Improvement of Oxidative Stress in Older Women Is Dependent on Resistance Training Volume: Active Aging Longitudinal Study.

ABSTRACT: Cunha, PM, Ribeiro, AS, Padilha, C, Nunes, JP, Schoenfeld, BJ, Cyrino, LT, Tomeleri, CM, Nascimento, MA, Antunes, M, Fernandes, RR, Barbosa, DS, Venturini, D, Burini, RC, Sardinha, LB, and Cyrino, ES. Improvement of oxidative stress in older women is dependent on resistance training volume: Active aging longitudinal study. J Strength Cond Res 36(4): 1141-1146, 2022-The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of resistance training (RT) performed with a higher versus lower training volume on oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers in older women. Thirty-eight older women (≥60 years) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: a group that performed 1 set per exercise (low volume [LV], n = 18) or 3 sets per exercise (high volume [HV], n = 20). The whole-body RT consisted of a 12-week RT program involving 8 exercises performed with sets of 10-15 repetitions maximum, 3 days per week. Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP), and ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange (FOX) were used as OS biomarkers. The composite Z-score of the percentage changes from pre- to posttraining of OS biomarkers according to groups was calculated. A significant main effect of time (p < 0.05) was found for AOPP (LV = -7.3% vs. HV = -12.2%) and TRAP (LV = +1.5% vs. HV = +15.5%) concentrations, without a statistical difference between the groups (p > 0.05). A significant group vs. time interaction (p < 0.001) was revealed for FOX (LV = +6.4% vs. HV = -8.9%). The overall analysis indicated higher positive changes for HV than LV (composed Z-score: HV = 0.41 ± 1.22 vs. LV = -0.37 ± 1.03; p < 0.05). Our results suggest that a greater volume of RT seems to promote superior improvements on OS biomarkers in older women.

Adding Soy Protein to Milk Enhances the Effect of Resistance Training on Muscle Strength in Postmenopausal Women.

Resistance training (RT) and high-quality protein ingestion improves muscle mass (MM) and strength (MS). However, no study has evaluated the effect of ingesting milk plus soy protein (SOY) on MM and MS in postmenopausal women (PW). Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding SOY to milk on MM and MS after 16 weeks of RT. Thirty-two PW were randomized and allocated into two groups: placebo and RT (PL+RT, n = 16) and SOY and RT (SOY+RT, n = 16). The SOY+RT received 25 g of SOY while the PL+RT received 25 g of maltodextrin (placebo). All supplements were given in the form of a chocolate-flavored powder added to 200 mL of milk. The RT protocol consisted of eight total body exercises at 70% of one repetition maximum (1RM), three sets of 8-12 repetitions, 2-3 times/week. No differences were found in the baseline measures between groups (age, menopause status, anthropometric and nutrition patterns), except for protein intake, which was higher in the SOY+RT. Both groups increased the MM (bioimpedance) showing no difference between groups (PL+RT = 1.5 kg; SOY+RT = 1.1 kg). For MS, the SOY+RT showed a larger (p < .05) increase in 1RM of bench press (PL+RT = 6.7 kg; SOY+RT = 12.5 kg), knee extension (PL+RT = 3.7 kg; SOY+RT = 6.7 kg), total load (PL+RT = 15.1 kg; SOY+RT = 24.2 kg), and the total load exercises/MM (PL+RT = 0.3 kg; SOY+RT = 0.9 kg). These results suggest that adding SOY to milk combined with 16 weeks of RT resulted in more significant increases in MS in PW.

Resistance training reduces metabolic syndrome and inflammatory markers in older women: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: This study analyzed the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program without dietary interventions on metabolic syndrome (MetS) components and inflammatory biomarkers in older women. METHODS: Fifty-three older women (mean [±SD] age 70.4 ± 5.7 years; mean body mass index 26.7 ± 4.0 kg/m2 ) were randomly assigned to a training group (TG; n = 26) that performed 12 weeks of an RT program or a control group (CG; n = 27) that did not perform any type of physical exercise over the same period. Body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), muscular strength (one-repetition maximum tests), blood pressure (BP), and blood sample measurements were performed before and after intervention. RESULTS: After the 12-week period, there were significantly reductions (P < 0.05) in glucose levels (-20.4% vs -0.3%), waist circumference (-1.5% vs +2.0%), and systolic BP (-6.2% vs +0.9%), and complete normalization of MetS prevalence (18% at baseline vs. 0% after 12-weeks RT) in the TG. Moreover, C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations decreased in the TG (-28.6% and -21.6%, respectively), but increased in the CG (+34.5% and +13.3%, respectively). In addition there were positive improvements in the MetS Z-score in the TG but not CG (-21.6% vs +13.3%, respectively). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that a 12-week RT program seems to effectively reduce MetS components and inflammatory biomarkers in older women, regardless of dietary intervention. The RT-induced adaptations in body composition and inflammatory biomarkers appear to be related to healthy adaptations in risk factors for MetS.

High C-reactive protein instead of metabolic syndrome is associated with lower bioimpedance phase angle in individuals clinically screened for a lifestyle modification program

BACKGROUND: Phase angle (PhA) value is a useful tool for identifying cell membrane integrity dysfunction. It is known that metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases oxidative stress and inflammation; and consequently can promote cellular damage. We hypothesized that MetS and inflammatory blood markers could be associated with lower PhA values. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the association of PhA values with MetS and blood markers in individuals clinically screened for a lifestyle modification program. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 417 selected subjects (76 men and 341 women, 53.9 ± 9.4 years old) were evaluated. Assessments included clinics, anthropometric measures, body composition by bioimpedance, and laboratory blood markers, including plasma lipids, glucose, and C-reactive protein concentrations. According to the PhA median values, subjects were classified in low (≤6.3°) and high (>6.3°) PhA groups. RESULTS: Subjects with lower PhA values were older and showed lower body mass index, waist circumference, muscle mass index, creatinine, and uric acid; and higher gamma-GT and HDL cholesterol. Neither the presence of MetS nor the presence of the increasing number of MetS components was associated with PhA values. The logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, and muscle mass index showed that higherC-reactive protein concentrations (>3.0 mg/L) increased the odds of low PhA values (OR = 1.62; CI = 1.01­2.60).CONCLUSION: Higher C-reactive protein concentrations increased the odds of low PhA independently of the presence of MetS. Additionally, contrary to our hypothesis, MetS was not associated with PhA values.

Changes in malondialdehyde and C-reactive protein concentrations after lifestyle modification are related to different metabolic syndrome-associated pathophysiological processes.

AIMS: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is often accompanied by pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory processes. Lifestyle modification (LiSM) may act as primary treatment for these processes. This study aimed to elucidate influencing factors on changes of malondialdehyde (MDA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations after a LiSM intervention. METHODS: Sixty subjects (53 yrs, 84% women) clinically approved to attend a 20 weeks LiSM-program were submitted to weekly nutritional counseling and physical activities combining aerobic (3 times/week) and resistance (2 times/week) exercises. Before and after intervention they were assessed for anthropometric, clinical, cardiorespiratory fitness test (CRF) and laboratory markers. Statistical analyses performed were multiple regression analysis and backward stepwise with p<0.05 and R(2) as influence index. RESULTS: LiSM was responsible for elevations in CRF, healthy eating index (HEI), total plasma antioxidant capacity (TAP) and HDL-C along with reductions in waist circumference measures and MetS (47-40%) prevalence. MDA and CRP did not change after LiSM, however, we observed that MDA concentrations were positively influenced (R(2)=0.35) by fasting blood glucose (ß=0.64) and HOMA-IR (ß=0.58) whereas CRP concentrations were by plasma gamma-glutamyltransferase activity (ß=0.54; R(2)=0.29). CONCLUSIONS: Pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory states of MetS can be attenuated after lifestyle modification if glucose metabolism homeostasis were recovered and if liver inflammation were reduced, respectively.

Effect of Two- Versus Three-Way Split Resistance Training Routines on Body Composition and Muscular Strength in Bodybuilders: A Pilot Study.

The purpose of this study was to compare different split resistance training routines on body composition and muscular strength in elite bodybuilders. Ten male bodybuilders (26.7 ± 2.7 years, 85.3 ± 10.4 kg) were randomly assigned into one of two resistance training groups: 4 and 6 times per week (G4× and G6×, respectively), in which the individuals trained for 4 weeks, 4 sets for each exercise performing 6-12 repetitions maximum (RM) in a pyramid fashion. Body composition was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, muscle strength was evaluated by 1RM bench-press testing. The food intake was planned by nutritionists and offered individually throughout the duration of the experiment. Significant increases (p < .05) in fat-free mass (G4× = +4.2%, G6× = +3.5%) and muscular strength (G4× = +8.4%, G6× = +11.4%) with no group by time interaction were observed. We conclude that 4 and 6 weekly sessions frequencies of resistance training promote similar increases in fat-free mass and muscular strength in elite bodybuilders.

Carbohydrate-dependent, exercise-induced gastrointestinal distress.

Gastrointestinal (GI) problems are a common concern of athletes during intense exercise. Ultimately, these symptoms can impair performance and possibly prevent athletes from winning or even finishing a race. The main causes of GI problems during exercise are mechanical, ischemic and nutritional factors. Among the nutritional factors, a high intake of carbohydrate and hyperosmolar solutions increases GI problems. A number of nutritional manipulations have been proposed to minimize gastrointestinal symptoms, including the use of multiple transportable carbohydrates. This type of CHO intake increases the oxidation rates and can prevent the accumulation of carbohydrate in the intestine. Glucose (6%) or glucose plus fructose (8%-10%) beverages are recommended in order to increase CHO intake while avoiding the gastric emptying delay. Training the gut with high intake of CHO may increase absorption capacity and probably prevent GI distress. CHO mouth rinse may be a good strategy to enhance performance without using GI tract in exercises lasting less than an hour. Future strategies should be investigated comparing different CHO types, doses, and concentration in exercises with the same characteristics.

The higher plasma malondialdehyde concentrations are determined by metabolic syndrome-related glucolipotoxicity.

This study aimed to elucidate the determinants of higher plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) in free-living adults. In a cross-sectional study we evaluated 148 free-living subjects (54 ± 11 years, 78% women) at high risk for or with metabolic syndrome (MetS). They were assessed by anthropometry and body composition, dietary intake, and clinical and laboratorial analysis. The analysis of plasma MDA was performed by HPLC, and concentration values were used to provide four groups according to percentile distribution. Subjects with higher plasma MDA showed higher prevalence of MetS and higher values of waist circumference (WC), glucose, triglycerides (TG), γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT), and higher energy intake. Multiadjusted logistic regression analysis identified as determinants of higher plasma MDA the altered values of WC and γ-GT followed by hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, higher dietary sugar-intake, and presence of MetS. In conclusion, the glucolipotoxic state predisposed by the presence of MetS seems to be the major determinant of higher plasma MDA concentrations.

Estimativa do equivalente metabólico (MET) de um protocolo de exercícios físicos baseada na calorimetria indireta / Estimation of metabolic equivalent (MET) of an exercise protocol based on indirect calorimetry

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do estudo foi determinar o gasto energético (GE) em termos de gasto calórico e equivalente metabólico (MET) de duas sessões de um protocolo de exercício. MÉTODOS: Quinze indivíduos adultos (51,0 ± 5,5 anos) realizaram as sessões de exercício (80min), compostas por (aquecimento, caminhada e flexibilidade; Sessão A) e (aquecimento, caminhada e resistência muscular local; Sessão B). A frequência cardíaca (FC) foi medida durante cada parte da sessão. Em laboratório, foram medidos, em dias diferentes, o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max), durante repouso e exercício (usando a FC média obtida nas aulas), por calorimetria indireta. O MET dos exercícios foi obtido dividindo VO2 em exercício (mL.kg-¹. min-¹) pelo VO2 em repouso (mL.kg-¹.min-¹). O GE dos exercícios foi calculado por: MET x Peso (kg) x Tempo (min)/60. RESULTADOS: Os resultados foram analisados por ANOVA com teste post hoc de Tukey (p < 0,05). Resultados: Um MET para este grupo foi de 2,7 ± 0.1mL.kg ¹. min-¹. O valor médio de MET nos exercícios foi de 4,7 ± 0,8 (aquecimento), 5,8 ± 0,9 (caminhada) e 3,6 ± 0,7 (flexibilidade) na sessão A, e 4,6 ± 1,2 (aquecimento), 5,6 ± 1,0 (caminhada) e 4,8 ± 1,0 (resistência muscular localizada) na sessão B. O custo de energia foi similar entre as sessões (A: 398 ± 86,7 kcal e B: 404 ± 45 kcal; p > 0,05). Nenhuma atividade foi classificada como vigorosa (> 7 METs). Não houve diferença no VO2 entre caminhada (15,6 ± 2,8 ou 15,4 ± 2,6 mL.kg-¹.min-¹) e resistência muscular localizada (13,2 ± 2,9 mL.kg-¹.min-¹) embora ambos tenham sido superiores (p > 0,05) aos exercícios de flexibilidade (10,1 ± 2,2 mL.kg-¹. min-¹). CONCLUSÃO: O protocolo proposto atinge a atividade física necessária para adultos saudáveis, para melhorar e manter a saúde, por sua estrutura, intensidade moderada, duração, frequência e gasto calórico.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the energy expenditure (EE) in terms of caloric cost and metabolic equivalents (METs) of two sessions of an exercise protocol. METHODS: Fifteen subjects (51.0 ± 5.5 years) performed the exercise sessions (80min), composed of warm-up, walking and flexibility exercises (Session A) and warm-up, walking and local muscular endurance exercises (Session B). Heart hate (HR) was measured during each part of the sessions. In laboratory environment, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and oxygen uptake at rest and exercise conditions (using mean HR obtained in classes) were measured on different days, using indirect calorimetry. Exercise METs were obtained by dividing VO2 in exercise (mL.kg-¹.min-¹) by VO2 at rest (mL.kg-¹.min-¹). The EE of the exercises was calculated by the formula: MET x Weight (kg) x Time (min)/60. The results were analyzed by ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: One MET for this group was 2.7 ± 0.1mL.kg-¹.min-¹. The METs means in the exercises were 4.7 ± 0.8 (warm-up); 5.8 ± 0.9 (walking) and 3.6 ± 0.7 (flexibility) in session A, and 4.6 ± 1.2 (warm-up); 5.6 ± 1.0 (walking) and 4.8 ± 1.0 (local muscular endurance exercises) in Session B. The training sessions showed similar energy cost (A: 398 ± 86.72 kcal and B: 404 ± 38.85 kcal; p > 0.05). None of the activities were classified as having vigorous intensity (> 7 METs). There were no differences in VO2 between walking (15.6 ± 2.8 or 15.4 ± 2.6 mL.kg-¹.min-¹) and local muscular endurance exercises (13.2 ± 2.9 mL.kg-¹.min-¹), although both were higher (p > 0.05) than flexibility exercises (10.1 ± 2.2 mL.kg-¹.min-¹). CONCLUSION: The proposed protocol achieves the physical activity needed by healthy adults to improve and maintain health, by their structure, moderate intensity, duration, frequency and caloric expenditure.

Ten-week lifestyle changing program reduces several indicators for metabolic syndrome in overweight adults.

We aim to investigate the effectiveness of a 10-week lifestyle intervention focusing on physical activity and high fiber intake for reducing indicators for metabolic syndrome in overweight-obese individuals. A prospective study of 50 overweight (OW) adults (22 in the general educational group - G1; 28 in the high fiber nutrition group - G2) was performed. Both groups were offered dietary counseling and supervised exercise. Clinical, anthropometric, dietary and plasma biochemical tests were performed at baseline - time 0 (T0) and after 10 weeks - time 1 (T1). Both groups improved their dietary quality, but only G2 presented higher intake of fruit and vegetables (servings/day), higher plasma ß-carotene levels and a 24% reduction of MetS incidence. Additionally G2 showed greater reductions in body fat (4%), and waist circumference (7%), obesity class III (2%) and obesity class II (14%) rate. Lifestyle intervention, including a high dietary fiber intake, improved healthy eating index and decreased body fat composition and plasma lipid concentrations leading to MetS incidence reduction.

Muscle mass gain after resistance training is inversely correlated with trunk adiposity gain in postmenopausal women.

The aim of this study was to evaluate alterations in trunk adiposity (TA) over 9 months of resistance training (RT) and associate these changes with the hypertrophy of muscle mass (MM) in postmenopausal women (PW). The investigation used a sample that consisted of 22 PW (44-69 years old). The group was subjected to RT (60-80% of 1 repetition maximum) for the total body 3 d · wk(-1). Body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) and plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), follicle-stimulating hormone, E2 (Immulite system), and interleukin-6 (IL-6; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were assessed at the beginning and end of the experiment. After RT, only women who acquired up to 5% TA gained MM, whereas women who acquired >5% TA exhibited increased IL-6 and no MM gain (p < 0.05). The ΔMM was negatively associated with time of menopause (r = -0.45, p < 0.05) and positively associated with baseline IGF-1 (r = 0.47, p < 0.05). Only ΔLE (leg extension) was negatively associated with baseline IL-6 (p < 0.05). Trunk adiposity growth (ΔTF, kilograms) was positively correlated with changes in IL-6 (r = 0.68, p < 0.05). The MM gain was negatively correlated with ΔTF (r = -0.63, p < 0.05) and changes in IL-6 (r = -0.73, p < 0.05). After adjusting all of the confounding variables, only baseline IGF-1 (positively) and changes in IL-6 (negatively) influenced MM, and only the increase in TA influenced IL-6. Our study suggests that increased levels of TA during RT increase IL-6 concentrations, which is a significant negative predictor of MM gain in PW.

Metabolic syndrome in overweight children from the city of Botucatu - São Paulo State - Brazil: agreement among six diagnostic criteria.

BACKGROUND: The metabolic syndrome has been described in children; however, a standard criterion has not been established for its diagnosis. Also, few studies have been conducted to specifically observe the possible existence of agreement among the existing diagnostic criteria. The purpose of the study is to evaluate agreement concerning prevalence rates of the metabolic syndrome diagnosed by six different criteria in overweight schoolchildren in the city of Botucatu - SP -Brazil. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study on 128 overweight schoolchildren. Clinical examination included anthropometry, pubertal staging evaluation, and blood pressure. Triacylglycerol, glycemia, HDL-cholesterol, insulin levels, and HOMA-IR were determined. The Kappa index, the Mann-Whitney test and the chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome varied from 10 to 16.5% according to different diagnostic criteria. Results were similar for boys and girls and pubertal stage. Great agreement was observed among the six different diagnostic criteria for the metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Different diagnostic criteria, when adopted for subjects with similar demographic characteristics, generate similar and compatible prevalence. Results suggest that it is possible to adopt any of the analyzed criteria, and the choice should be according to the components available for each situation.

Plasma hormones, muscle mass and strength in resistance-trained postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: To associate changes of body composition, muscle strength (MS) and plasma hormones (PH) in resistance-training protocol in sedentary postmenopausal women (PMW). DESIGN: This randomized controlled trial, Brazilian 43 PMW (45-70-year-old) able for physical exercises were selected after they have accomplished medical and ethical criteria. They were assigned in two groups: RT, resistance training (n=22); and CT, not trained control (n=21); with supervision sessions of two to three exercise for large and one exercise for smaller groups in three series of 8-12 rep. (60-80%1RM) for each exercise. The training period lasted 16 weeks and was preceded by low-load exercise (40-50%1RM) adaptation period of 4 weeks (3/(times week)). Body weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and composition (BIA) along with fast-PH (FSH, LH, estradiol, cortisol, IGF-1 and testosterone) were assessed before (M0) and after (M16) the 4 weeks period with the MS (1RM) determined also at 8 weeks (M8). The values were correlated by Person's test and the means compared by Student's t-test and ANOVA. RESULTS: At baseline both groups were similar in age, time of PMW, body composition, MS and fast-PH. However after 16 weeks, RT presented higher BMI (2.1%), IGF-1 (37.8%) and MM gain (1.8+/-0.8 kg) than CT. MM correlated positively with IGF-1 (r=0.45, p<0.05) and MS progressively increased in all exercise greater in pectoral than legs and upper arms. CONCLUSION: Former sedentary postmenopausal women submitted to resistance training gained MM and MS irrespectively of fat mass changes but significantly associated with IGF-1 increase.

Effects of soy protein and resistance exercise on body composition and blood lipids in postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of soy protein and progressive resistance training on body composition and lipids in postmenopausal women. DESIGN: In a controlled trial, 46 postmenopausal women were randomized to one of four groups: 25 g of soy protein (SP, n=10), 25 g of soy protein plus resistance exercise (SPE, n=14), 25 g of maltodextrine (placebo) (PL, n=11), or placebo plus resistance exercise (PLE, n=11). Progressive resistance training was held three times a week for 16 weeks and included 8 exercises (3 series of 8-12 repetitions). At baseline and after 16 weeks, body mass index, waist circumference (WC), body fat, muscle mass and serum lipid levels were measured. To confirm isoflavone absorption, urinary concentrations were determined. The t-test of Student and ANOVA were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Subjects were classified as overweight and showed android fat distribution. Urinary isoflavone excretion indicated compliance to soy protein treatment. After 16 weeks of intervention, both SPE and PLE groups showed a significant increase of 1.3 kg in muscle mass and reduction in WC of -1.4 and -2.1cm, respectively (p<0.05). Significant decreases in the mean values of total cholesterol and LDL (-29.0 and -24.0 mg/dL, p<0.001 and p<0.006, respectively) were observed in the users of soy protein alone (SP). CONCLUSIONS: Soy protein supplementation did not influence the indicators of body composition. However, it exerted possible favorable effects on lipid profile in postmenopausal women. The increase in muscle mass and reduction in abdominal fat were correlated with resistance training.

Efeito do protocolo de mudança do estilo de vida sobre a aptidão física de adultos participantes de projeto de extensão universitária: influência da composição corporal / Effect of lyfestile modification program on physical fitness: influences of body composition

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de um programa de exercícios físicos supervisionados sobre os componentes da aptidão física de adultos e verificar a influência da variação da composição corporal nestes resultados. Participaram do estudo 45 homens e 64 mulheres, divididos de acordo com a freqüência ao protocolo: < 3x/ semana (G1) e > 3x/semana (G2). Foram avaliados Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), circunferência abdominal (CA), percentual de gordura (%G) e massa muscular (MM) e realizados testes motores para avaliação do VO2máx, força de membros inferiores (FMI), de preensão manual (FMS), equilíbrio e flexibilidade. O protocolo de exercícios teve duração de seis meses, envolveu exercícios aeróbios, de resistência muscular localizada, equilíbrio e flexibilidade em 5 sessões semanais, com duração de 80 minutos/sessão. O programa de exercícios não exerceu efeitos significativos para IMC, CA, %G, MM e equilíbrio. Não foram observadas variações significativas no VO2máx, no G2 em ambos os sexos, embora o sexo feminino tenha apresentado tendência a aumento. Houve melhora significativa na FMI após 3 e 6 meses do programa para os dois grupos e sexos. A FMS melhorou apenas no G2 após 3 meses de programa, no sexo feminino. Após 3 e 6 meses, as mulheres do G2 apresentaram valores superiores para flexibilidade, embora melhoras significativas ocorreram após 6 meses do programa apenas no G1. Conclui-se que o programa foi eficiente no aumento da FMI, provavelmente por envolver caminhadas e exercícios na posição ortostática e que a freqüência ao programa foi determinante para a melhora da FMS (entre as mulheres) sendo que o estado inicial determinou o aumento da flexibilidade.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of a supervised exercise program on physical fitness in healthy adults and the influence of body composition on this results. Fifty five men and sixty four women subdivided according frequency to the program: <3 days/week (G1) and ³3 days/week (G2) were selected to the study. We assessed body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), percentage body fat (%fat), muscle mass (MM), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2máx.), strength of lower limbs (SLL) and upper limbs (SUL), balance (B) and flexibility (FLEX). The program consisted of aerobic, localized muscular endurance, balance and flexibility exercises, performed 5 days/week, 80 minutes/session, during six months. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in BMI, WC, %fat, MM and balance after exercise program. In G2, the exercise program not produced significant increase in VO2máx., although women had show a trend toward to increase. There was significant increase on SLL after tree and six months, in both groups and gender, whereas SUL increased only in women of G2 of after 3 months. After 3 and 6 months of exercise program the women of G2 was significantly better for flexibility although significant improved occurred only in G2 after 6 months. In conclusion, the training program produced significant increases in SLL, probably by walking and other exercises in orthostatic position with the frequency to the program determining the improvement of SUL (among women), being the basal levels determinants of better results for the in flexibility.

Declínio do consumo maximo de oxigênio em função da idade em indivíduos adultos do sexomasculino submetidos ao teste ergoespirométrico / Age – associated decline in maximal aerobic capacity in adults men determined from ergoespirometry test

O objetivo do presente estudo foi observar o declínio do consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx) em função das variações da idade e do peso corporal. Fizeram parte da amostra 119 indivíduos do sexo masculino, divididos em cinco grupos etários: G1 (20-29 anos, N=28), G2 (30-39 anos, N=32), G3 (40-49 anos, N=25), G4 (50-59 anos, N=27), G5 (60-69 anos, N=7). Todos foram submetidos à teste máximo realizado em esteira ergométrica e a determinação do índice de massa corpórea. A análise estatística utilizada para comparação entre os diferentes grupos etários foi a análise de variância “One-Way” e o teste de “post-hoc” de Scheffe para a localização da diferença entre os grupos, quando constatada. O nível de significância adotado foi de p<0,05. Os valores mostraram que o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) não apresentou variação significativa entre os grupos (P<0,05), o que poderia descartar possíveis interferências das características físicas sobre os resultados. Houve queda de aproximadamente 10% no VO2max por década estudada sendo que a diferenciação estatística ocorreu de G1 até G3 (40-49 anos) estabilizando – se a seguir. Conclui-se que, as principais variações de aerobiose são mais perceptíveis antes da 5ª década de vida, quando o organismo estaria mais susceptível aos exercícios de condicionamento aeróbio.

The purpose of the study was to assess the age–associated decline in maximal aerobic capacity (VO2máx) related to body composition. There were an assessment of 119 males divided in five age-groups G1 (20 – 29 years, N=28), G2 (30 – 39 years, N=32), G3 (40 – 49 years, N=25), G4 (50 – 59 years, N=27), G5 (60 – 69 years, N=7). VO2máx were determined from a maximal exercise test on ergometric treadmill along with the body mass index (BMI) calculation. One–way ANOVA was used to determine differences among groups. When significance was indicated, the Scheffe method for multiple comparisons was used to detect differentiation among the means (p<0.05). The results showed no differences between groups for BMI whereas VO2max declined nearly 10% each decade statistically significant from G1 to G3, when reached the plateau. We concluded that the declining of cardiorespiratory fitness are more pronounced before the 5th decade, when the body would be more prone to respond to endurance exercises.

Implicações nutricionais protéico-energéticas da presença e/ou tratamento dos cânceres de cabeça e pescoço / Nutritional Implications of Head-Neck Cancer Presence and Treatments

As conseqüências nutricionais do câncer variam amplamente dependendo do tipo e localização do tumor, do curso da doença e do tratamento terapêutico imposto. Em se tratando do paciente com câncer de cabeça e pescoço, é comum a existência de comprometimento nutricional pela redução da ingestão dietética no momento da procura ao serviço médico. Ressalta-se, assim, a intervenção nutricional precoce, na tentativa de melhora dá ingestão e manutenção ou recuperação do estado protéico-energético do paciente. São revisados as causas gerais da desnutrição protéico-energética (DPE) e os meios de identificação da DPE do paciente, visando a terapia nutricional. Entre as vias de administração, é tradicional o uso da alimentação nasoenteral; embora, na atualidade, a gastrostomia percutânea endoscópica venha sendo a via de acesso enteral indicada para nutrir esse grupo de pacientes.

The nutritional impact of head-neck cancer differs according to the tumor localization, malignancy and etiology of disease. Reduced food intake is a comon feature of this disease due to either mechanic or biochemical (anorexia) factors. At this time, the food intake improvement is a welcome procedure to ameliorate their nutritional status. Further on as the disease worsens, there are nutritional implications of the surgical and/ or radiotherapeutical treatments. The main mechanism of protein energy malnutrition under these circunstances and its early detection and appropriate dietary interventions are reviewed for practical purposes.

A resposta metabólica ao trauma cranioencefálico é autolimitada?: análise das proteínas de fase aguda e glicemia / Is the metabolic response self-limited in head trauma?: analysis of acute phase proteins and glycemia

Nos últimos anos tem havido referências à limitaçao da resposta metabólica nas duas primeiras semanas após trauma cranioencefálico (TCE). Foi feita proposta de estudo a partir de experimento clínico em pacientes com trauma encefálico grave, que foram avaliados por volta de 7 dias após a lesao (MI). A segunda avaliaçao ocorreu 4 dias após (M2), e a terceira 3 a 4 dias após (M3). Em um período de 2 anos, foram selecionados 28 pacientes do sexo masculino, com trauma encefálico grave, escala de gravidade de Glasgow entre 4 e 6. Dentre os 28 pacientes, 6 completaram o estudo proposto. Os pacientes foram acompanhados clinicamente durante toda a fase do experimento. Em cada um dos momentos de análise, foram feitas análises da excreçao nitrogenada e proteínas de fase aguda. Da mesma forma foram feitas determinaçoes da glicemia plasmática. N-amínico e triglicerídeos. Os resultados do estudo demonstraram nao haver modificaçoes no balanço nitrogenado, normalizaçao da proteína-C-reativa e reduçao relativa da glicemia ao final do experimento. Os autores tecem consideraçoes sobre os possíveis mecanismos envolvidos na modulaçao da resposta metabólica e concluem que o hipermetabolismo, a basear-se na análise de glicemia e das proteínas de fase aguda, nao persiste além do 13º dia do período de recuperaçao pós-trauma. Sao feitas sugestoes de estudos futuros que possam elucidar os mecanismos envolvidos na normalizaçao do hipercatabolismo e hipermetabolismo observados nas duas primeiras semanas após TCE.

Utilizaçäo do metabolismo protéico (15N-glicina) na detecçäo precoce de agravamento da atividade da doença em pacientes portadores de retocolite ulcerativa inespecífica / Utilization of the proteic metabolism (15N-glycine) in the precocious detection of disease exacerbation in patients with unespecific ulcerative colitis

Dez pacientes portadores de retocolite ulcerativa inespecífica em atividade leve e moderada foram acompanhados por um período de quatro meses. Foram avaliados os seguintes indicadores de atividade da doença: clínicos (número de evacuaçoes e presença de sangue nas fezes), laboratoriais (hemoglobina, contagem de plaquetas, VHS, mucoproteínas, alpha1-glicoproteína ácida e PCR), escore retossigmoidoscópico e histopatológico. Avaliou-se também o metabolismo protéico dos pacientes mediante (15)N-glicina e amônia como produto final. Apenas um paciente teve exacerbaçao acentuada da atividade da doença durante o período de estudo. Esse paciente apresentava no início do estudo valores de síntese e catabolismo protéicos superiores aos de todos os outros pacientes, ou seja, 4,51 e 3,47 g de proteína/Kg/dia, respectivamente, mostrando estado de hipermetabolismo, compatível com aumento da atividade da doença. Esse aumento de atividade nao foi, entretanto, detectado pelos demais indicadores utilizados, possibilitando aventar a hipótese de que a avaliaçao do metabolismo protéico consegue detectar precocemente o agravamento da atividade da doença em pacientes com retocolite ulcerativa.

Reativaçäo da retocolite ulcerativa com o uso de droga antiinflamatória näo esteróide: relato de caso e revisäo da literatura / Reactivation of ulcerative rectocolitis with drug the use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory: report of a case and review of the literature

É relatado o caso de uma paciente portadora de retocolite ulcerativa idiopática e sacro-ileíte isolada que apresentou reagudizaçao da doença intestinal com o uso de diclofenac. A paciente, alérgica à sulfassalazina, estava em uso de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados omega(3), de óleo de peixe. Sao descritos os prováveis mecanismos envolvidos na reativaçao da doença inflamatória intestinal com uso de drogas antiinflamatórias nao esteróides e sugerido, quando necessário nestes pacientes, o uso dessas drogas, que inibem a lipoxigenase.