Biomarcadores de exposición a plaguicidas / Occupational pesticide exposure and their association with effect biomarkers

La exposición a plaguicidas, durante todas las etapas de su uso, puede tener efectos adversos en la salud y el medio ambiente. Estos efectos no siempre están relacionados con lesiones inmediatas y aparentes, sino que pueden tardar incluso años en manifestarse. La utilización de biomarcadores en estudios epidemiológicos, como son las evaluaciones de daño genético, permiten la detección temprana de un riesgo incrementado de desarrollar diversas patologías, definiendo estados de prepatogénesis, como neoplasias, problemas reproductivos, malformaciones y enfermedades cardiovasculares. Los estudios de biomonitoreo en poblaciones agrícolas publicados desde la década de los años 70 indican resultados muy diversos, dada la amplia variedad de biomarcadores citogenéticos analizados y la heterogeneidad de las poblaciones incluidas en dichos estudios. En etapas previas de esta investigación se han descripto factores personales y contextuales vinculados con la exposición a plaguicidas entre trabajadores agrícolas, diseñado escalas de exposición a plaguicidas y descripto condiciones de salud percibida por agroaplicadores terrestres de la Provincia de Córdoba. Este trabajo presenta biomarcadores de daño citogenético, aportando nuevos elementos para la detección de grupos de riesgo, la comprensión de la red causal de las patologías asociadas a tales exposiciones y proponer herramientas preventivas. (AU)

Exposure to pesticides, during all stages of use, may have adverse effects on health and the environment. These effects are not always related to immediate and apparent injuries, but may even take years to manifest. The use of biomarkers in epidemiological studies, such as evaluations of genetic damage, allow the early detection of an increased risk of developing various pathologies, defining states of prepathogenesis, such as neoplasms, problems Reproductive, malformations and cardiovascular diseases. Biomonitoring Studies in agricultural populations published since the decade of the years 70 indicate very different results, given the wide variety of cytogenetic biomarkers analyzed and the heterogeneity of the populations included in these studies. In previous stages of this research have described personal and contextual factors linked to pesticide exposure among agricultural workers, designed scales of exposure to pesticides and described health conditions perceived by agrochemicals applicators of the province of Cordoba. This paper presents biomarkers of cytogenetic damage, providing new elements for the detection of risk groups, understanding the causal network of pathologies associated with such exhibits and proposing preventive tools. (AU)

La comida en contextos de pobreza urbana: nutrientes y sentidos en juego en Villa la Tela, Ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina / Food in contexts of urban poverty: nutrients and senses at stake in Villa La Tela, Cordoba, Argentina

Es en la urdimbre entre la materialidad de la comida (calidad/cantidad) y el cuerpo del comensal (sentidos corporales) que se entretejen las sensibilidades a partir de las cuáles se significa el mundo. El presente artículo propone conocer las cocinas familiares en contextos de pobreza urbana a partir de los sentidos (corporal/social) que las significan. Se trabajó con metodología cualitativa a partir de la interpretación y análisis de observaciones participantes, encuentros domiciliarios y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Como resultados de la investigación las cocinas se definieron a partir de las siguientes categorías analíticas: descriptores (sensoriales y sociales) de la comida y del cocinar; auto-definición de su propia alimentación, creencias alimentarias asociadas y perspectivas de su alimentación futura. Este estudio sienta bases para continuar abordando la multiplicidad de formas del ôcomerö, y sus ôpor quéö (contexto social, cultural, político, económico, familiar), así como su impacto en la salud.(AU)

It is in the warp and woof between the corporeity of the food (quality/quantity) and the body of the diner (body senses) where the sensitivities in which the world finds meaning are interwoven. The aim of this article is to get acquainted, from the senses (body/social), with family kitchens in contexts of urban poverty. We used qualitative methodology based on interpretation and analysis of participant observations, meetings in houses, and semi-structured interviews. As results of this research, kitchens were defined using the following analytical categories: descriptors (sensory and social) of the food and of the cooking process, self- definition of personal nourishment, food related beliefs and perspectives of future nutrition. This study sets the basis to keep dealing with the subject of multiplicity concerning different ways of ôeatingö and its ôreasonsö (social, cultural, political, economic and family contexts), as well as its impact on health.(AU)

La comida en contextos de pobreza urbana: nutrientes y sentidos en juego en Villa la Tela, Ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina / Food in contexts of urban poverty: nutrients and senses at stake in Villa La Tela, Cordoba, Argentina

Es en la urdimbre entre la materialidad de la comida (calidad/cantidad) y el cuerpo del comensal (sentidos corporales) que se entretejen las sensibilidades a partir de las cuáles se significa el mundo. El presente artículo propone conocer las cocinas familiares en contextos de pobreza urbana a partir de los sentidos (corporal/social) que las significan. Se trabajó con metodología cualitativa a partir de la interpretación y análisis de observaciones participantes, encuentros domiciliarios y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Como resultados de la investigación las cocinas se definieron a partir de las siguientes categorías analíticas: descriptores (sensoriales y sociales) de la comida y del cocinar; auto-definición de su propia alimentación, creencias alimentarias asociadas y perspectivas de su alimentación futura. Este estudio sienta bases para continuar abordando la multiplicidad de formas del “comer”, y sus “por qué” (contexto social, cultural, político, económico, familiar), así como su impacto en la salud.

It is in the warp and woof between the corporeity of the food (quality/quantity) and the body of the diner (body senses) where the sensitivities in which the world finds meaning are interwoven. The aim of this article is to get acquainted, from the senses (body/social), with family kitchens in contexts of urban poverty. We used qualitative methodology based on interpretation and analysis of participant observations, meetings in houses, and semi-structured interviews. As results of this research, kitchens were defined using the following analytical categories: descriptors (sensory and social) of the food and of the cooking process, self- definition of personal nourishment, food related beliefs and perspectives of future nutrition. This study sets the basis to keep dealing with the subject of multiplicity concerning different ways of “eating” and its “reasons” (social, cultural, political, economic and family contexts), as well as its impact on health.

Correlates of breastfeeding duration in an urban cohort from Argentina.

AIM: To analyse factors associated with the duration of breastfeeding in a representative cohort of mothers and children, including socio-demographic and cultural characteristics, breastfeeding antecedents, perinatal factors and perinatal healthcare practices. METHODS: The study was conducted in the city of Cordoba, between 1993 and 1998. Mother-child binomials from all public and private hospitals were asked to participate. Follow-up consisted of home visits at 30 d, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 50 mo. Information was obtained on 650 healthy newborns. Cessation of breastfeeding during the first 24 mo of life was analysed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and factors associated with weaning were studied using Cox's proportional risk regression. RESULTS: The median duration of breastfeeding was 4 mo. Factors associated with weaning were: the introduction of artificial formulas within 30 d postpartum [relative risk (RR) = 2.27; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.82-2.82]; breastfeeding of a previous child for less than 6 mo (RR = 1.64; 95% CI = 1.32-2.02); delay in the first mother-child contact for over 90 min (RR = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.17-1.93); mother's having completed primary or partially completed secondary education (RR = 1.40; 95% CI = 1.01-1.92) or completed secondary education or higher (RR = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.14-2.22); primiparous mother (RR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.12-1.74) and; the mother recalling having been breastfed for less than 6 mo (RR = 1.27; 95% CI = 1.01-1.61). CONCLUSIONS: The purpose of strategies to promote breastfeeding should be to eliminate inappropriate care practices, such as delay in the first mother-child contact, as well as reducing the impact of other factors leading to the introduction of artificial milk. Moreover, mothers need more and better support from professionals and peers.