Supplementation with EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids improves peripheral immune cell mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in subjects with obesity.

Omega-3 fatty acids (w-3 FA) have anti-inflammatory effects and improve mitochondrial function. Nonetheless, little is known about their effect on mitochondrial bioenergetics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in individuals with obesity. Thus, this study aimed to determine the mitochondrial bioenergetics status and cell subset composition of PBMCs during obesity, before and after 1 month supplementation with w-3 FA. We performed a case-control study with twelve women with normal BMI (lean group) and 19 with grade 2 obesity (obese group), followed by a before-after prospective study where twelve subjects with obesity received a 1 month intervention with 5.25 g of w-3 FA (3.5 g eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and 1.75 g docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids), and obtained PBMCs from all participants. Mitochondrial bioenergetic markers, including basal and ATP-production associated respiration, proton leak, and nonmitochondrial respiration, were higher in PBMCs from the obese group vs. the lean group. The bioenergetic health index (BHI), a marker of mitochondrial function, was lower in the obese vs. the lean group. In addition, Th1, Th2, Th17, CD4+ Tregs, CD8+ Tregs, and Bregs, M1 monocytes and pDCreg cells were higher in PBMCs from the obese group vs. the lean group. The w-3 FA intervention improved mitochondrial function, mainly by decreasing nonmitochondrial respiration and increasing the reserve respiratory capacity and BHI. The intervention also reduced circulating pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory lymphocyte and monocytes subsets in individuals with obesity. The mitochondrial dysfunction of PBMCs and the higher proportion of peripheral pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune cells in subjects with obesity, improved with 1 month supplementation with EPA and DHA.

Differential effects of high dose omega-3 fatty acids on metabolism and inflammation in patients with obesity: eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation.

Background: Obesity is complicated by low-grade chronic inflammation characterised by increases in inflammatory proteins and cells in peripheral blood. It has been known that omega-3 fatty acids (FA) like eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) could modulate the inflammatory process and improve metabolic markers. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of high-dose omega-3 FA on metabolic and inflammatory markers among patients with obesity and healthy volunteers. Methods: This prospective study included 12 women with obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 35.0 kg/m2) and 12 healthy women (BMI < 24.0 kg/m2) who were supplemented with a dose of 4.8 g/day (3.2 g EPA plus 1.6 g DHA) for 3 months followed by no treatment for 1 month. Plasma metabolic and inflammatory markers and levels of mRNA transcripts of CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets were determined monthly. Results: None of the participants exhibited changes in weight or body composition after study completion. EPA and DHA supplementation improved metabolic (insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance [HOMA-IR], triglyceride [TG]/ high-density lipoprotein [HDL] ratio, TG, and arachidonic acid [AA]/EPA ratio) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Moreover, the levels of mRNA transcripts of T CD4+ lymphocyte subsets (TBX21, IFNG, GATA-3, interleukin [IL]-4, FOXP3, IL-10 IL-6, and TNF-α), were down-regulated during the intervention phase. After 1 month without supplementation, only insulin, HOMA-IR and the mRNA transcripts remained low, whereas all other markers returned to their levels before supplementation. Conclusion: Supplementation with high-dose omega-3 FAs could modulate metabolism and inflammation in patients with obesity without weight loss or changes in body composition. However, these modulatory effects were ephemeral and with clear differential effects: short-duration on metabolism and long-lasting on inflammation.

[VALIDATION OF PREDICTIVE EQUATIONS FOR WEIGHT AND HEIGHT USING BODY CIRCUMFERENCES IN MEXICAN ELDERLYS]. / VALIDACIÓN DE ECUACIONES DE ESTIMACIÓN DE PESO Y TALLA CON CIRCUNFERENCIAS CORPORALES EN ADULTOS MAYORES MEXICANOS.

INTRODUCTION: weight and height measurements are important data for the nutritional assessment of elderly people and the implementation of the nutritional care process. Malnutrition is common in this population, who has high rates of disability that difficult to measurement this variables. OBJECTIVE: evaluate the validity of predictive equations for weight and height that include body circumferences created for brazilian population, in mexican elderly people. METHODS: this is a comparative, observational, prospective and cross-sectional study, 61 elderly were evaluated. Body weight, height, half span, calf, arm and abdominal circumferences were determinated. Weight and height were estimated with de predictive equations published by Rabito et al. Bland-Altman analysis and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient were used to assess the levels of agreement between the estimated and the measured values. The level of statistical significance was p < 0.05. RESULTS: the age mean was 78.7 ± 8.7 and 55.7% were females. The weight mean was 61.9 ± 14.1 kg, height mean was 155.4 ± 9.5 cm and Body Mass Index (BMI) mean corresponded to 25.5 ± 5.1 kg/m. The Bland-Altman plots indicated that the 95% confidence interval (95% IC) limits for the difference between real and estimated weight ranged from -14.3 kg to 8.1 kg, the mean of the difference or systematic error (SE) was -3.1 kg, we observed an statistically significant coefficient of 0.12 (p < 0.03). The 95% IC limits for the difference between real and estimated height ranged from -11.1 to 15.9 cm, the diffe rence mean or SE of 2.4 cm, we observed a coefficient of -0.04 (p = 0.67) . Intraclass Correlation Coefficient of 0.72 (p < 0.00) and 0.88 (p < 0.00) were obtained for weight and height, respectively. CONCLUSION: the equations developed by Rabito showed a good agreement when compared with the actual weight and height of elderly people. We observed variations in the estimated weight in obesity elderlys.

Introducción: el conocimiento del peso y la talla es fundamental en la evaluación del estado nutricional en el adulto mayor, permitiendo la implementación del proceso de cuidado nutricional. La desnutrición es común en este grupo poblacional, el cual usualmente presenta diversas situaciones clínicas que dificultan la medición de peso y talla. Objetivos: evaluar la validez de las ecuaciones para estimar peso y talla basadas en circunferencias corporales propuestas para población brasileña en adultos mayores mexicanos. Métodos: estudio comparativo, observacional, prospectivo y transversal en 61 adultos mayores. Las medidas antropométricas recolectadas fueron peso y talla, Extensión de Media Brazada (EMB), Circunferencia Abdominal (CA), Circunferencia Media de Brazo (CMB) y Circunferencia de Pantorrilla (CP). Se estimó el peso y la talla con las ecuaciones propuestas por Rabito y cols. Se utilizó el método Bland-Altman y el Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase para evaluar la concordancia entre los valores reales y estimados. Se consideró significancia estadística un valor de p < 0,05. Resultados: la edad promedio de los participantes fue de 78,7 ± 8,7 años. El 55,7% (n = 34) fueron mujeres. La media para el peso fue de 61,9 ± 14,1 kg, para la talla de 155,4 ± 9,5 cm y para el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) fue de 25,5 ± 5,1 kg/m2. Mediante el método Bland-Altman los límites de intervalo de concordancia de 95% para la diferencia del peso real y el estimado fueron de -14,3 a 8,1 kg, con una media de la diferencia o error sistemático (ES) de -3,1 cm; se observó un coeficiente de 0,12 que fue estadísticamente significativo (p = 0,03). Para la talla se observa un intervalo de confianza de la diferencia entre la talla real y estimada de -11,1 a 15,9, con una media de la diferencia o ES de 2,4 cm y un coeficiente de -0,04 que no fue significativo (p = 0,67). La concordancia entre el peso real y el estimado, según el coeficiente de correlación intraclase, fue de 0,72 (p < 0,00), en el caso de la talla real, y la estimada fue de 0,88 (p < 0,00). Conclusiones: las ecuaciones propuestas por Rabito muestran una buena concordancia con los valores de peso y talla reales en adultos mayores, observando mayor variación para los valores de peso estimado en población con obesidad.

Efecto de la suplementación combinada con hierro y zinc sobre el estado nutricional de cobre en mujeres de edad reproductiva / Effect of a combined iron and zinc supplementation on copper status in women of childbearing age

Iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) deficiency coexist in developing countries. Supplementation and fortification programs with combined micronutrients have been implemented, but possible negative interactions of these minerals absorption should be considered. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a daily supplementation with 30 mg of Fe alone or in combination with 30 mg of Zn on Cu status in Chilean women of childbearing age. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, in which 81 women aged 18 - 45y were randomly assigned to receive either a daily single dose of 30mg of Fe or this mineral combined with 30mg of Zn or placebo. The concentration of serum copper (CuS), ceruloplasmin (Cp mass) ceruloplasmin activity (Cp activity) and specific activity (Cp activity/Cp mass) were evaluated at baseline and at the end of the study. The daily combined Fe and Zn supplementation significantly decreased CuS concentration (2-way ANOVA for repeated measures p<0,01), but Fe alone did not affect Cu status. Fe with Zn supplementation did not affect Cp mass, Cp activity and specific activity. In conclusion, combined supplementation of Fe and Zn in doses of 30mg each, significantly decreases CuS concentration.

La deficiencia de hierro (Fe), cobre (Cu) y zinc (Zn) coexisten en países en vías de desarrollo. La implementación de programas de suplementación y fortificación con micronutrientes deben considerar posibles interacciones negativas en su absorción. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la suplementación diaria de 30mg de Fe solo o combinado con 30mg de Zn sobre el estatus de Cu en mujeres chilenas en edad reproductiva. Este fue un ensayo clínico, doble ciego, aleatorizado y controlado por placebo, en el que 81 mujeres entre 18 y 45 años fueron asignadas al azar para recibir una diariamente, por tres meses, 30mg de Fe solo o combinado con 30mg de Zn o placebo. Al inicio y al final del estudio se evaluó la concentración de cobre sérico (CuS), ceruloplasmina (Cp masa), actividad de ceruloplasmina (Cp actividad) y actividad específica (Cp actividad/Cp masa). La suplementación diaria combinada con Fe y Zn disminuyó la concentración de CuS (ANOVA 2 vías para medidas repetidas p<0,01), pero el Fe solo no afectó el estatus de Cu. La suplementación con Fe y Zn no modificó la Cp masa, Cp actividad y actividad específica. En conclusión, la suplementación combinada con 30mg de Fe y Zn disminuye significativamente las concentraciones de CuS.

Estado nutricional de hierro, cobre y zinc en relación con el uso de método anticonceptivo hormonal / Iron, copper and zinc status in relation with the hormonal contraceptive method

Childbearing age women are part of a vulnerable group to present micronutrient deficiencies. It has been associated the contraceptive method (CM) with iron (Fe) status, and the hormonal CM (HCM) with the alteration of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) biomarkers. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of CM over the biomarkers of Fe, Cu and Zn status, and the prevalence of micronutrient deficiency on 81 Chilean childbearing age women. We evaluated mean corpuscular volume (MCV), hemoglobin (Hb), zinc protoporphyrin (Zpp), serum Fe (FeS) , transferrin saturation (TS), total Fe binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin receptor (Tfr), serum ferritin (SF), serum copper (CuS), ceruloplasmin (Cp) mass, activity and specific activity and serum zinc (ZnS). From the total women, 40% used HCM and 49% did not use HCM. Women using HCM showed higher values of FeS, ST, CuS, Cp mass and activity (p<0.05) and lower Zpp (p<0.05) compared with those that did not use HCM. Not statistical differences were found on MCV, Hb, TIBC, Tfr, SF, ZnS and Cp specific activity values between groups. HCM utilization did not affect Fe, Cu and Zn status in the studied population.

Las mujeres en edad reproductiva conforman un grupo vulnerable de presentar deficiencia de micronutrientes. Se ha relacionado el método anticonceptivo (MA) con el estatus de hierro (Fe), y al MA hormonal (MAH) con la alteración de bio-marcadores de cobre (Cu) y zinc (Zn). El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto del MA sobre los biomarcadores del estatus de Fe, Cu y Zn y la prevalencia de deficiencia de éstos, en 81 mujeres chilenas en edad reproductiva. Se evaluó el volumen corpuscular medio (VCM), hemoglobina (Hb), Zinc protoporfirina (Zpp), Fe sérico (FeS), saturación de tranferrina (ST), capacidad total de unión de Fe (TIBC), receptor de transferrina (rTf), ferritina sérica (FS), cobre sérico (CuS), ceruloplasmina (Cp) masa, actividad y actividad específica y zinc sérico (ZnS). El 40% utilizó MAH y 49% no utilizaba MAH. Las mujeres que utilizaban MAH presentaron valores más altos de FeS, ST, CuS, Cp masa y actividad (p<0,05) y menor Zpp (p<0,05) que aquellas que no utilizaban MAH. No se encontraron diferencias en el VCM, Hb, TIBC, rTf, FS, ZnS, y Cp actividad específica entre ambos grupos. Se concluye que el uso de MAH no afectó el estatus de Fe, Cu y Zn en la población estudiada.