RESUMEN
Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) due to Staphylococcus aureus have become increasingly common in the outpatient setting; however, risk factors for differentiating methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) SSTIs are needed to better inform antibiotic treatment decisions. We performed a case-case-control study within 14 primary-care clinics in South Texas from 2007 to 2015. Overall, 325 patients [S. aureus SSTI cases (case group 1, n = 175); MRSA SSTI cases (case group 2, n = 115); MSSA SSTI cases (case group 3, n = 60); uninfected control group (control, n = 150)] were evaluated. Each case group was compared to the control group, and then qualitatively contrasted to identify unique risk factors associated with S. aureus, MRSA, and MSSA SSTIs. Overall, prior SSTIs [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 7·60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3·31-17·45], male gender (aOR 1·74, 95% CI 1·06-2·85), and absence of healthcare occupation status (aOR 0·14, 95% CI 0·03-0·68) were independently associated with S. aureus SSTIs. The only unique risk factor for community-associated (CA)-MRSA SSTIs was a high body weight (⩾110 kg) (aOR 2·03, 95% CI 1·01-4·09).
Asunto(s)
Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/epidemiología , Infecciones de los Tejidos Blandos/epidemiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/epidemiología , Staphylococcus aureus/fisiología , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/microbiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/fisiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Atención Primaria de Salud , Factores de Riesgo , Infecciones de los Tejidos Blandos/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Infecciones Cutáneas Estafilocócicas/epidemiología , Infecciones Cutáneas Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Texas/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Foals are uniquely susceptible to a wide variety of opportunistic infections normally associated with immunodeficiencies. Little is understood about the immune system of foals during the neonatal period. An apparent age-related susceptibility predisposes neonatal foals to infectious diseases and hinders therapeutic and preventative interventions for these diseases. Cytokine expression is correlated with the type of immune response as well as the severity of a disease. In this study, we measured foal peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-specific mRNA cytokine expression from 72 foals from three different farms during the first 4 weeks of life. Interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p35, IL-12p40, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) were cloned and transcribed in vitro to generate antisense probes for ribonuclease protection assays. Using linear mixed-effect models, we determined that IFN-gamma, TGF-beta1, and IL-1alpha increased significantly (P<0.05) with age.
Asunto(s)
Citocinas/biosíntesis , Caballos/inmunología , Factores de Edad , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Citocinas/genética , Caballos/sangre , Leucocitos Mononucleares/inmunología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Modelos Lineales , ARN Mensajero/biosíntesis , ARN Mensajero/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa/veterinaria , Ribonucleasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
A rapid multi-probe ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) was developed to quantitate equine-specific cytokine mRNA levels in activated equine monocyte-derived macrophages (EMDM) and equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (EPBMC). Eleven template plasmids specific to 10 equine cytokine genes and the beta-actin gene were generated from which radiolabeled anti-sense RNA probes were produced. The multi-probe RPA simultaneously quantitated mRNA levels of equine IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 p35, IL-12 p40, IFN-gamma, TGF-1beta and TNF-alpha in EPBMC and EMDM with coefficients of variation as low as 0.03-0.08 (3-8%) when normalized to beta-actin expression. This sensitive and rapid assay provides a valuable tool for studies of equine immune responses.