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OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the expression and biological significance of Semenogelin 1 (SEMG1), a member of the cancer-testis antigen family, in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Further, we explored its potential association with metabolism-related molecules. METHODS: SEMG1 expression levels in OSCC were determined through immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and Western blot analyses. To decipher the biological implications of SEMG1 in OSCC, the CAL27 OSCC cell line was either stably overexpressed with SEMG1 or subjected to SEMG1-shRNA knockdown. The relationship between clinicopathological parameters and SEMG1 expression in OSCC patients was also assessed. RESULTS: SEMG1 was found to be overexpressed in OSCC, though its expression was not influenced by the pathological grade. The fluorescent dihydroethidium assay indicated that SEMG1 augmented reactive oxygen species production. The mitochondrial membrane potential assay suggested a significant upregulation of mitochondrial membrane potential by SEMG1. Cell cycle assessments highlighted that SEMG1 overexpression led to a notable rise in cells entering the S-phase. Additionally, a strong correlation between SEMG1 expression and both ENO1 and PKM2 expression in OSCC was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The findings underscore the elevated expression of SEMG1 in OSCC and its contributory role in the tumorigenesis of OSCC patients.
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BACKGROUND: Patients with oral cancer usually experience disfigurement and dysfunction which are shared risk factors of suicide. The aim of the study was to comprehensively assess the characteristics of suicide and risk factors for suicide in patients with oral cancer. METHODS: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was used to acquire information of patients with common malignant tumors including oral cancer from 1975 to 2020. The aim was to explore the incidence of suicide, and timing of suicide among patients with oral cancer. A Fine-Gray competing risks regression model was employed to analyze risk factors associated with suicide among patients with various demographic and tumor characteristics. RESULTS: Totally, 7685 patients with different malignant tumors committed suicide. Among them, 203 patients with oral cancer died due to suicide, presenting a suicide rate of 54.5/100,000 person-years, which was almost 3.5 times that of the US general population and 1.5 times that of the overall US patients with cancer in our study. Approximately 18â¯%, 40â¯%, and 55â¯% of suicides occurred in first year, first 3 years, and first 5 years after diagnosis. Being male, White race, and having a single primary tumor might be regarded as the risk factors for suicide. CONCLUSION: As oral cavity is closely associated with appearance, pronunciation and ingestion, patients with oral cancer have a significant high risk of suicide. Tremendous attention needs to be paid to patients with oral cancer particularly those exhibiting characteristics associated with a high risk of suicide.
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BACKGROUND: Currently, neck dissection is a standard treatment for the majority of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. However, the procedure can lead to a series of complications, significantly reducing patient quality of life and even affecting the antitumor immune response in patients undergoing immunotherapy. Therefore, in the era of precision surgery, gaining a deeper understanding of the patterns of lymph node metastasis (LNM) in OSCC is crucial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Literature searches were performed on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, WANFANGDATA and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) (inception to April 10, 2024). In addition, a manual searching was conducted in Scopus, Google Scholar, and Education Resources Information Center (ERIC). We included observational studies that evaluated the frequency of LNM in OSCC patients. Systematic review and a random effects model meta-analysis were performed. RESULTS: The search identified 4694 articles, of which 17 studies included in our study. We calculated the frequency of LNM according to the data reported in the articles. Frequency of LNM=number of patients with positive lymph node / number of patients with OSCC. The frequency of LNM was 12% in level I (95%CI: 0.11 to 0.15, I2=38.01%), 20% in level II (95%CI: 0.17 to 0.22, I2=47.71%), 10% in level III (95%CI: 0.08 to 0.12, I2=49.10%), 2% in level VI (95%CI: 0.01 to 0.03, I2=27.58%), 1% in level V (95%CI: 0.00 to 0.01, I2=11.37%). CONCLUSION: The frequency of LNM is consistent with the "cascade theory" and appears to be no significant difference from different primary sites. The frequency of LNM were low in levels I-III and were very low in level IV-V which implicated that more conservative treatments may be considered for OSCC in the future. This study will help clinicians better determine the extent of surgery and preserve lymph nodes during neck dissection.
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Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) constitutes a significant global cancer burden, given its high prevalence and associated mortality. Despite substantial progress in survival rates due to the enhanced multidisciplinary approach to treatment, these methods often lead to severe tissue damage, compromised function, and potential toxicity. Thus, there is an imperative need for novel, effective, and minimally damaging treatment modalities. Neoadjuvant treatment, an emerging therapeutic strategy, is designed to reduce tumor size and curtail distant metastasis prior to definitive intervention. Currently, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) has optimized the treatment approach for a subset of HNSCC patients, yet it has not produced a noticeable enhancement in overall survival (OS). In the contemporary cancer therapeutics landscape, immunotherapy is gaining traction at an accelerated pace. Notably, neoadjuvant immunotherapy (NAIT) has shown promising radiological and pathological responses, coupled with encouraging efficacy in several clinical trials. This potentially paves the way for a myriad of possibilities in treatment de-escalation of HNSCC, which warrants further exploration. This paper reviews the existing strategies and efficacies of neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), along with potential de-escalation strategies. Furthermore, the challenges encountered in the context of the de-escalation strategies of NAIT are explored. The aim is to inform future research directions that strive to improve the quality of life (QoL) for patients battling HNSCC.
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Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico , Inmunoterapia , Terapia Neoadyuvante , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeza y Cuello , Humanos , Terapia Neoadyuvante/métodos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeza y Cuello/terapia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeza y Cuello/inmunología , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeza y Cuello/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeza y Cuello/patología , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/terapia , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/inmunología , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/patología , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/tratamiento farmacológico , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), a prevalent and frequently recurring malignancy, often necessitates surgical intervention. The surgical margin (SM) plays a pivotal role in determining the postoperative treatment strategy and prognostic evaluation of HNSCC. Nonetheless, the process of clinical appraisal and assessment of the SMs remains a complex and indeterminate endeavor, thereby leading to potential difficulties for surgeons in defining the extent of resection. In this regard, we undertake a comprehensive review of the suggested surgical distance in varying circumstances, diverse methods of margin evaluation, and the delicate balance that must be maintained between tissue resection and preservation in head and neck surgical procedures. This review is intended to provide surgeons with pragmatic guidance in selecting the most suitable resection techniques, and in improving patients' quality of life by achieving optimal functional and aesthetic restoration.
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Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello , Márgenes de Escisión , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeza y Cuello , Humanos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeza y Cuello/cirugía , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeza y Cuello/patología , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/cirugía , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/patología , Calidad de VidaRESUMEN
Research into mRNA vaccines is advancing rapidly, with proven efficacy against coronavirus disease 2019 and promising therapeutic potential against a variety of solid tumors. Adjuvants, critical components of mRNA vaccines, significantly enhance vaccine effectiveness and are integral to numerous mRNA vaccine formulations. However, the development and selection of adjuvant platforms are still in their nascent stages, and the mechanisms of many adjuvants remain poorly understood. Additionally, the immunostimulatory capabilities of certain novel drug delivery systems (DDS) challenge the traditional definition of adjuvants, suggesting that a revision of this concept is necessary. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of the mechanisms and applications of adjuvants and self-adjuvant DDS. It thoroughly addresses existing issues mentioned above and details three main challenges of immune-related adverse event, unclear mechanisms, and unsatisfactory outcomes in old age group in the design and practical application of cancer mRNA vaccine adjuvants. Ultimately, this review proposes three optimization strategies which consists of exploring the mechanisms of adjuvant, optimizing DDS, and improving route of administration to improve effectiveness and application of adjuvants and self-adjuvant DDS.
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Adyuvantes Inmunológicos , Vacunas contra el Cáncer , Nanotecnología , Neoplasias , Vacunas de ARNm , Humanos , Vacunas contra el Cáncer/inmunología , Nanotecnología/métodos , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/inmunología , Animales , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , COVID-19/prevención & control , Adyuvantes de Vacunas , ARN Mensajero/genética , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Vacunas Sintéticas/inmunologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: An urgent need exists for innovative surgical video recording techniques in head and neck reconstructive surgeries, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where a surge in surgical procedures necessitates more skilled surgeons. This demand, significantly intensified by the COVID-19 pandemic, highlights the critical role of surgical videos in medical education. We aimed to identify a straightforward, high-quality approach to recording surgical videos at a low economic cost in the operating room, thereby contributing to enhanced patient care. METHODS: The recording was comprised of six head and neck flap harvesting surgeries using GoPro or two types of digital cameras. Data were extracted from the recorded videos and their subsequent editing process. Some of the participants were subsequently interviewed. RESULTS: Both cameras, set at 4 K resolution and 30 frames per second (fps), produced satisfactory results. The GoPro, worn on the surgeon's head, moves in sync with the surgeon, offering a unique first-person perspective of the operation without needing an additional assistant. Though cost-effective and efficient, it lacks a zoom feature essential for close-up views. In contrast, while requiring occasional repositioning, the digital camera captures finer anatomical details due to its superior image quality and zoom capabilities. CONCLUSION: Merging these two systems could significantly advance the field of surgical video recording. This innovation holds promise for enhancing technical communication and bolstering video-based medical education, potentially addressing the global shortage of specialized surgeons.
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COVID-19 , Grabación en Video , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , Procedimientos de Cirugía Plástica/educación , Colgajos Quirúrgicos , SARS-CoV-2 , Cabeza/cirugía , Cuello/cirugíaRESUMEN
The study by Rahim et al., focusing on preoperative immunotherapy, highlights the pivotal role of CD8+ T cells within lymph nodes in response to neoadjuvant immunotherapy, suggesting that preserving lymph node integrity could bolster the treatment's efficacy by activating antitumor T cells. This underlines the importance of lymph node preservation and supports the use of immunotherapy as a neoadjuvant approach in cancer treatment.
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The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a member of the STAT family, resides in the nucleus to regulate genes essential for vital cellular functions, including survival, proliferation, self-renewal, angiogenesis, and immune response. However, continuous STAT3 activation in tumor cells promotes their initiation, progression, and metastasis, rendering STAT3 pathway inhibitors a promising avenue for cancer therapy. Nonetheless, these inhibitors frequently encounter challenges such as cytotoxicity and suboptimal biocompatibility in clinical trials. A viable strategy to mitigate these issues involves delivering STAT3 inhibitors via drug delivery systems (DDSs). This review delineates the regulatory mechanisms of the STAT3 signaling pathway and its association with cancer. It offers a comprehensive overview of the current application of DDSs for anti-STAT3 inhibitors and investigates the role of DDSs in cancer treatment. The conclusion posits that DDSs for anti-STAT3 inhibitors exhibit enhanced efficacy and reduced adverse effects in tumor therapy compared to anti-STAT3 inhibitors alone. This paper aims to provide an outline of the ongoing research and future prospects of DDSs for STAT3 inhibitors. Additionally, it presents our insights on the merits and future outlook of DDSs in cancer treatment.
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Antineoplásicos , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Neoplasias , Factor de Transcripción STAT3 , Humanos , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/metabolismo , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , Antineoplásicos/administración & dosificación , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Animales , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The traditional lecture-based learning (LBL) method is facing great challenges due to its low efficiency and single proceeding form. We designed a PRI-E learning mode that combined and modified problem-based, case-based, and evidence-based learning with a step-by-step approach. We evaluated the practical learning outcomes of using the PRI-E mode by comparing it with traditional lecture-based learning in oral and maxillofacial oncology education. "PRI-E" consists of the first letters of the English words Passion, Research, Innovation, and Education, and it means "the best Education". This prospective randomized controlled trial included 40 participants. We evenly divided the participants into the PRI-E (n = 20) and LBL group (n = 20) based on the entrance test scores. The same staff group designed and then taught the learning content with different group measures. The evaluation included the final test scores and questionnaire assessments. Without affecting the examination results, the PRI-E teaching method was more satisfactory and popular with participants in terms of ability development and classroom participation. Enacting the PRI-E teaching method required more time, but this did not affect its popularity among the participants. Compared with the LBL learning mode, the PRI-E learning mode was more organized and efficient in oral and maxillofacial oncology education without affecting academic performance. This model has a high degree of satisfaction, which is conducive to training students' comprehensive ability.
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Aprendizaje , Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas , Humanos , Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas/métodos , Estudios Prospectivos , Estudiantes , Evaluación EducacionalRESUMEN
The deployment of imaging examinations has evolved into a robust approach for the diagnosis of lymph node metastasis (LNM). The advancement of technology, coupled with the introduction of innovative imaging drugs, has led to the incorporation of an increasingly diverse array of imaging techniques into clinical practice. Nonetheless, conventional methods of administering imaging agents persist in presenting certain drawbacks and side effects. The employment of controlled drug delivery systems (DDSs) as a conduit for transporting imaging agents offers a promising solution to ameliorate these limitations intrinsic to metastatic lymph node (LN) imaging, thereby augmenting diagnostic precision. Within the scope of this review, we elucidate the historical context of LN imaging and encapsulate the frequently employed DDSs in conjunction with a variety of imaging techniques, specifically for metastatic LN imaging. Moreover, we engage in a discourse on the conceptualization and practical application of fusing diagnosis and treatment by employing DDSs. Finally, we venture into prospective applications of DDSs in the realm of LNM imaging and share our perspective on the potential trajectory of DDS development.
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Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Ganglios Linfáticos , Humanos , Metástasis Linfática/patología , Ganglios Linfáticos/diagnóstico por imagen , Ganglios Linfáticos/patologíaRESUMEN
Immunotherapy has emerged as a potent strategy in cancer treatment, with many approved drugs and modalities in the development stages. Despite its promise, immunotherapy is not without its limitations, including side effects and suboptimal efficacy. Using nanoparticles (NPs) as delivery vehicles to target immunotherapy to lymph nodes (LNs) can improve the efficacy of immunotherapy drugs and reduce side effects in patients. In this context, this paper reviews the development of LN-targeted immunotherapeutic NP strategies, the mechanisms of NP transport during LN targeting, and their related biosafety risks. NP targeting of LNs involves either passive targeting, influenced by NP physical properties, or active targeting, facilitated by affinity ligands on NP surfaces, while alternative methods, such as intranodal injection and high endothelial venule (HEV) targeting, have uncertain clinical applicability and require further research and validation. LN targeting of NPs for immunotherapy can reduce side effects and increase biocompatibility, but risks such as toxicity, organ accumulation, and oxidative stress remain, although strategies such as biodegradable biomacromolecules, polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating, and impurity addition can mitigate these risks. Additionally, this work concludes with a future-oriented discussion, offering critical insights into the field.
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Inmunoterapia , Ganglios Linfáticos , Nanopartículas , Neoplasias , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Humanos , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/inmunología , Nanopartículas/química , AnimalesRESUMEN
Lymph node dissection has been a long-standing diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for metastatic cancers. However, questions over myriad related complications and survival outcomes are continuously debated. Immunotherapy, particularly neoadjuvant immunotherapy, has revolutionized the conventional paradigm of cancer treatment, yet has benefited only a fraction of patients. Emerging evidence has unveiled the role of lymph nodes as pivotal responders to immunotherapy, whose absence may contribute to drastic impairment in treatment efficacy, again posing challenges over excessive lymph node dissection. Hence, centering around this theme, we concentrate on the mechanisms of immune activation in lymph nodes and provide an overview of minimally invasive lymph node metastasis diagnosis, current best practices for activating lymph nodes, and the prognostic outcomes of omitting lymph node dissection. In particular, we discuss the potential for future comprehensive cancer treatment with effective activation of immunotherapy driven by lymph node preservation and highlight the challenges ahead to achieve this goal.
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Escisión del Ganglio Linfático , Ganglios Linfáticos , Humanos , Ganglios Linfáticos/patología , Pronóstico , Metástasis Linfática/patología , InmunoterapiaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The resorption of flap's volume can be frequently observed in the transplantation of microvascular free flaps, which could significantly affect postoperative function. Therefore, it's essential to comprehend the postoperative flap volume and the mechanisms behind before making clinical decisions. METHODS: Literature search was conducted from database on PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese database and Google Scholar. A random effects model meta-analyses and descriptive systematic review were performed. RESULTS: The search identified 420 articles, of which 9 studies included in meta-analysis and 14 studies included in descriptive systematic review. Postoperative flap volume maintenance rate is used to represent the volume change. The pooled mean postoperative flap volume maintenance rate was 62.82 % for soft tissue flap (95 %CI: 58.83 to 66.82, p = 0.076, I2=56.3 %) and 85.96 % for bone flap (95 %CI: 84.19 to 87.73, p = 0.274, I2=20.4 %). Weight loss, muscle atrophy, and decreased serum albumin levels are risk factors for postoperative volume reduction of soft tissue flaps. The bone resorption rate of bone flaps in women is higher than that in men. CONCLUSION: When designing microvascular free flaps for oral and maxillofacial surgery, soft tissue flaps should consider an anticipated postoperative shrinkage of 37 %, while bone flaps should consider an anticipated postoperative shrinkage of 14 %.
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello , Linfadenopatía , Neoplasias de la Boca , Humanos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/terapia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patología , Neoplasias de la Boca/terapia , Neoplasias de la Boca/patología , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeza y Cuello/patología , Terapia Neoadyuvante , Hiperplasia/patología , Ganglios Linfáticos/patología , Linfadenopatía/patología , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/patologíaRESUMEN
Lymph node metastasis (LNM) significantly impacts the prognosis of cancer patients. Despite significant advancements in diagnostic techniques and treatment modalities, clinical challenges continue to persist in the realm of LNM. These include difficulties in early diagnosis, limited treatment efficacy, and potential side effects and injuries associated with treatment. Nanotheranostics, a field within nanotechnology, seamlessly integrates diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities. Its primary goal is to provide precise and effective disease diagnosis and treatment simultaneously. The development of nanotheranostics for LNM offers a promising solution for the stratified management of patients with LNM and promotes the advancement of personalized medicine. This review introduces the mechanisms of LNM and challenges in its diagnosis and treatment. Furthermore, it demonstrates the advantages and development potential of nanotheranostics, focuses on the challenges nanotheranostics face in its application, and provides an outlook on future trends. We consider nanotheranostics a promising strategy to improve clinical effectiveness and efficiency as well as the prognosis of cancer patients with LNM.
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Linfoma , Nanomedicina Teranóstica , Humanos , Metástasis Linfática/patología , Pronóstico , Medicina de Precisión , Estudios Retrospectivos , Ganglios LinfáticosRESUMEN
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a heterogeneous malignancy originating from the oral mucosal epithelium. Detecting novel biomarkers can offer crucial information on disease aggressiveness and expected clinical outcomes for individual patients. SEC61G, an aberrantly expressed gene in various cancers, has been associated with negative clinical outcomes. However, its expression and clinical significance in OSCC is still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the SEC61G expression level in OSCC using bioinformatic and immunohistochemical analyses. Additionally, our findings revealed a significant correlation between SEC61G expression and clinicopathological characteristics, as well as a worse prognosis in OSCC patients. Notably, flow cytometry analysis on patient samples revealed that SEC61G expression was also linked to decreased immune infiltration in OSCC patients. In conclusion, our study provides evidence supporting SEC61G's role as a potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic marker in OSCC.
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Cancer remains a major health concern globally. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) target co-inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules and have received approval for treating malignancies like melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. While CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 are extensively researched, additional targets such as LAG-3, TIGIT, TIM-3, and VISTA have also demonstrated effective in cancer therapy. Combination treatments, which pair ICIs with interventions such as radiation or chemotherapy, amplify therapeutic outcomes. However, ICIs can lead to diverse side effects, and their varies across patients and cancers. Hence, identifying predictive biomarkers to guide therapy is essential. Notably, expression levels of molecules like PD-1, CTLA-4, and LAG-3 have been linked to tumor progression and ICI therapy responsiveness. Recent advancements in drug delivery systems (DDSs) further enhance ICI therapy efficacy. This review explores predominant DDSs for ICI delivery, such as hydrogel, microparticle, and nanoparticle, which offer improved therapeutic effects and reduced toxicity. In summary, we discuss the future of immune therapy focusing on co-inhibitory checkpoint molecules, pinpoint challenges, and suggest avenues for developing efficient, safer DDSs for ICI transport.
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BACKGROUND: Salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma (SPA) is a common neoplasm of salivary glands that displays remarkable histological diversity. Previous studies have demonstrated the involvement of gene rearrangements and cytoskeleton-remodeling-related myoepithelial cells in SPA tumorigenesis. Cytoskeleton remodeling is necessary for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a key process in tumor progression. However, the heterogeneity of tumor cells and cytoskeleton remodeling in SPA has not been extensively investigated. METHODS: An analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed on 27 810 cells from two donors with SPA. Bioinformatic tools were used to assess differentially expressed genes, cell trajectories, and intercellular communications. Immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence staining were used to demonstrate FOXC1 and MYLK expression in SPA tissues. RESULTS: Our analysis revealed five distinct cell subtypes within the tumor cells of SPA, indicating a high level of intra-lesional heterogeneity. Cytoskeleton-remodeling-related genes were highly enriched in subtype 3 of the tumor cells, which showed a close interaction with mesenchymal cells. We found that tumoral FOXC1 expression was closely related to MYLK expression in the tumor cells of SPA. CONCLUSION: Tumor cells enriched with cytoskeleton-remodeling-related genes play a crucial role in SPA development, and FOXC1 may partially regulate this process.