Methane ice photochemistry and kinetic study using laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry at 20 K.

The ice photochemistry of pure methane (CH4) is studied at 20 K upon VUV irradiation from a microwave discharge H2 flow lamp. Laser Desorption Post-Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LDPI TOF-MS) is used for the first time to determine branching ratios of primary reactions leading to CH3, CH2, and CH radicals, typically for fluences as expected in space. This study is based on a stable end-products analysis and the mass spectra are interpreted using an appropriate set of coupled reactions and rate constants. This yields clearly different values from previous gas phase studies. The matrix environment as well as the higher efficiency of reverse reactions in the ice clearly favor CH3 radical formation as the main first generation photoproduct.

Laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry of ultraviolet photo-processed ices.

A new ultra-high vacuum experiment is described that allows studying photo-induced chemical processes in interstellar ice analogues. MATRI(2)CES - a Mass Analytical Tool to study Reactions in Interstellar ICES applies a new concept by combining laser desorption and time-of-flight mass spectrometry with the ultimate goal to characterize in situ and in real time the solid state evolution of organic compounds upon UV photolysis for astronomically relevant ice mixtures and temperatures. The performance of the experimental setup is demonstrated by the kinetic analysis of the different photoproducts of pure methane (CH4) ice at 20 K. A quantitative approach provides formation yields of several new species with up to four carbon atoms. Convincing evidence is found for the formation of even larger species. Typical mass resolutions obtained range from M/ΔM ∼320 to ∼400 for CH4 and argon, respectively. Additional tests show that the typical detection limit (in monolayers) is ⩽0.02 ML, substantially more sensitive than the regular techniques used to investigate chemical processes in interstellar ices.

Porosity and thermal collapse measurements of H2O, CH3OH, CO2, and H2O:CO2 ices.

The majority of astronomical and laboratory based studies of interstellar ices have been focusing on ice constituents. Ice structure is a much less studied topic. Particularly the amount of porosity is an ongoing point of discussion. A porous ice offers more surface area than a compact ice, for reactions that are fully surface driven. In this paper we discuss the amount of compaction for four different ices--H2O, CH3OH, CO2 and mixed H2O : CO2 = 2 : 1--upon heating over an astronomically relevant temperature regime. Laser interference and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy are used to confirm that for amorphous solid water the full signal loss of dangling OH bonds is not a proof for full compaction. These data are compared with the first compaction results for pure CH3OH, pure CO2 and mixed H2O : CO2 = 2 : 1 ice. Here we find that thermal segregation benefits from a higher degree of porosity.

Chemistry induced by low-energy electrons in condensed multilayers of ammonia and carbon dioxide.

We have investigated by means of HREEL spectroscopy electron induced reactivity in a binary CO2 : NH3 ice mixture. It was shown that the interaction of low energy electrons (9-20 eV) with such mixtures induces the synthesis of neutral carbamic acid NH2COOH and that flashing the sample at 140 K induces the formation of ammonium carbamate. The products have been assigned by FTIR spectroscopy of a CO2 : NH3 mixture heated from 10 K to 240 K. A mechanism involving dissociation of NH3 molecules into NH2* and H* radicals is proposed to explain the product formation.