Bioprospecting a Film-Forming System Loaded with Eugenia uniflora L. and Tropaeolum majus L. Leaf Extracts for Topical Application in Treating Skin Lesions.

Natural products can be used as complements or as alternatives to synthetic drugs. Eugenia uniflora and Tropaeolum majus are natives of Brazil and have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. This study aimed to develop a film-forming system (FFS) loaded with plant extracts with the potential for treating microbial infections. E. uniflora and T. majus leaf extracts were prepared and characterized, and the individual and combined antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were evaluated. The FFS was developed with different concentrations of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and analyzed for physicochemical characteristics. The combination of extracts showed a superior antioxidant effect compared to the individual extracts, justifying the use of the blend. FFS prepared with 4.5% PVA, 4.5% PVP, 7.81% E. uniflora extract, and 3.90% T. majus extract was adhesive, lacked scale formation, presented good malleability, and had a suitable pH for topical application. In addition, the viscosity at rest was satisfactory for maintaining stability; water solubility was adequate; skin permeation was low; and the antimicrobial effect was superior to that of the individual extracts. Therefore, the developed FFS is promising for the differentiated treatment of skin lesions through topical application.

Macroscopic changes in the mammary glands of healthy cats after progestogen administration / Alterações macroscópicas nas glândulas mamárias de gatas hígidas após administração de progestágeno

The administration of contraceptives in female cats leads to problems such as pyometra, fetal maceration, mammary hyperplasia, and mammary neoplasms. Among the diseases caused by contraceptives, mammary hyperplasia has only been diagnosed in felines. However, few experimental studies have shown that contraceptive administration can cause feline mammary hyperplasia. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the administration of a single dose of contraceptives in the mammary glands of healthy cats. Twenty cat owners who had administered contraceptives to female cats were selected. Animals were divided into two groups. Contraceptives were administered to cats in the first group, and saline solution was administered to cats in the other group (control). Before drug administration, all cats were clinically examined. Anamnesis, physical examination, blood count, biochemical tests, and abdominal ultrasonography were performed. Thirty days after the administration of contraceptives, all cats were examined, and the examinations were repeated. At 30 days, no changes were observed in the blood count or ultrasound findings. However, upon physical examination, all cats that received contraceptives showed generalized enlargement of their mammary glands. Cats in the control group were clinically normal. Ninety days after the procedure, the cats underwent an ovariohysterectomy. At that time, all cats were clinically normal and mammary enlargement regressed. It was concluded that a single contraceptive application could cause macroscopic mammary changes suggestive of hyperplasia in ten cats.(AU)

A administração de anticoncepcionais em gatas causa problemas como piometra, maceração fetal, hiperplasia mamária e neoplasias mamárias. Dentre as doenças causadas por anticoncepcionais, a hiperplasia mamária tem sido diagnosticada apenas em felinas. No entanto, poucos estudos experimentais comprovaram que a hiperplasia mamária felina pode ser causada pela administração de anticoncepcionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da administração de dose única de anticoncepcional nas glândulas mamárias de gatas saudáveis. Foram selecionados 20 tutores de gatos que administrariam contraceptivos em suas gatas. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos. Anticoncepcionais foram administrados às gatas do primeiro grupo, e solução salina foi administrada às gatas do outro grupo (controle). Antes da administração do fármaco, todas as gatas foram examinadas clinicamente. Foram realizados anamnese, exame físico, hemograma, exames bioquímicos e ultrassonografia abdominal. Trinta dias após a administração dos anticoncepcionais, todas as gatas foram examinadas e os exames repetidos. Aos 30 dias, não foram observadas alterações no hemograma ou ultrassonografia. No entanto, ao exame físico, todas as gatas que receberam anticoncepcionais apresentaram aumento generalizado das glândulas mamárias. As gatas do grupo controle estavam clinicamente normais. Noventa dias após o procedimento, as gatas foram submetidas à ovariohisterectomia. Na ocasião do procedimento cirúrgico, todas as gatas apresentavam-se clinicamente normais, havendo regressão do aumento de volume mamário. Concluiu-se que uma única aplicação de anticoncepcional foi capaz de causar alterações mamárias macroscópicas sugestivas de hiperplasia em dez gatas.(AU)

Eletrofiação aplicada a cicatrização de feridas: revisão de literatura / Electrospinning applied to wound healing: literature review / Electroalambre aplicado a la cicatrización de heridas: revisión de la literatura

feridas correspondem a interrupção da continuidade da pele, com a perda de uma ou mais camadas do tecido cutâneo. Curativos tradicionalmente aplicados em feridas cutâneas buscam principalmente fornecer uma barreira de proteção e permitir o desenvolvimento dos eventos celulares e bioquímicos que compreendem a cicatrização. Objetivou-se com este estudo apresentar sob a forma de revisão de literatura narrativa os principais eventos relacionados ao processo de reparo tecidual da pele, bem como abordar a aplicabilidade da técnica de eletrofiação no desenvolvimento de curativos funcionais biocompatíveis. Foram selecionados artigos voltados à caracterização dos eventos chave ocorridos a nível tecidual durante a cicatrização e, na sequência, buscou-se artigos voltados à produção, caracterização e aplicação de filmes nanoeletrofiados com ênfase na utilização de biopolímeros e substâncias bioativas. Observou-se que a maioria dos trabalhos recentes, voltados a pesquisa de base, descrevem a resposta vascular como o principal evento do processo cicatricial, sendo responsável pelas etapas que se desenrolam a seguir, que compreendem as fases inflamatória, proliferativa e de remodelamento, classicamente já descritas. Os curativos funcionais baseados em polímeros eletrofiados apresentam resultados superiores quanto testados in vitro e in vivo. As características morfoestruturais mimetizam a matriz extracelular e podem atuar em tecidos alvo como dispositivos de entrega de substâncias. Conclui-se que a atualização e reorganização de conceitos relativos à cicatrização podem contribuir no desenvolvimento de inovações, como os curativos produzidos por eletrofiação. Embora promissora, as desvantagens da técnica encontram-se principalmente no processo de obtenção e disponibilidade, que limitam a aplicação clínica em escala comercial.

Wounds correspond to the interruption of skin continuity, with the loss of one or more layers of skin tissue. Dressings traditionally applied to cutaneous wounds mainly seek to provide a protective barrier and allow the development of cellular and biochemical events that comprise healing. The objective of this study was to present, in the form of a narrative literature review, the main events related to the skin tissue repair process, as well as to address the applicability of the electrospinning technique in the development of biocompatible functional dressings. Articles focused on the characterization of the key events that occurred at the tissue level during healing were selected and, subsequently, articles focused on the production, characterization and application of nanoelectrospun films with emphasis on the use of biopolymers and bioactive substances were sought. It was observed that most recent works, focused on basic research, describe the vascular response as the main event of the healing process, being responsible for the steps that follow, which include the inflammatory, proliferative and remodeling phases, classically already described. Functional dressings based on electrospun polymers show superior results when tested in vitro and in vivo. The morphostructural features mimic the extracellular matrix and can act in target tissues as substance delivery devices. It is concluded that the updating and reorganization of concepts related to healing can contribute to the development of innovations, such as dressings produced by electrospinning. Although promising, the technique's disadvantages lie mainly in the process of obtaining and availability, which limit clinical application on a commercial scale.

Las heridas corresponden a la interrupción de la continuidad de la piel, con la pérdida de una o más capas de tejido cutáneo. Los apósitos aplicados tradicionalmente a las heridas cutáneas buscan principalmente proporcionar una barrera protectora y permitir el desarrollo de los eventos celulares y bioquímicos que comprenden la curación. El objetivo de este estudio fue presentar en forma de revisión bibliográfica narrativa los principales acontecimientos relacionados con el proceso de reparación tisular de la piel, así como abordar la aplicabilidad de la técnica de electrodeposición en el desarrollo de apósitos funcionales biocompatibles. Se seleccionaron artículos dirigidos a la caracterización de los eventos chave ocurridos a nivel técnico durante la cicatrización y, a continuación, se buscaron artículos dirigidos a la producción, caracterización y aplicación de películas nanoelectrofíricas con énfasis en el uso de biopolímeros y sustancias bioativas. Se observa que la mayoría de los trabajos recientes, realizados en la investigación de base, describen la respuesta vascular como el principal evento del proceso cicatricial, siendo responsable de las etapas que se desarrollan a continuación, que comprenden las fases inflamatoria, proliferativa y de remodelación, clásicamente descritas. Los apósitos funcionales basados en polímeros electro-tejidos presentan resultados superiores cuando se prueban in vitro e in vivo. Las características morfoestruturales mimetizan la matriz extracelular y pueden actuar en tejidos alvos como dispositivos de entrega de sustancias. Se concluye que la actualización y la reorganización de los conceptos relativos a la cicatrización pueden contribuir al desarrollo de innovaciones, como las curativas producidas por la electrofagia. Aunque es prometedora, las desventajas de la técnica radican principalmente en el proceso de obtención y la disponibilidad, que limitan la aplicación clínica a escala comercial.

Abordagem cirúrgica em bezerros com onfalite / Surgical approach in calves with omphalitis

Pathological changes in the umbilical region are common in calves. Among such alterations, omphalitis is included. This term is used to define inflammation and infection of the external structures of the umbilicus. According to the affected structures, it can be subclassified into omphalophlebitis, omphaloarteritis, omphalourachitis and panvasculitis. These inflammations are usually associated with bacterial infections. There are predisposing conditions that include inadequate handling such as poor hygiene and neglect of primary care. Omphalitis can affect the animal in a multisystemic way, compromising its well-being and bringing economic losses. In treatment, the use of antimicrobials does not always solve the problem. Thus, surgical treatment can be used, which has good results and should be the choice in the disease. The objective of this work is to report 30 cases of omphalitis in calves, submitted to surgical or conservative treatment. Thirty cases of omphalitis in calves treated in the routine of the Veterinary Hospital of the Paranaense University was analyzed. On physical examination, the animals presented fever, apathy, hyporexia or anorexia and increase of umbilical volume, usually with purulent secretion. Some animals had sepsis and arthritis. In animals with sepsis, hyperemia of the episcleral vessels, dehydration and severe apathy were observed. In calves with arthritis, increased joint volume, pain on palpation and lameness were observed. In animals where the owners did not authorize the surgery, treatment was instituted with sulfadoxine and flunixim meglumine. In dehydrated calves, fluid therapy was used. Animals that were surgically treated received the same clinical treatment protocol as non-operated animals. The surgical procedure was performed under general anesthesia and consisted of resection of the affected umbilical structures. Omphalophlebitis was the most common illness. The most frequent complication was sepsis. Calves treated surgically had a higher survival rate (86.66%) than those treated clinically (46.67%). The clinical signs presented by all animals converged with the literature, allowing for clinical diagnosis. Clinical examination is essential for diagnosis in omphalitis cases. Complementary methods include ultrasound, thermography and laparoscopy, which are important to identify changes in intra-abdominal umbilical structures. Accurate diagnosis of the involved structures was only possible in animals surgically, as well as alterations in organs such as the liver and bladder. There is great variability related to the umbilical structures involved, according to initial care, breeds, seasonality or even the method of conception. Unlike what is observed in the literature, in the present study, there was a higher prevalence of omphalophlebitis, demonstrating variability in relation to the umbilical structures involved. Sepsis, observed in 16.7% of cases, results from bacterial ascension of the umbilical structures. Lameness due to polyarthritis was found in 10% of animals. Meningoencephalitis was observed in 3.3%. Hepatic and retroperitoneal abscedation were observed in 6.7% and 3.3% of cases, respectively. Conservative treatment with antibiotics and local antiseptics has a limited effect on this type of condition, which was proven in the present study, since the survival rate was statistically higher in animals surgically treated.(AU)

Craniosquise with meningocelis in newborn calf

Background: Cranioschisis is a malformation that occurs during embryological development and results in incomplete closure of the skull, leaving an opening through which the intracranial tissue can project. Meningocele consists of herniation of the meninges containing cerebrospinal fluid through the cranial defect. In cattle, this association usually manifested by the appearance of a floating saccular protrusion of variable size and volume in the frontal or parietal region of the cranium. This manuscript aims to report a case of cranioschisis associated with meningocele and neurological deficit in a newborn calf in the northwestern region of the state of Paraná. Case: A 2-day-old crossbred female calf was diagnosed with cranioschisis associated with meningocele in the frontal region of the head. On initial clinical examination, an ovoid mass with floating appearance was observed, extending from the supraorbital curvature of the frontal bone to the end of the nasal bones following the midline. The patient had normal parameters for the species and age and a positive sucking reflex. Neurological examination showed permanent lateral decubitus position, spastic paresis of the thoracic limbs and opisthotonus. Complementary imaging studies, including xrays and ultrasonography, showed a failure in the frontal bone, approximately 5 cm in diameter. Despite the unfavorable prognosis, surgical reduction was chosen. After drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid, excision of the meningeal sac was continuously performed, exposing the subarachnoid space, showing circular failure in the frontal bone with a diameter of 4.5 cm, making it possible to observe part of the right frontal lobe. We opted for occlusion of the bone defect by covering it with the dura mater. Absorbable 0 catgut suture was applied in a simple...(AU)

Use of phytotherapics, low power laser and ozone for biting wound in dog

Background: Skin wounds are among the most common cases in small animals, highlighting the importance of alternativetherapies as an aid to the healing process. These include ozone, which has a bactericidal and immunomodulatory action; thelow power laser that determines photodynamic changes triggering metabolism elevation; and the use of medicinal plants,in which several herbal medicines has been mentioned in research relating their benefits to wound healing in humans andanimals. Thus, it aims to report the case of a dog submitted to these treatments due to chronic wound due to bite.Case: A 6-year-old canine, female, mixed-breed, 8 kg, with a perforating wound in the left anterior limb in the scapularand humeral region, caused by trauma from the bite of another dog, previously treated, without clinical improvement,has been attended presenting apathy, increased body temperature (40.1°C), difficulty in walking and inability to supportthe injured limb, which was swollen, hyperemic, with elevated temperature, absence of hair, elevated pain sensitivity andpresence of 2 circular lesions, approximately 2 cm in diameter, caused by trauma, and others of size between 0.5 and 1 cmin diameter, which appeared during the course of the disease, characterized as fistulas, through which there was drainageof characteristic fluid exudative and purulent discharge. It was collected blood sample for blood count and purulent material through sterile swab for culture and antibiogram. Systemic treatment with ceftiofur, dipyrone, meloxican and topicalcleaning of the wounds with hydrogen peroxide and physiological solution; dimethyl sulfoxide ointment, and hot compresses was chosen. After seven days, the animal showed significant general clinical...(AU)

Utilização de creme de extrato de calêndula em ferida lacerante em equino / Use of calender extract cream in equine lacerate wound

Background: Wounds and lacerations are constant in the clinical routine of horses. The treatment of wounds by the secondintention is the most common in the equine clinic; it consists in addition to surgical debridement, the use of allopathic orphytotherapeutic healing. In this context, several phytotherapics used in folk medicine have been used with promisingresults in the equine species, especially marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), recognized by the German scientific committee as antiseptic and healing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the nonionic cream of Calendulaofficinalis at 2% in an extensive lacerating wound in an equine.Case: A 6-month-old female Quarter Horse, weighing 160 kg, a lacerating wound in the pectoral region of unknowntraumatic origin, was treated in the large animal sector of the Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR).Clinical examination revealed an exudative wound in the pectoral region, complicated by the presence of environmentalorganic matter and myiasis, involving transverse pectoral and descending pectoral muscles, with a large tissue separationand exposure of part of the first sternum. After an initial evaluation, a trichotomy was performed around the wound, removalof myiasis and sanitization of the wound with water and PVP-I, which was filled with sterile dressings and covered with adressing using a tubular mesh. Antibiotic therapy was instituted, along with anti-inflammatory medication and antitetanicserum (5,000 IU). Due to the need for surgical debridement, after previous fasting and general anesthesia followed bysite antisepsis, surgical debridement was performed, followed by reduction of dead space with application of standard“Wolf” sutures, for re-approximation of the wound edges was applied suture in Wolf pattern captonated with segmentsof equipment. In the post-surgical period, topical treatment with nitrofurazone ointment and crystal...(AU)

Utilização de creme de extrato de calêndula em ferida lacerante em equino / Use of calender extract cream in equine lacerate wound

Background: Wounds and lacerations are constant in the clinical routine of horses. The treatment of wounds by the secondintention is the most common in the equine clinic; it consists in addition to surgical debridement, the use of allopathic orphytotherapeutic healing. In this context, several phytotherapics used in folk medicine have been used with promisingresults in the equine species, especially marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), recognized by the German scientific committee as antiseptic and healing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the nonionic cream of Calendulaofficinalis at 2% in an extensive lacerating wound in an equine.Case: A 6-month-old female Quarter Horse, weighing 160 kg, a lacerating wound in the pectoral region of unknowntraumatic origin, was treated in the large animal sector of the Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR).Clinical examination revealed an exudative wound in the pectoral region, complicated by the presence of environmentalorganic matter and myiasis, involving transverse pectoral and descending pectoral muscles, with a large tissue separationand exposure of part of the first sternum. After an initial evaluation, a trichotomy was performed around the wound, removalof myiasis and sanitization of the wound with water and PVP-I, which was filled with sterile dressings and covered with adressing using a tubular mesh. Antibiotic therapy was instituted, along with anti-inflammatory medication and antitetanicserum (5,000 IU). Due to the need for surgical debridement, after previous fasting and general anesthesia followed bysite antisepsis, surgical debridement was performed, followed by reduction of dead space with application of standard“Wolf” sutures, for re-approximation of the wound edges was applied suture in Wolf pattern captonated with segmentsof equipment. In the post-surgical period, topical treatment with nitrofurazone ointment and crystal...

Use of phytotherapics, low power laser and ozone for biting wound in dog

Background: Skin wounds are among the most common cases in small animals, highlighting the importance of alternativetherapies as an aid to the healing process. These include ozone, which has a bactericidal and immunomodulatory action; thelow power laser that determines photodynamic changes triggering metabolism elevation; and the use of medicinal plants,in which several herbal medicines has been mentioned in research relating their benefits to wound healing in humans andanimals. Thus, it aims to report the case of a dog submitted to these treatments due to chronic wound due to bite.Case: A 6-year-old canine, female, mixed-breed, 8 kg, with a perforating wound in the left anterior limb in the scapularand humeral region, caused by trauma from the bite of another dog, previously treated, without clinical improvement,has been attended presenting apathy, increased body temperature (40.1°C), difficulty in walking and inability to supportthe injured limb, which was swollen, hyperemic, with elevated temperature, absence of hair, elevated pain sensitivity andpresence of 2 circular lesions, approximately 2 cm in diameter, caused by trauma, and others of size between 0.5 and 1 cmin diameter, which appeared during the course of the disease, characterized as fistulas, through which there was drainageof characteristic fluid exudative and purulent discharge. It was collected blood sample for blood count and purulent material through sterile swab for culture and antibiogram. Systemic treatment with ceftiofur, dipyrone, meloxican and topicalcleaning of the wounds with hydrogen peroxide and physiological solution; dimethyl sulfoxide ointment, and hot compresses was chosen. After seven days, the animal showed significant general clinical...

Craniosquise with meningocelis in newborn calf

Background: Cranioschisis is a malformation that occurs during embryological development and results in incomplete closure of the skull, leaving an opening through which the intracranial tissue can project. Meningocele consists of herniation of the meninges containing cerebrospinal fluid through the cranial defect. In cattle, this association usually manifested by the appearance of a floating saccular protrusion of variable size and volume in the frontal or parietal region of the cranium. This manuscript aims to report a case of cranioschisis associated with meningocele and neurological deficit in a newborn calf in the northwestern region of the state of Paraná. Case: A 2-day-old crossbred female calf was diagnosed with cranioschisis associated with meningocele in the frontal region of the head. On initial clinical examination, an ovoid mass with floating appearance was observed, extending from the supraorbital curvature of the frontal bone to the end of the nasal bones following the midline. The patient had normal parameters for the species and age and a positive sucking reflex. Neurological examination showed permanent lateral decubitus position, spastic paresis of the thoracic limbs and opisthotonus. Complementary imaging studies, including xrays and ultrasonography, showed a failure in the frontal bone, approximately 5 cm in diameter. Despite the unfavorable prognosis, surgical reduction was chosen. After drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid, excision of the meningeal sac was continuously performed, exposing the subarachnoid space, showing circular failure in the frontal bone with a diameter of 4.5 cm, making it possible to observe part of the right frontal lobe. We opted for occlusion of the bone defect by covering it with the dura mater. Absorbable 0 catgut suture was applied in a simple...

Utilização de sulfato de cobre para debridamento do tecido de granulação exuberante em ferida traumática de equino / Use of copper sulfate for debridement of exuberant granulation tissue in traumatic equine wounds

Devido às instalações em que são criados e à sua natureza, os equinos comumente envolvemse em acidentes que resultam, quase que em sua totalidade, em lesões nos membros em variados níveis de gravidade. Feridas localizadas nas extremidades distais são, em geral, complicadas pela falta de tecido de revestimento, má circulação, movimento articular, maior predisposição para contaminação e consequente infecção. Além disso os equinos apresentam particularidades relacionadas ao processo de cicatrização cutânea, sendo comum nessa espécie a formação de tecido de granulação exuberante, acarretando um tempo maior para a recuperação clínica e resolução da ferida. Diversos tratamentos têm sido descritos na literatura com o objetivo de prevenir ou reduzir a granulação exuberante em equinos, porém, ainda não há descrição de um protocolo para o tratamento de feridas crônicas nessa espécie. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar dois casos de equinos com feridas lacerantes em membros pélvicos, com o crescimento de tecido de granulação exuberante, tratado topicamente com sulfato de cobre a 20%. Esse método de tratamento mostrou-se eficaz, de baixo custo e fácil realização, constituindo uma possível terapia para feridas crônicas com hipergranulação em cavalos, principalmente nos casos em que a ressecção cirúrgica do tecido não for possível de ser realizada.(AU)

Due to the facilities in which horses are reared and their nature, they usually are involved in accidents that most of the times result in limb injuries of varying degrees of severity. Wounds located at the distal extremities are generally complicated by lack of lining tissue, poor circulation, joint movement, increased predisposition to contamination and consequent infection. Furthermore, skin healing in horses have particular characteristics, with exuberant granulation tissue formation being common in this species, leading to a longer time for clinical recovery and wound resolution. Several treatments have been described in the literature to prevent or reduce exuberant granulation in horses. However, no protocol has been described for the treatment of chronic wounds in this species. This paper aims at reporting two cases of horses with lacerating wounds in the hind limbs, with exuberant granulation growth, topically treated with 20% copper sulfate. This method of treatment has been shown to be effective, inexpensive, and easy to perform, being a possible therapy for chronic wounds with hypergranulation tissue in horses, especially in cases where surgical resection of the tissue is not possible.(AU)

Utilização de sulfato de cobre para debridamento do tecido de granulação exuberante em ferida traumática de equino / Use of copper sulfate for debridement of exuberant granulation tissue in traumatic equine wounds

Devido às instalações em que são criados e à sua natureza, os equinos comumente envolvemse em acidentes que resultam, quase que em sua totalidade, em lesões nos membros em variados níveis de gravidade. Feridas localizadas nas extremidades distais são, em geral, complicadas pela falta de tecido de revestimento, má circulação, movimento articular, maior predisposição para contaminação e consequente infecção. Além disso os equinos apresentam particularidades relacionadas ao processo de cicatrização cutânea, sendo comum nessa espécie a formação de tecido de granulação exuberante, acarretando um tempo maior para a recuperação clínica e resolução da ferida. Diversos tratamentos têm sido descritos na literatura com o objetivo de prevenir ou reduzir a granulação exuberante em equinos, porém, ainda não há descrição de um protocolo para o tratamento de feridas crônicas nessa espécie. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar dois casos de equinos com feridas lacerantes em membros pélvicos, com o crescimento de tecido de granulação exuberante, tratado topicamente com sulfato de cobre a 20%. Esse método de tratamento mostrou-se eficaz, de baixo custo e fácil realização, constituindo uma possível terapia para feridas crônicas com hipergranulação em cavalos, principalmente nos casos em que a ressecção cirúrgica do tecido não for possível de ser realizada.

Due to the facilities in which horses are reared and their nature, they usually are involved in accidents that most of the times result in limb injuries of varying degrees of severity. Wounds located at the distal extremities are generally complicated by lack of lining tissue, poor circulation, joint movement, increased predisposition to contamination and consequent infection. Furthermore, skin healing in horses have particular characteristics, with exuberant granulation tissue formation being common in this species, leading to a longer time for clinical recovery and wound resolution. Several treatments have been described in the literature to prevent or reduce exuberant granulation in horses. However, no protocol has been described for the treatment of chronic wounds in this species. This paper aims at reporting two cases of horses with lacerating wounds in the hind limbs, with exuberant granulation growth, topically treated with 20% copper sulfate. This method of treatment has been shown to be effective, inexpensive, and easy to perform, being a possible therapy for chronic wounds with hypergranulation tissue in horses, especially in cases where surgical resection of the tissue is not possible.

Calcium propionate increased milk parameters in Holstein cows

Background: In the early lactation, dairy cows go through a period of negative energy balance because they do not intakeenough food to supply the energetic demand of milk production. In this period, dairy cows are susceptible to metabolicdisorders, although has little evidence that milk production contribute to increase diseases occurrence. Some alternativesto minimize metabolic disorders, that reduce milk yield, has been suggested, as increase energy density in the diet of drycows 21 days before the parturition and include additives in the diet pre and post-partum. The aim of this study was tomeasure the productive parameters in dairy cows fed calcium salts as energetic source.Materials, Methods & Results: Two Latin square 4x4 were used, whereas one comprehended of early lactation cows andthe other of mid lactation cows. Animals of 2nd and 3rd parity were used only. Parity was distributed evenly among groups.The trial consisted of 4 groups with 4 treatments as follow: T1: 300 g of calcium acetate, T2: 200 g of calcium propionate,T3: 200 g of calcium salts of fatty acids, and T4: control without any calcium additive. The animals were milked twice aday, the first milking at 07:00 am and the second milking at 05:00 pm. Milk samples were collected in plastic containerswith potassium dichromate. These samples were sent to the Laboratory of Milk Analysis of the Paranaense Association ofBreeders of the Holstein Breed for analysis of fat, protein, lactose and total solids through the infrared method. Throughoutthe experimental period, the daily production of the animals under study was recorded. The production of milk (kg) wascorrected to 3.5% fat using the formula PLA 3.5% = (0.432 + kg milk) + (0.1623 x kg milk x fat content).Discussion: Greater supply of glucose or propionate stimulate milk protein production, but the mechanism of this stimulation is unclear...(AU)

Calcium propionate increased milk parameters in Holstein cows

Background: In the early lactation, dairy cows go through a period of negative energy balance because they do not intakeenough food to supply the energetic demand of milk production. In this period, dairy cows are susceptible to metabolicdisorders, although has little evidence that milk production contribute to increase diseases occurrence. Some alternativesto minimize metabolic disorders, that reduce milk yield, has been suggested, as increase energy density in the diet of drycows 21 days before the parturition and include additives in the diet pre and post-partum. The aim of this study was tomeasure the productive parameters in dairy cows fed calcium salts as energetic source.Materials, Methods & Results: Two Latin square 4x4 were used, whereas one comprehended of early lactation cows andthe other of mid lactation cows. Animals of 2nd and 3rd parity were used only. Parity was distributed evenly among groups.The trial consisted of 4 groups with 4 treatments as follow: T1: 300 g of calcium acetate, T2: 200 g of calcium propionate,T3: 200 g of calcium salts of fatty acids, and T4: control without any calcium additive. The animals were milked twice aday, the first milking at 07:00 am and the second milking at 05:00 pm. Milk samples were collected in plastic containerswith potassium dichromate. These samples were sent to the Laboratory of Milk Analysis of the Paranaense Association ofBreeders of the Holstein Breed for analysis of fat, protein, lactose and total solids through the infrared method. Throughoutthe experimental period, the daily production of the animals under study was recorded. The production of milk (kg) wascorrected to 3.5% fat using the formula PLA 3.5% = (0.432 + kg milk) + (0.1623 x kg milk x fat content).Discussion: Greater supply of glucose or propionate stimulate milk protein production, but the mechanism of this stimulation is unclear...

Blood parameters of lactating cows fed calcium salts as energetic source

Background: The negative energetic balance of lactating cows that occurs during the few weeks postpartum shifts the hormonal profile of the animal. These alterations may lead to metabolic disturbance as ketosis and lipid infiltration. Hypocalcemia is another metabolic problem that occurs in the peripartum period, it is characterized by the reduction in blood levels of calcium (Ca2+) near birth. Blood parameters illustrates the nutritional status of milking cows. The serum levels of glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and cholesterol are parameters that reveal liver condition and it is very important for the metabolism of milking cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate three additives in the form of a calcium salts on blood parameters of lactating cows.Materials, Methods & Results: Two Latin square 4x4 were used, whereas one comprehended of early lactation cows and the other of mid lactation cows. Animals of 2nd and 3rd parity were used only. Parity was distributed evenly among groups. The trial consisted of 4 groups with 4 treatments as follow: T1: 300 g of calcium acetate, T2: 200 g of calcium propionate, T3: 200 g of calcium salts of fatty acids, and T4: control without any calcium additive. Blood samples were collected for analysis of serial calcium, glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and cholesterol. The calcium levels were higher in T1 than T3 in early lactation. There was no significant difference of glucose levels between groups. Groups T1 and T2 had lower amounts of BHBA. Cholesterol was higher in T3 and T1 in the early lactation and just in T3 was higher in the mid lactation.[...]

Graft of small patch of partial thickness in equine wound

Background: Cutaneous wounds in locomotor limbs represent one of the most frequent disorders in equine medicine. Wounds in equines are distinguished from those in other species by unique characteristics, including different healing rates among breeds, wound location and high propensity to formation of exuberant granulation tissue during the healing process. The wound healing process that cannot be sutured can be accelerated by the use of skin grafts, lowering the treatment cost. The objective of this report was to divulgate the success upon treatment of an extensive lacerated wound in the metatarsal region of a horse using autologous skin grafts.Case: A 3-year-old, female, American quarter horse weighting 450 kg was brought to veterinary hospital with lower limb injury. According to the owner’s report, the animal had one of its limbs stuck in a plain wire fence. A wound was observed in the metatarsal region during physical examination, the lesion caused an extensive skin laceration that showed the dorsal surface of the metatarsal bone and the digital extensor tendon. After injury assessment, wound debridement was carried out by surgery intervention followed by antisepsis and application of autologous plasma every two days as post-surgical care and wound preparation to receive the graft. Forty-five days after the first intervention, grafts were collected from the neck and implanted in the wound. The procedure achieved 70% of success. After approximately 75 days, transplantation was performed in other regions of the wound using the same technique. The duration of treatment at the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR) was eight months, and then the animal returned home, where dressings were applied for two months to avoid the risk of contamination and until complete recovery.Discussion: The debridement of the wound and edges approximation were of great value in order to begin the process of wound granulation.[...]

Blood parameters of lactating cows fed calcium salts as energetic source

Background: The negative energetic balance of lactating cows that occurs during the few weeks postpartum shifts the hormonal profile of the animal. These alterations may lead to metabolic disturbance as ketosis and lipid infiltration. Hypocalcemia is another metabolic problem that occurs in the peripartum period, it is characterized by the reduction in blood levels of calcium (Ca2+) near birth. Blood parameters illustrates the nutritional status of milking cows. The serum levels of glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and cholesterol are parameters that reveal liver condition and it is very important for the metabolism of milking cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate three additives in the form of a calcium salts on blood parameters of lactating cows.Materials, Methods & Results: Two Latin square 4x4 were used, whereas one comprehended of early lactation cows and the other of mid lactation cows. Animals of 2nd and 3rd parity were used only. Parity was distributed evenly among groups. The trial consisted of 4 groups with 4 treatments as follow: T1: 300 g of calcium acetate, T2: 200 g of calcium propionate, T3: 200 g of calcium salts of fatty acids, and T4: control without any calcium additive. Blood samples were collected for analysis of serial calcium, glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and cholesterol. The calcium levels were higher in T1 than T3 in early lactation. There was no significant difference of glucose levels between groups. Groups T1 and T2 had lower amounts of BHBA. Cholesterol was higher in T3 and T1 in the early lactation and just in T3 was higher in the mid lactation.[...](AU)

Graft of small patch of partial thickness in equine wound

Background: Cutaneous wounds in locomotor limbs represent one of the most frequent disorders in equine medicine. Wounds in equines are distinguished from those in other species by unique characteristics, including different healing rates among breeds, wound location and high propensity to formation of exuberant granulation tissue during the healing process. The wound healing process that cannot be sutured can be accelerated by the use of skin grafts, lowering the treatment cost. The objective of this report was to divulgate the success upon treatment of an extensive lacerated wound in the metatarsal region of a horse using autologous skin grafts.Case: A 3-year-old, female, American quarter horse weighting 450 kg was brought to veterinary hospital with lower limb injury. According to the owners report, the animal had one of its limbs stuck in a plain wire fence. A wound was observed in the metatarsal region during physical examination, the lesion caused an extensive skin laceration that showed the dorsal surface of the metatarsal bone and the digital extensor tendon. After injury assessment, wound debridement was carried out by surgery intervention followed by antisepsis and application of autologous plasma every two days as post-surgical care and wound preparation to receive the graft. Forty-five days after the first intervention, grafts were collected from the neck and implanted in the wound. The procedure achieved 70% of success. After approximately 75 days, transplantation was performed in other regions of the wound using the same technique. The duration of treatment at the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR) was eight months, and then the animal returned home, where dressings were applied for two months to avoid the risk of contamination and until complete recovery.Discussion: The debridement of the wound and edges approximation were of great value in order to begin the process of wound granulation.[...](AU)

Comparative study between the hemocytometric and spectrophotometric methods for measuring the sperm concentration of young Nelore bulls / Estudo comparativo entre o método hematocitométrico e o uso do espectrofotômetro para mensurar a concentração espermática de touros jovens da raça Nelore

Determination of sperm concentration using the Neubauer chamber (hemocytometric method) is a direct method for counting cells and also the most reliable. However, the process is time-consuming rendering it the least practical method when large numbers of ejaculates need to be processed. The spectrophotometer measures sperm concentrations as optical density and its main advantages are practicality and speed. This paper aimed to compare the results between evaluators using the hemocytometric method and the spectrophotometer for measuring sperm concentrations in young Nelore bulls. In total, 73 ejaculations from 20 young Nelore bulls were collected by electroejaculation. After soundness examination, 10 μL of the semen was diluted in 2 mL saline formaldehyde for measuring the sperm concentration per mL by the hemocytometric method (measured by three different evaluators) and the spectrophotometer method at 550 nm wavelength. No differences were detected in the results of sperm concentration measurements per mL among the evaluators using the hemocytometric method and the spectrophotometer (P > 0.05). The intraclass correlation was high (0.9), showing high replicability among the evaluator measurements. These results demonstrate that measurements performed using the spectrophotometer are reliable and can substitute the hemocytometric method in future for performing sperm concentration measurements in young Nelore bulls, thus improving and standardizing the techniques used in andrology laboratories.(AU0

A determinação da concentração espermática pela câmara de Neubauer (método hematocitométrico) é um método direto para contar células, e também é o mais confiável. Entretanto, o processo é demorado, o que o torna um método menos prático quando a quantidade de ejaculados a ser processado é muito grande. O espectrofotômetro é um dispositivo que mede a concentração de espermatozoides através da densidade óptica, e as suas principais vantagens são a sua praticidade e sua velocidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar os resultados entre os avaliadores no método hematocitométrico e o espectrofotômetro para medir a concentração de espermatozoides no ejaculado de touros jovens da raça Nelore. Um total de 73 ejaculações de 20 touros jovens da raça Nelore foram coletados por meio de eletroejaculação. Após exame andrológico, 10μL do sémen foram diluídos em 2 mL de solução salina de formaldeído para medir a concentração de espermatozoides por mL, utilizando o método hematocitométrico (medido por três diferentes avaliadores) e utilizando o método do espectrofotómetro com comprimento de onda de 550 nm. Não foram detectadas diferenças nos resultados de medição de concentração de espermatozoides por mL entre os avaliadores medidos pelo método hematocitométrico e espectrofotômetro (P > 0,05). A correlação intraclasse foi alta (0,9), mostrando uma alta replicabilidade entre as medidas das avaliações. Com os resultados do presente experimento, pode-se afirmar que a mensuração realizada pelo espectrofotômetro é confiável, e pode, no futuro, substituir o método hematocitométrico para realizar as mensurações de concentração de espermatozoides no ejaculado de touros jovens da raça Nelore, melhorando e padronizando as técnicas usadas em laboratórios andrologia.(AU)

Comparative study between the hemocytometric and spectrophotometric methods for measuring the sperm concentration of young Nelore bulls / Estudo comparativo entre o método hematocitométrico e o uso do espectrofotômetro para mensurar a concentração espermática de touros jovens da raça Nelore

Determination of sperm concentration using the Neubauer chamber (hemocytometric method) is a direct method for counting cells and also the most reliable. However, the process is time-consuming rendering it the least practical method when large numbers of ejaculates need to be processed. The spectrophotometer measures sperm concentrations as optical density and its main advantages are practicality and speed. This paper aimed to compare the results between evaluators using the hemocytometric method and the spectrophotometer for measuring sperm concentrations in young Nelore bulls. In total, 73 ejaculations from 20 young Nelore bulls were collected by electroejaculation. After soundness examination, 10 μL of the semen was diluted in 2 mL saline formaldehyde for measuring the sperm concentration per mL by the hemocytometric method (measured by three different evaluators) and the spectrophotometer method at 550 nm wavelength. No differences were detected in the results of sperm concentration measurements per mL among the evaluators using the hemocytometric method and the spectrophotometer (P > 0.05). The intraclass correlation was high (0.9), showing high replicability among the evaluator measurements. These results demonstrate that measurements performed using the spectrophotometer are reliable and can substitute the hemocytometric method in future for performing sperm concentration measurements in young Nelore bulls, thus improving and standardizing the techniques used in andrology laboratories.

A determinação da concentração espermática pela câmara de Neubauer (método hematocitométrico) é um método direto para contar células, e também é o mais confiável. Entretanto, o processo é demorado, o que o torna um método menos prático quando a quantidade de ejaculados a ser processado é muito grande. O espectrofotômetro é um dispositivo que mede a concentração de espermatozoides através da densidade óptica, e as suas principais vantagens são a sua praticidade e sua velocidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar os resultados entre os avaliadores no método hematocitométrico e o espectrofotômetro para medir a concentração de espermatozoides no ejaculado de touros jovens da raça Nelore. Um total de 73 ejaculações de 20 touros jovens da raça Nelore foram coletados por meio de eletroejaculação. Após exame andrológico, 10μL do sémen foram diluídos em 2 mL de solução salina de formaldeído para medir a concentração de espermatozoides por mL, utilizando o método hematocitométrico (medido por três diferentes avaliadores) e utilizando o método do espectrofotómetro com comprimento de onda de 550 nm. Não foram detectadas diferenças nos resultados de medição de concentração de espermatozoides por mL entre os avaliadores medidos pelo método hematocitométrico e espectrofotômetro (P > 0,05). A correlação intraclasse foi alta (0,9), mostrando uma alta replicabilidade entre as medidas das avaliações. Com os resultados do presente experimento, pode-se afirmar que a mensuração realizada pelo espectrofotômetro é confiável, e pode, no futuro, substituir o método hematocitométrico para realizar as mensurações de concentração de espermatozoides no ejaculado de touros jovens da raça Nelore, melhorando e padronizando as técnicas usadas em laboratórios andrologia.