo havendo a reativação ou mesmo a circulação do BoHV-1 nos rebanhos, não foi observado a doença clínica, fato epidemiológico que também ocorreu com o BVDV-1. Diante dos resultados obtidos, ficou evidente a circulação das doenças nos rebanhos da agricultura familiar na região estudada, sugerindo o estudo de fatores de risco local e melhorias de políticas de educação em saúde como forma de prevenir e ou reduzir a prevalência das enfermidades.(AU)

Serologic profile of bovine Alfaherpesvirus type1 (BoHV-1) and Pestivírus A (BVDV-1) in herds of a family farming of the Sao Paulo state / Perfil sorológico do Alfaherpesvirus bovino tipo 1 (BoHV-1) e Pestivírus A (BVDV-1) em rebanhos da agricultura familiar no estado de São Paulo

Serum samples from 719 dairy cattle of reproductive age, from 47 farms in a settlement in the municipality of Andradina, São Paulo, were analyzed for the presence of antibodies against the Nebraska strain of BoHV-1 and Singer type 1 of BVDV-1, using the virus neutralization technique (VN). Regarding BoHV-1, 72.0% of the samples analyzed (518/719) were positive, with a geometric mean of antibody titers of 318. For BVDV-1, 44.8% of the samples were reactive, only one farm had no reactive animals, and the majority of antibody titers found in the animals' sera were low. The results of this study revealed that BoHV-1 was present in all of the studied herds, with moderate titration in the majority of cases, with the presence of some high individual titers among the tested animals. Also, even with the reactivation or circulation of BoHV-1 in herds, the clinical disease was not observed, an epidemiological finding that also applied to BVDV-1. In view of the results obtained, the circulation of diseases in family farm herds in the studied region was evident, suggesting the need to study local risk factors and improve health education policies as a way to prevent or reduce the prevalence of these diseases.

Coletou-se 719 amostras de soro sanguíneo de bovinos em idade reprodutiva, de 47 propriedades de um assentamento no município de Andradina-SP. As amostras foram analisadas para presença de anticorpos contra ambos os vírus estudados, pela técnica de virusneutralização, utilizando-se a estirpe Nebraska para o BoHV-1 e Singer tipo 1 para o BVDV-1. Em relação ao BoHV-1, 72,0% (518/719) das amostras foram positivas, sendo 318 a média geométrica dos títulos de anticorpos (GMT).Para o BVDV-1, 44,8% das amostras foram reagentes; apenas uma propriedade não teve animais reagentes, sendo a maioria dos títulos de anticorpos encontrados nos soros baixa. Observou-se que o BoHV-1 está presente em todos os rebanhos estudados com titulação moderada, com presença de alguns títulos individuais altos entre animais e com GMT alta em um dos rebanhos. Mesmo havendo a reativação ou mesmo a circulação do BoHV-1 nos rebanhos, não foi observado a doença clínica, fato epidemiológico que também ocorreu com o BVDV-1. Diante dos resultados obtidos, ficou evidente a circulação das doenças nos rebanhos da agricultura familiar na região estudada, sugerindo o estudo de fatores de risco local e melhorias de políticas de educação em saúde como forma de prevenir e ou reduzir a prevalência das enfermidades.

Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Factors of Escherichia coli in Cheese Made from Unpasteurized Milk in Three Cities in Brazil.

The production of cheeses from unpasteurized milk is still widespread in Brazil, even with a legal ban imposed on its marketing. The manufacture of this cheese is a public health problem, due to the use of raw milk and the poor hygienic conditions throughout the supply chain process. Contamination may occur from several sources and involve several different pathogenic microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli. The latter can cause different clinical manifestations depending on the pathotype involved. Furthermore, some isolates manifest antimicrobial resistance and may be a risk for public health. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the presence of potentially pathogenic E. coli in raw-milk cheese in Brazil and their possible risk to public health. A total of 83 cheeses were collected from three different cities and 169 E. coli isolates were characterized for the presence of enteropathogenic E. coli, Shigatoxigenic E. coli, enterotoxigenic E. coli, extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) virulence genes, phylogenetic type, antimicrobial resistance, O serogroup, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The number of samples positive for E. coli was highest in Aracaju (90.32%, 28/31). The prevalence of samples positive for potential ExPEC genes was similar for Uberaba and Aracaju (23.07%); the most prevalent ExPEC virulence genes were tsh, iucD, and papC. Isolates from Uberaba had a higher prevalence of resistance to tetracycline (38.46%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (58.85%), and ampicillin (61.54%) than the other cities. Overall, antimicrobial resistance genes tetB, blaTEM, and blaCMY-2 were the most prevalent genes (26.32%, 15.79%, and 28.95%, respectively) and the most prevalent serotypes were O4 (8%), 018 (12%), and O23 (8%). Clones originating from the same regions and from different regions were observed. These results emphasize the presence of a potential danger for humans in the consumption of raw-milk cheeses in three cities in Brazil due to the presence of antimicrobial resistance, which should be monitored.