[Structural changes of the adrenal cortex in experimental genital herpes virus infection].

The reactive changes in the adrenal gland cortex were studied in mature female guinea pigs (n=5) in an experimental model of acute genital herpes virus infection. The methods of light and transmission electron microscopy were used. To confirm the presence of viral antigen in the corticosterocytes (CSC), the methods of immunfluorescence and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry were used. It was shown that at day 7 of an acute process, focal CSC reactive changes appeared in the glomerular zone - at the light microscopic level, CSC had intact nuclei and optically empty cytoplasm, while at the electron microscopic level, these CSC demonstrated the damaged membranous organelles, and various membranous structures which were not found in the normal cells. The aggregates of hypertrophied CSC were found in the fasciculate zone. The changes described were reversible, as they practically disappeared by the onset of spontaneous recovery (day 21 after inoculation). The regeneration of CSC of glomerular and fasciculate zones of the adrenal cortex involves both intracellular and cellular mechanisms.

[Infectious genesis of nephroliths (electron-microscopic study)].

Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray microstructural analysis were employed in the study of nephroliths from patients suffering from nephrolithiasis. Bacterial biofilms, urease producing microorganisms, alkaline reaction of the urine are basic factors for local urine crystallization, formation of the base of the nephroliths and its rigid fixation to the pelvic mucosa. Mechanic trauma of the pelvic tissues by the concrement results in destruction of the pelvic mucosa epithelium at the site of the nephrolith. Subsequent inflammation in the underlying connective tissue contributes to formation of connective tissue commissures fixing the conrement in the kidney. It is shown that bacteria as a part of a biofilm are capable to persist in nephroliths for a long time. Destruction of the stones during operation or lithotripsy can trigger activation of growth of bacteria integrated in the biofilm and cause septic complications. Preservation of commissures with elements of the destroyed stone after lithotripsy or surgical removal is one of the leading causes of recurrent nephrolithiasis.

[Intraovarian regulators of folliculogenesis].

The review summarizes information about the intraovarian modulators of folliculogenesis. Consistently described auto-and paracrine factors and mechanisms involved in the regulation of follicular development from the entry in the growth of primordial follicles before ovulation of the dominant follicle.

[Persistence of Burkholderia cenocepacia bacteria in vivo in dependence of their ability to form biofilms].

AIM: To select the most susceptible line of mice which allows to conduct comparative studies of infectious process caused by different strains of B. cepacia in order to explore correlation between ability to form biofilms and persistence of bacteria in organs of infected animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Strain B. cenocepacia 370, which is a clinical isolate, and its mutants with modified ability to form biofilms were used. Conditional microbiologic methods and biological models of intraperitoneal and intranasal inoculation of mice belonging to 4 lines: BALB/c, BLACK, I/St, and A/Sn derived in Central Institute of Tuberculosis were employed. Criteria of persistence was duration of isolation of different strains of bacteria from lungs and spleen of inoculated animals as well as number of CFU. RESULTS: The most susceptible line of mice which enables to conduct comparative studies of infectious process caused by Burkholderia species was determined. It was shown that even after intraperitoneal inoculation the agent was better preserved in lungs than in spleen that corresponds to natural localization of this infection. At any time of observation the number of cells of mutant strain, which is a superproducer of biofilms, isolated from organs of inoculated mice was 2 - 10 times higher than number of isolated cells of mutant, which do not produce biofilms. CONCLUSION: Correlation of more prolonged persistence of B. cenocepacia in organs of inoculated animals in vivo with ability of the agent to form biofilms determined in vitro is experimentally established. The susceptible line of mice which allows to conduct comparative studies of dynamics of infectious process caused by various strains of Burkholderia species was revealed. It was shown that irrespective from method of inoculation B. cepacia are able to continuously persist in organism of susceptible animals with lungs as a predominant localization.

[Study of persistence of low virulent strain of Toxoplasma gondii on in vivo model].

AIM: To study virulence of Toxoplasma gondii strain isolated from pathologicoanatomic brain tissue of HIV-infected patients on in vivo model as well as immune response to the pathogen in immunocompetent animals and in animals with cyclophosphamide-induced areactivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Groups of immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice were inoculated with cysts of T. gondii obtained from brain tissues of deceased HIV-infected patients. Parasites were detected in different organs and tissues by PCR as well as by parasitological and histological methods. Antibodies to T. gondii belonging to isotypes IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgA were detected by immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS: Cysts of the pathogen located predominantly in animals' brain, and more rarely - in spleen and liver. Using detection of antibodies of different isotypes, which marked stage of invasion, dynamics of humoral response during persistence of toxoplasms in organism was determined. Analysis of disease pathogenesis as well as peculiarities of immune response to the pathogen in immunocompetent animals and in animals with cyclophosphamide-induced areactivity was performed. CONCLUSION: Characteristics of strains of toxoplasms isolated from material of brain section of patients with HIV infection were studied. Their low virulence and ability to prolonged persistence in organism of mice were demonstrated on in vivo model. Possible association of T. gondii strains' virulence and clinical symptoms with pathogen's genetic polymorphism and its clonal population structure was discussed.

[Experimental and histological analysis of histogenesis and tissue regeneration (some results of the 20th century and perspectives on further research)]. / Eksperimental'no-gistologicheskii analiz gistogeneza i regeneratsii tkanei (nekotorye itogi XX v. i perspecktivy dal'neishikh issledovanii).

The article is devoted to theoretical analysis of certain achievements in the area of cellular and tissue biology. Evolutional laws of tissue development, theory of divergent differentiation of histological structures, conception of cellular-differon tissue organization, formulated earlier were completely suitable for analysis of processes of development and regeneration of living systems at different structural levels of organization. System-forming plasmalemmas, receptor-transductor and adaptive properties were related to most important characteristics of living systems that can be experimentally histologically analysed. Morphofunctional signs of differons and histions and tissue classifications were considered.

[Mechanism of ovarian follicle selection for ovulation]. / Mekhanizmy selektsii ovarial'nykh follikulov dlia ovuliatsii.

Mechanisms of ovarian follicles selection for ovulation remain incompletely deciphered. Studying mechanisms of transmission of hormonal stimulatory and inhibitory signals to follicular histion somatic cells may assist in progress in this area of knowledge. The present study was aimed to detect a-subunits of G proteins (common, stimulatory, inhibitory) involved in transmission of hormonal signals to intracellular effectors and phospholipase C, initiating phosphatidyl inositol mechanism of hormonal stimuli transmission, in cryostat sections of follicles using indirect immunolabeling. A-common subunit to labeling index of granulosa layer cells correlating with the phase of follicle development was identified. A direct relationship between phospholipase C activity in granulosa layer cells of antral follicles and their size was demonstrated as well. The perspective of research in this area and their significance for the development of the theory of follicle selection is discussed.

[The thyroid gland as a modulator of ovarian development and histophysiology]. / Shchitovidnaia zheleza kak moduliator razvitiia i gistofiziologii.

On the base of the complex of experiments modeling disfunctional states of the thyroid gland were proved the most importance of the thyroid gland hormones in regulation of development and histophysiology of the ovary. There were analyzed possible mechanizmes by with thyroid gland hormones influence on this biological processes and its role in general system of the neurohumoral regulation of sexual function.

[A mathematical model of the physiological estrous cycle in outbred rats]. / Matematicheskaia model' fiziologicheskogo éstral'nogo tsikla besporodnykh krys.

The mathematical model of the physiological estrous cycle of the laboratory rat was developed. The data on physiological concentration of the hormones, participating in the estrous cycle regulation and admittances on the growth and selection of the ovarian follicles made the base of the model. The developed system of differentiated equations allowed to reproduce quiet precisely the duration of the estrous cycle phases, to follow up the behaviour of the apparent cohort of the growing ovarian follicles during several cycles. The model is a base for the studying of the effect of the different factors on the estrous cycle.

[The functional interrelationship of the ovaries and the thyroid]. / Funktsional'naia vzaimosviaz' iaichnikov i shchitovidnoi zhelezy.

The character of the estrous cycle was studied in mature rats with different variants of the experimental hypophyseal-thyroid imbalance. This state was caused by injecting rifathyroine--a synthetic analogue of thyroliberin, thyrotropin and L-thyroxin to rats having a stable 4-days estrous cycle. The above manipulations were made either in the morning hours of proestrus when a rapid growth of dominant follicles takes place in the ovary, or at the stage of diestrus when new ovarian follicles start growing. The effect of injecting rifathyroin nonspecifically stimulating the release of prolactin by the adenohypophysis was dependent on the stage of the estrous cycle in which the animal was when injecting the drug was started. If it was the proestrus, the duration and sequence of the estrous cycle phases was not changed. If injecting rifathyroin was started at diestrus, in 6 of 11 animals this stage was as long as the whole cycle period. An experimental elevation of the content of thyrotropin caused by a single injection resulted in a disturbance of the duration and sequence of phases of the estrous cycle in all the animals. If thyrotropin was injected within the first hours of proestrus, this phase became shorter and the ovulation did not take place. An injection of thyrotropin during diestrus prolonged the latter for the whole period of observations equal to the cycle duration. Injections of L-thyroxin failed to change the sequence and duration of the cycle phases practically in half of the experimental animals, independent of the phase when the injecting was started. In 6 of 11 rats given the first injection of L-thyroxin at the stage of proestrus the anestrus and a prolonged phase of diestrus (during the whole cycle) were observed afterwards.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Reaction of the ovaries of 1- and 4-day-old rat pups to transplantation]. / Reaktsiia iaichnikov 1- i 4-dnevnykh krysiat na transplantatsiiu.

Morphofunctional peculiarities of ovarian development in 1- and 4-day-old rats have been studied under conditions of their transplantation into mature female rats. In 30 days in transplants of both series of the experiments atretic process develops. Better preservation of the general pool of the germ cells and follicles is obtained at transplantation of the ovaries from the 4-day-old donors; their ovocytes at the operation time are at the stationary state of meiosis prophase. Ovocytes of 1-day-old animals, being at the stages of early prophase, are more vulnerable at homotransplantation.

[Morphogenesis and histophysiology of the corpus luteum]. / Morfogenez i gistofiziologiia zheltogo tela.

A great amount of different problems on morphogenesis and histophysiology of the corpus luteum is presented, with an emphasis on light optic and ultrastructural data that characterize the developmental dynamics of the corpus luteum. The vascular reaction is described in details, beginning from the preovulatory period. The total high vascularization rate is demonstrated and certain information on ultrastructure of newly formed capillaries and macrophages is concerned with. For the first time the authors' data on intravascular macrophages are given. The role of macrophages in the function and structural dynamics of the corpus luteum is discussed. Owing to the results obtained histochemically, ultrastructurally and biochemically, the subject on dynamics of the corpus luteum hormonoproduction, on processes participating in the hormone secretion, as well as on the role of the interstitial tissue in the corpus luteum formation is considered. The data from the literature and those of the authors are presented concerning the means and ways of progesteron transport in the form of vesicles, granules, or by means of molecular diffusion. Participation of the corpus luteum macrophages (tissue and vascular ones) in processes of synthesis and transport of progesteron is analysed. The role of prostaglandins in the chain of regulation of development, function and involution of the corpus luteum is studied. The changes in balance of prostaglandins, when prostaglandin F2 is administered result in decreasing amount of progesterone in blood. In the experiment, synthesis of prostaglandins is blocked by indometacin administration and it causes certain disturbances in luteal transformation.

[Effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on the corpus luteum of the ovary and peripheral blood plasma progesterone concentration in pregnant mice]. / Deistvie prostaglandina 2 alpha na zheltoe telo iaichnika i kontsentratsiiu progesterona v plazme perifericheskoi krovi beremennoi myshi.

A study was made of the effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on submicroscopic and histochemical structure of the yellow bodies and progesterone concentration in peripheral blood plasma in the pre-implantation period of embryonal development. Electron microscopy, radioimmunoassay and histochemical technique were applied. Apart from the signs of steroidogenesis preservation in luteocytes of the control group yellow bodies (during elevation of prostaglandin F2 alpha concentration in the body), there was a significant reduction of the activity in them of the key enzyme of the steroidogenesis, 3-beta-steroid dehydrogenase. Attention is paid to variation of the capillary system of the yellow bodies, induced by prostaglandin F2 alpha. This variation was marked by the absence of fenestration and by reactive status of endotheliocytes. It is concluded that prostaglandin F2 alpha primarily affects functional properties of steroid-producing cells. The authors suggest that there are potential links between the reduced progesterone level in peripheral blood plasma and submicroscopic changes in luteic cells and yellow body capillaries.