Diseño y comparativa de biomateriales para el tratamiento de defectos óseos. Estudio de su comportamiento in vivo en modelo animal de conejo / Desing and comparison of bone substitutes. Study of in vivo behavior in a rabbit model

Objetivo: Comparar in vivo la capacidad de formación ósea de dos tipos de biomateriales diseñados como sustitutivos óseos respecto a autoinjerto de cresta iliaca, uno basado en carbonatohidroxiapatita y otro en vidrio mesoporoso bioactivo. Material y método: Estudio experimental compuesto por 14 conejos de Nueva Zelanda hembras adultas donde se realizó un defecto crítico en hueso radio. La muestra fue dividida en cuatro grupos: defecto sin material, con autoinjerto de cresta iliaca, con soporte de carbonatohidroxiapatita y con soporte de vidrio mesoporoso bioactivo. Se realizaron estudios seriados de radiología simple a las 2, 4, 6 y 12 semanas y estudio de micro-TC a eutanasia a las 6 y 12 semanas. Resultados: En el estudio de radiología simple, el grupo de autoinjerto mostró las mayores puntuaciones de formación ósea (7,5 puntos). Ambos grupos de biomateriales presentaron formación ósea similar (5,3 y 6 puntos, respectivamente) y mayor al defecto sin material (4 puntos), pero siempre menor que el grupo de autoinjerto. Los resultados del estudio de micro-TC mostraron el mayor volumen de hueso en el área de estudio en el grupo de autoinjerto. Los grupos con sustitutivos óseos presentaron mayor volumen de hueso que el grupo sin material, pero siempre menor que en el grupo de autoinjerto. Conclusiones: Ambos soportes parecen favorecer la formación ósea pero no son capaces de reproducir las características del autoinjerto. Por sus diferentes características macroscópicas cada uno podría ser adecuado para un tipo diferente de defecto.(AU)

Aim: Compare bone formation capacity in vivo of two types of biomaterials designed as bone substitutes with respect to iliac crest autograft, one based on carbonate hydroxyapatites and the other one on bioactive mesoporous glass. Materials and methods: Experimental study consisting on 14 adult female New Zeland rabbits where a critical defect was made in the rabbit radius bone. The sample was divided into four groups: defect without material, with iliac crest autograft, with carbonatehydroxyapatite support, and with bioactive mesoporous glass support. Serial X-ray studies were carried out at 2, 4, 6 and 12 weeks and a microCT study at euthanasia at 6 and 12 weeks. Results: In the X-ray study, autograft group showed the highest bone formation scores. Both groups of biomaterials presented bone formation similar and greater than the defect without material, but always less than in the autograft group. The results of the microCT study showed the largest bone volume in the study area in the autograft group. The groups with bone substitutes presented greater bone volume than the group without material but always less than in the autograft group. Conclusion: Both supports seem to promote bone formation but are not capable of reproducing the characteristics of autograft. Due to their different macroscopic characteristics, each one could be suitable for a different type of defect.(AU)

[Translated article] Design and comparison of bone substitutes. Study of in vivo behaviour in a rabbit model / Diseño y comparativa de biomateriales para el tratamiento de defectos óseos. Estudio de su comportamiento in vivo en modelo animal de conejo

Objetivo: Comparar in vivo la capacidad de formación ósea de dos tipos de biomateriales diseñados como sustitutivos óseos respecto a autoinjerto de cresta iliaca, uno basado en carbonatohidroxiapatita y otro en vidrio mesoporoso bioactivo. Material y método: Estudio experimental compuesto por 14 conejos de Nueva Zelanda hembras adultas donde se realizó un defecto crítico en hueso radio. La muestra fue dividida en cuatro grupos: defecto sin material, con autoinjerto de cresta iliaca, con soporte de carbonatohidroxiapatita y con soporte de vidrio mesoporoso bioactivo. Se realizaron estudios seriados de radiología simple a las 2, 4, 6 y 12 semanas y estudio de micro-TC a eutanasia a las 6 y 12 semanas. Resultados: En el estudio de radiología simple, el grupo de autoinjerto mostró las mayores puntuaciones de formación ósea (7,5 puntos). Ambos grupos de biomateriales presentaron formación ósea similar (5,3 y 6 puntos, respectivamente) y mayor al defecto sin material (4 puntos), pero siempre menor que el grupo de autoinjerto. Los resultados del estudio de micro-TC mostraron el mayor volumen de hueso en el área de estudio en el grupo de autoinjerto. Los grupos con sustitutivos óseos presentaron mayor volumen de hueso que el grupo sin material, pero siempre menor que en el grupo de autoinjerto. Conclusiones: Ambos soportes parecen favorecer la formación ósea pero no son capaces de reproducir las características del autoinjerto. Por sus diferentes características macroscópicas cada uno podría ser adecuado para un tipo diferente de defecto.(AU)

Aim: Compare bone formation capacity in vivo of two types of biomaterials designed as bone substitutes with respect to iliac crest autograft, one based on carbonate hydroxyapatites and the other one on bioactive mesoporous glass. Materials and methods: Experimental study consisting on 14 adult female New Zeland rabbits where a critical defect was made in the rabbit radius bone. The sample was divided into four groups: defect without material, with iliac crest autograft, with carbonatehydroxyapatite support, and with bioactive mesoporous glass support. Serial X-ray studies were carried out at 2, 4, 6 and 12 weeks and a microCT study at euthanasia at 6 and 12 weeks. Results: In the X-ray study, autograft group showed the highest bone formation scores. Both groups of biomaterials presented bone formation similar and greater than the defect without material, but always less than in the autograft group. The results of the microCT study showed the largest bone volume in the study area in the autograft group. The groups with bone substitutes presented greater bone volume than the group without material but always less than in the autograft group. Conclusion: Both supports seem to promote bone formation but are not capable of reproducing the characteristics of autograft. Due to their different macroscopic characteristics, each one could be suitable for a different type of defect.(AU)

[Translated article] Design and comparison of bone substitutes. Study of in vivo behaviour in a rabbit model.

AIM: To compare the in vivo bone formation capacity of of biomaterials designed as bone substitutes with respect to iliac crest autograft, one based on carbonate hydroxiapatite and the other one on bioactive mesoporous glass. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experimental study consisting on 14 adult female New Zeland rabbits where a critical defect was made in the rabbit radius bone. The sample was divided into four groups: defect without material, with iliac crest autograft, with carbonatehydroxyapatite scaffold, and with bioactive mesoporous glass scaffold. Serial X-ray studies were carried out at 2, 4, 6 and 12 weeks and a microCT study at euthanasia at 6 and 12 weeks. RESULTS: In the X-ray study, autograft group showed the highest bone formation scores. Both groups of biomaterials presented bone formation similar and greater than the defect without material, but always less than in the autograft group. The results of the microCT study showed the largest bone volume in the study area in the autograft group. The groups with bone substitutes presented greater bone volume than the group without material but always less than the autograft group. CONCLUSION: Both scaffolds seem to promote bone formation but are not capable of reproducing the characteristics of autograft. Due to their different macroscopic characteristics, each one could be suitable for a different type of defect.

Desing and comparison of bone substitutes. Study of in vivo behavior in a rabbit model. / Diseño y comparativa de biomateriales para el tratamiento de defectos óseos. Estudio de su comportamiento in vivo en modelo animal de conejo.

AIM: Compare bone formation capacity in vivo of two types of biomaterials designed as bone substitutes with respect to iliac crest autograft, one based on carbonate hydroxyapatites and the other one on bioactive mesoporous glass. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experimental study consisting on 14 adult female New Zeland rabbits where a critical defect was made in the rabbit radius bone. The sample was divided into four groups: defect without material, with iliac crest autograft, with carbonatehydroxyapatite support, and with bioactive mesoporous glass support. Serial X-ray studies were carried out at 2, 4, 6 and 12 weeks and a microCT study at euthanasia at 6 and 12 weeks. RESULTS: In the X-ray study, autograft group showed the highest bone formation scores. Both groups of biomaterials presented bone formation similar and greater than the defect without material, but always less than in the autograft group. The results of the microCT study showed the largest bone volume in the study area in the autograft group. The groups with bone substitutes presented greater bone volume than the group without material but always less than in the autograft group. CONCLUSION: Both supports seem to promote bone formation but are not capable of reproducing the characteristics of autograft. Due to their different macroscopic characteristics, each one could be suitable for a different type of defect.

Osteosíntesis percutánea en fracturas de pilón tibial, ¿condiciona la técnica quirúrgica el resultado final? / Percutaneous osteosynthesis in tibial pilon fractures. Does the surgical technique determine the final result?

Objetivo. Analizar los resultados del tratamiento de las fracturas de tibia distal con o sin afectación intraarticular, tratadas con osteosíntesis percutánea mediante placas o tornillos canulados. Material y método. Estudio retrospectivo de 107 pacientes intervenidos entre 2001 y 2012. Criterios de inclusión: fracturas 43-A y 43-C1 y C2 según la clasificación AO, tratadas con osteosíntesis percutánea mediante placa bloqueada o 2 tornillos canulados en aspa. Se evaluaron 33 pacientes: 16 casos fueron sintetizados con placa bloqueada (G1) y 17 con tornillos canulados (G2). El tiempo medio hasta cirugía fue de 8,31 días (0-14) en G1 y de 2 días (0-7) en G2. La media de seguimiento fue de 72 meses (12-132). Tiempo medio hasta consolidación: 17,08 semanas (8-48) en G1 y 14,56 semanas (8-24) en G2. Los resultados se evaluaron según la escala AOFAS, radiografías simples y complicaciones durante el seguimiento. Resultados. La valoración media según la AOFAS fue de 78,62 en G1 (22-93) y 90,63 en G2 (70-100), siendo esta diferencia estadísticamente significativa. En G1 el 61,4% (8) de los resultados fueron excelentes o buenos, mientras que en G2 lo fueron el 76% (13). Ausencia de casos con deformidad axial y acortamientos. Se registraron 4 infecciones superficiales y una rotura de material en G1. Discusión. La osteosíntesis percutánea con tornillos canulados supone una alternativa adecuada para el manejo de fracturas tibiales sin gran componente articular con mejores resultados que la síntesis con placas. El menor tiempo desde el traumatismo hasta la intervención en este grupo mejora la evolución de partes blandas, siendo significativo en el resultado final (AU)

Objetive. To analyze the outcomes of distal tibia fractures with or without extension into the ankle joint, treated by percutaneous cannulated screws or locking plates. Material and methodmethod. A retrospective study was conducted on 107 patients treated between 2001 and 2012. Inclusion criteria: fractures 43-A and 43-C1 and C2 according to the AO/OTA system, treated with percutaneous osteosynthesis by locking plate or two cannulated screws in X -letter setting. A total of 33 patients were evaluated: 16 tibial fractures were performed with locking plate (G1) and 17 with cannulated screws (G2). Mean time to surgery was 8.31 days (0-14) in G1, and 2 days (0-7) in G2. The mean follow-up was 72 months (12-132). Mean time to healing: 17.08 weeks (8-48) in G1, and 14.56 weeks (8-24) in G2. The results were evaluated according to the AOFAS scale, with plain X-rays, and complications during follow-up. Results. The mean evaluation according to the AOFAS score was 78.62 in G1 (22-93), and 90.63 in G2 (70-100), and this was statistically significant. In G1, 61.4% (8) of the results were excellent or good, while in G2 it was 76% (13). There were no axial deformity cases or shortenings. There were 4 superficial infections and one broken device recorded in G1. Discussion. The percutaneous cannulated screw fixation is a suitable alternative for the management of fractures without significant joint involvement, and seems to offer better functional results than plates. The shortest time from injury to intervention in this group improves the progress of the soft tissues, and can improve the final result (AU)

Reparación artroscópica de la luxación anterior recidivante de hombro: ¿Existe la curva de aprendizaje? / Arthroscopic repair of anterior relapsing shoulder dislocation: Is there a learning curve?

Objetivo: Se realiza una revisión de los primeros casos intervenidos en nuestro centro de inestabilidad glenohumeral recidivante de hombro por vía artroscópica. El objetivo del trabajo es analizar la influencia de la curva de aprendizaje en los resultados obtenidos. Material y métodos: Estudiamos 137 pacientes intervenidos en el Hospital 12 de Octubre de Madrid, entre Febrero de 1999 y Marzo de 2010; 101 pacientes cumplían los criterios de inclusión, y dichos pacientes fueron divididos en dos grupos por orden cronológico: los 50 primeros y los 50 segundos. No existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a sexo, edad y lateralidad entre ambos grupos (p = 0.51, p = 0.15 y p = 0.23, respectivamente), siendo por tanto los grupos comparables. Comparamos entre ambos grupos los resultados clínicos, evaluados por el número de luxaciones, reintervenciones y complicaciones: migración de los implantes, artrosis y neuropatía del nervio axilar. Comparamos también los resultados funcionales valorados por las escalas de Constant y Rowe. Resultados: Se produjeron cuatro episodios de reluxación en el grupo 1 y seis episodios en el grupo 2. Respecto al número de reintervenciones, se realizaron tres en el grupo 1 y seis en el grupo 2. No existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el número de episodios de reluxación y reintervención (p = 50 y p = 0.48, respectivamente). En nuestra serie la curva de aprendizaje no parece asociarse con mayor número de complicaciones ni índice de reluxaciones.

Objective: We reviewed the first cases that underwent arthroscopic surgery at our center due to relapsing glenohumeral stability of the shoulder. The objective of this paper is to analyze the influence of the learning curve on the results obtained. Material and methods: We analyzed 137 patients who underwent surgery at Hospital 12 de Octubre in Madrid, Spain between February 1999 and March 2010. A total of 101 patients met the inclusion criteria, and these patients were divided into two groups using a chronological order, the first 50 patients and the second 50 patients. There were no statistically significant differences in sex, age and laterality between both groups (p = 0.51, p = 0.15 and p = 0.23, respectively), so the groups were comparable. We compared the following between both groups: clinical outcomes, number of dislocations, reoperations and complications, i.e., implant migration, arthrosis and axillary nerve neuropathy. We also compared the functional results, which were measured using the Constant and Rowe scales. Results: Four episodes of redislocation occurred in group 1 and 6 in group 2. Three reoperations were performed in group 1 and 6 in group 2. No statistically significant differences were found in the number of redislocations and reoperations (p = 50 and p = 0.48, respectively).

[Percutaneous osteosynthesis in tibial pilon fractures. Does the surgical technique determine the final result?]. / Osteosíntesis percutánea en fracturas de pilón tibial, ¿condiciona la técnica quirúrgica el resultado final?

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the outcomes of distal tibia fractures with or without extension into the ankle joint, treated by percutaneous cannulated screws or locking plates. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective study was conducted on 107 patients treated between 2001 and 2012. INCLUSION CRITERIA: fractures 43-A and 43-C1 and C2 according to the AO/OTA system, treated with percutaneous osteosynthesis by locking plate or two cannulated screws in X -letter setting. A total of 33 patients were evaluated: 16 tibial fractures were performed with locking plate (G1) and 17 with cannulated screws (G2). Mean time to surgery was 8.31 days (0-14) in G1, and 2 days (0-7) in G2. The mean follow-up was 72 months (12-132). Mean time to healing: 17.08 weeks (8-48) in G1, and 14.56 weeks (8-24) in G2. The results were evaluated according to the AOFAS scale, with plain X-rays, and complications during follow-up. RESULTS: The mean evaluation according to the AOFAS score was 78.62 in G1 (22-93), and 90.63 in G2 (70-100), and this was statistically significant. In G1, 61.4% (8) of the results were excellent or good, while in G2 it was 76% (13). There were no axial deformity cases or shortenings. There were 4 superficial infections and one broken device recorded in G1. DISCUSSION: The percutaneous cannulated screw fixation is a suitable alternative for the management of fractures without significant joint involvement, and seems to offer better functional results than plates. The shortest time from injury to intervention in this group improves the progress of the soft tissues, and can improve the final result.

Tendoscopia de los peroneos: nuestra experiencia / Peroneal tendoscopy: our experience

Introducción. La patología de los tendones peroneos es una causa frecuente de dolor posterolateral de tobillo. En los últimos años, la incidencia y el conocimiento de esta patología y de su tratamiento están en auge gracias al desarrollo de las técnicas tendoscópicas. Objetivo. Describir y evaluar el estado actual y las indicaciones de la tendoscopia en la patología de los tendones peroneos. Material y método. Desde junio de 2010 hasta julio de 2011 se realizaron 23 tendoscopias en pacientes con dolor retrofibular persistente. Encontramos 12 casos de rotura del peroneus brevis, 6 del peroneus longus, 3 casos de tenosinovitis y 2 casos de luxación, uno de ellos con una luxación intravaina y otra extravaina. De los 23 pacientes, 12 presentaban además otra lesión asociada: 4 lesiones osteocondrales de astrágalo, 3 inestabilidades anterolaterales de tobillo y 7 casos de pinzamiento de partes blandas. Discusión. Las 3 indicaciones principales de esta técnica son las tenosinovitis, las roturas tendinosas y la luxación de los tendones. Es un procedimiento técnicamente exigente, que requiere una amplia experiencia en el tratamiento artroscópico de pequeñas articulaciones y puede ser especialmente complejo en los casos de tenosinovitis extensa o amplias roturas tendinosas, pero muy útil para la evaluación y tratamiento de dicha patología. Conclusiones. La tendoscopia es un procedimiento de gran utilidad en el abordaje de la patología de los tendones peroneos, con baja morbilidad y excelentes resultados funcionales(AU)

Background. The peroneal tendon pathology is a common cause of posterolateral ankle pain. Recently, the incidence and awareness of this disease and its treatment are booming thanks to the development of tendoscopic procedures. Objective. To describe and assess the current role and indications of tendoscopy for peroneal tendon pathology. Material and methods. From June 2010 to July 2011, twenty three patients with retrofibular pain were treated with peroneal tendoscopy. We founded twelve peroneal brevis tendon tears, six peroneal longus tendon tears, three cases of tenosynovitis and two cases of luxation, one patient with an intrasheath subluxation and another one of extrasheath. Of the 23 patients, 12 had another injury associated: 4 talar osteochondral lesions, 3 instabilities and 7 cases of soft tissue impingement. Discussion. The three main indications include tendon tears, tenosynovitis and subluxation or luxation. It is a technically demanding procedure that requires extensive experience in arthroscopic management of small joints and can be particularly complex in cases of wide tenosynovitis, broad tendon tears or anatomical defects but very useful for the evaluation of the lesions and for the treatment of peroneal tendon disorders. Conclusions. Tendoscopy is a useful procedure with low morbidity and excellent functional results to treat the pathology of the peroneal tendons(AU)

[Peroneal tendoscopy: our experience]. / Tendoscopia de los peroneos: nuestra experiencia.

BACKGROUND: The peroneal tendon pathology is a common cause of posterolateral ankle pain. Recently, the incidence and awareness of this disease and its treatment are booming thanks to the development of tendoscopic procedures. OBJECTIVE: To describe and assess the current role and indications of tendoscopy for peroneal tendon pathology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From June 2010 to July 2011, twenty three patients with retrofibular pain were treated with peroneal tendoscopy. We founded twelve peroneal brevis tendon tears, six peroneal longus tendon tears, three cases of tenosynovitis and two cases of luxation, one patient with an intrasheath subluxation and another one of extrasheath. Of the 23 patients, 12 had another injury associated: 4 talar osteochondral lesions, 3 instabilities and 7 cases of soft tissue impingement. DISCUSSION: The three main indications include tendon tears, tenosynovitis and subluxation or luxation. It is a technically demanding procedure that requires extensive experience in arthroscopic management of small joints and can be particularly complex in cases of wide tenosynovitis, broad tendon tears or anatomical defects but very useful for the evaluation of the lesions and for the treatment of peroneal tendon disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Tendoscopy is a useful procedure with low morbidity and excellent functional results to treat the pathology of the peroneal tendons.

[Arthroscopic treatment of talus osteochondral lesions: study of 73 cases]. / Tratamiento artroscópico de las lesiones osteocondrales de astrágalo: estudio de 73 casos.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The aim of our study is to analyze the different techniques used in arthroscopic treatment of talus osteochondral lesions. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We retrospectively analyzed 73 patients who underwent surgery between 2000 and 2011. Patients were divided in two groups: group A (51 patients), those treated with osteochondral stimulation techniques, and group B (32 patients), that were treated by repair techniques. The mean age was 32.58 (19-73) years in group A and 36.50 (19-58) in group B. It is identified male predominance and medial lesions in both groups. RESULTS: Were evaluated according to the AOFAS ankle scoring scale, it is observed a statistically significant clinical improvement (P<.001). Preoperative values were 48.77 (31-67) in group A and 58.08 (41-75) in group B. After surgery scores amounted to 85.19 (60-100) in group A and 93.60 (80-100) in group B. CONCLUSIONS: Ankle arthroscopy is an excellent technique for the accurate staging of osteochondral lesions, and diagnosis and treatment of associated injuries. The arthroscopic treatment of lesions grade i, ii and sometimes iii, by stimulation techniques and chondral lesions grade iii and iv by replacement techniques, gives good results with few complications.

Tratamiento artroscópico de las lesiones osteocondrales de astrágalo: estudio de 73 casos / Arthroscopic treatment of talus osteochondral lesions: study of 73 cases

Introducción y objetivo. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es analizar las distintas técnicas artroscópicas empleadas en el tratamiento de las lesiones osteocondrales de astrágalo. Material y método. Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo de 73 casos, intervenidos entre los años 2000 y 2011. Los pacientes se dividieron en 2 grupos: grupo A (51 pacientes), aquellos tratados mediante técnicas de estimulación osteocondral; grupo B (32 pacientes), tratados mediante técnicas de reparación. La edad media fue de 32,58 años (19-73) en el grupo A, y 36,50 años (19-58) en el grupo B. Se identifica predominio del sexo masculino y de lesiones mediales en ambos grupos. Resultados. Se evaluaron los resultados siguiendo la escala de la AOFAS de retropié, observando una mejoría clínica estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,001). Los valores preoperatorios fueron 48,77 (31-67) en el grupo A, y 58,08 (41-75) en el grupo B. Después de la intervención quirúrgica las puntuaciones ascendieron a 85,19 (60-100) en el grupo A, y 93,60 (80-100) en el grupo B. Conclusiones. La cirugía artroscópica es la técnica de elección en el tratamiento de las lesiones osteocondrales de tobillo, permite una correcta estadificación y tratamiento de las lesiones asociadas. El tratamiento artroscópico de las lesiones grado i , ii y, en ocasiones iii mediante técnicas de estimulación condral, y de lesiones grado iii y iv mediante técnicas de reparación ofrece buenos resultados con escasas complicaciones (11%) (AU)

Background and aim. The aim of our study is to analyze the different techniques used in arthroscopic treatment of talus osteochondral lesions. Material and method. We retrospectively analyzed 73 patients who underwent surgery between 2000 and 2011. Patients were divided in two groups: group A (51 patients), those treated with osteochondral stimulation techniques, and group B (32 patients), that were treated by repair techniques. The mean age was 32.58 (19-73) years in group A and 36.50 (19-58) in group B. It is identified male predominance and medial lesions in both groups. Results. Were evaluated according to the AOFAS ankle scoring scale, it is observed a statistically significant clinical improvement (P<.001). Preoperative values were 48.77 (31-67) in group A and 58.08 (41-75) in group B. After surgery scores amounted to 85.19 (60-100) in group A and 93.60 (80-100) in group B. Conclusions. Ankle arthroscopy is an excellent technique for the accurate staging of osteochondral lesions, and diagnosis and treatment of associated injuries. The arthroscopic treatment of lesions grade i , ii and sometimes iii , by stimulation techniques and chondral lesions grade iii and iv by replacement techniques, gives good results with few complications (AU)