Potential Distribution of Pilocarpus microphyllus in the Amazonia/Cerrado Biomes under Near-Future Climate Change Scenarios.

Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf. ex Wardlew. (Rutaceae) is an endemic and threatened medicinal plant species from tropical Brazil. Popularly known as "jaborandi", it is the unique natural source of pilocarpine, an alkaloid used to medical treat glaucoma and xerostomia. Based on Species Distribution Models (SDMs), we modeled the suitability of P. microphyllus's geographical distribution considering three Global Circulation Models (GCMs) under two future climate change scenarios (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5). The quantitative analyses carried out using ten different SDM algorithms revealed that precipitation seasonality (Bio15) and precipitation of the driest month (Bio14) were the most important bioclimatic variables. The results evidenced four main key areas of continuous occurrence of the plant spreading diagonally over tropical Brazilian biomes (Amazon, Cerrado and Caatinga). The near-future (2020 to 2040) ensemble projections considering all GCMs and scenarios have indicated negative impacts for the potential loss or significant reduction in suitable habitats for P. microphyllus in the transition region between the Amazon and Cerrado into central and northern Maranhão state, and mainly in the Caatinga biome over the northern Piaui state. On the other hand, positive impacts of the expansion of the plant habitat suitability are projected over forest cover protected areas of the Amazon biome in the southeastern Pará state. Since the jaborandi is of socioeconomic importance for many families in the north/northeast Brazil, it is urgent to implement public policies for conservation and sustainable management, thus mitigating the impacts of global climate change.

Changes in soil properties during iron mining and in rehabilitating minelands in the Eastern Amazon.

Open-cast iron mining causes drastic disturbances in soil properties. Recovery of soil chemical and physical properties is essential for successful revegetation and landscape rehabilitation. To identify changes in soil properties during the mining and revegetation process, soil samples were collected from undisturbed sites represented by forest and ferriferous savannas stocking above iron outcrops, called "cangas," in open-pit benches, and in rehabilitation chronosequences of iron waste piles in the Carajás Mineral Province (CMP), Eastern Amazon, Brazil. The samples were analyzed for chemical and physical properties. Our results showed that iron mining operations resulted in significant alteration of the chemical soil properties when forest and canga vegetation are suppressed to form open-pit benches or waste piles in the CMP. Mining substrates showed lower contents of soil organic matter (SOM) and nutrients than undisturbed areas of forests and cangas. In order to achieve the success of revegetation, nutrients have been added prior to plant establishment. We have demonstrated how soil fertility changes along with mineland rehabilitation, and the variation among chronosequence was attributable mainly due to contents of SOM, K, and B in the soil. The slight improvement of SOM found in rehabilitated waste piles reinforces the notion that recovery of soil quality can be a slow process in iron minelands in the CMP.

Native Amazonian Canga Grasses Show Distinct Nitrogen Growth Responses in Iron Mining Substrates.

Native species may have adaptive traits that are advantageous for overcoming the adverse environmental conditions faced during the early stages of mine land rehabilitation. Here, we examined the nitrogen (N) growth responses of two native perennial grasses (Axonopus longispicus and Paspalum cinerascens) from canga in nutrient-poor iron mining substrates. We carried out vegetative propagation and recovered substantial healthy tillers from field-collected tussocks of both species. These tillers were cultivated in mining substrates at increasing N levels. The tillering rates of both species increased with the N application. Nonetheless, only in P. cinerascens did the N application result in significant biomass increase. Such growth gain was a result of changes in leaf pigment, stomatal morphology, gas exchanges, and nutrients absorption that occurred mainly under the low N additions. Reaching optimum growth at 80 mg N dm-3, these plants showed no differences from those in the field. Our study demonstrates that an input of N as fertilizer can differentially improve the growth of native grasses and that P. cinerascens plants are able to deposit high quantities of carbon and protect soil over the seasons, thus, making them promising candidates for restoring nutrient cycling, accelerating the return of other species and ecosystem services.

Plastome-based phylogenomics elucidate relationships in rare Isoëtes species groups from the Neotropics.

The genus Isoëtes is globally distributed. Within the Neotropics, Isoëtes occurs in various habitats and ecosystems, making it an interesting case study to address phylogenetic and biogeographic questions. We sequenced and assembled plastomes and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships in Isoëtes from tropical regions in the Neotropics. The ploidy level of nine taxa was established to address the potential source of phylogenetic incongruence in the genus. Node ages were estimated using MCMCTree. The ancestral range estimates were conducted in BioGeoBEARS. Plastome-based phylogenies were congruent throughout distinct matrices and partition schemes, exhibiting high support for almost all nodes. Whereas, we found incongruences between the rDNA and plastome datasets. Chromosome counts identified three diploids, five tetraploids and one likely hexaploid among Neotropical species. Plastome-based node age estimates showed that the radiation of the crown Isoëtes group occurred at 20 Ma, with the diversification of the tropical American (TAA) clade taking place in the Pleistocene at 1.7 Ma. Ancestral range estimates showed that the ancestor of the TAA clade may have evolved first in the dry diagonal area in South America before reaching more humid regions. In addition, the colonization of the Brazilian semiarid region occurred three times, while the occupation of the Cerrado and Amazon regions occurred twice and once, respectively. Our study showed a large unobserved diversity within the genus in warm-dry regions in the Neotropics. Plastomes provided sufficient genomic information to establish a robust phylogenetic framework to answer evolutionary questions in Isoëtes from the Neotropics.

Combining genotype, phenotype, and environmental data to delineate site-adjusted provenance strategies for ecological restoration.

Despite the importance of climate-adjusted provenancing to mitigate the effects of environmental change, climatic considerations alone are insufficient when restoring highly degraded sites. Here we propose a comprehensive landscape genomic approach to assist the restoration of moderately disturbed and highly degraded sites. To illustrate it we employ genomic data sets comprising thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms from two plant species suitable for the restoration of iron-rich Amazonian Savannas. We first use a subset of neutral loci to assess genetic structure and determine the genetic neighbourhood size. We then identify genotype-phenotype-environment associations, map adaptive genetic variation, and predict adaptive genotypes for restoration sites. Whereas local provenances were found optimal to restore a moderately disturbed site, a mixture of genotypes seemed the most promising strategy to recover a highly degraded mining site. We discuss how our results can help define site-adjusted provenancing strategies, and argue that our methods can be more broadly applied to assist other restoration initiatives.

Assessment of fire hazard weather indices in theeastern Amazon: a case study for different land uses / Avaliação dos índices climáticos de perigo de incêndio na Amazôniaoriental: um estudo de caso para diferentes usos do solo

The fire frequency in the Amazon increased rapidly after the 1990s due to deforestation and forest degradation, and it is expected to increase in response to climate change. We analyzed the fire occurrence and assessed seven fire hazard indices in the municipality of Canaã dos Carajás, in the eastern Amazon, for different land use and land cover (LULC) types. We used data from three weather stations located at different heights to compare the performance of the indices using skill scores and success percentages for each LULC. Overall most hotspots occurred in deforested areas and native forests, which were the main LULC types, while few were observed in rupestrian fields, urban areas, and mining areas. However, forests presented the lowest number of hotspots per unit area, especially inside protected areas, and all hotspots in forest areas were observed after a severe drought in 2015. The performance of the fire indices varied as a function of the LULC class and the weather station considered, which indicates the importance of choosing the most appropriate location of the station according to the purpose of the monitoring. The Keetch-Byram Drought Index showed the best performance for predicting fire occurrence for all LULC classes, and forests and deforested areas individually. Despite its simplicity, the Angstrom index stood out due to its good performance in the prediction of days with more than six hotspots.(AU)

A frequência dos incêndios na Amazônia aumentou rapidamente após a década de 1990 devido ao desmatamento e degradação florestal, e espera-se que continue aumentando em resposta às mudanças climáticas. Analisamos a ocorrência de incêndios e avaliamos sete índices de perigo de incêndio no município de Canaã dos Carajás, na Amazônia oriental, para diferentes tipos de uso e cobertura do solo. Usamos dados de três estações meteorológicas situadas em diferentes altitudes para comparar o desempenho dos índices usando skill scores e porcentagens de sucesso para cada uso do solo. Em geral, a maior parte dos focos de calor ocorreu em áreas desmatadas e florestas nativas, que têm as maiores áreas de cobertura no município, enquanto poucos focos foram observados nas áreas de campo rupestre, urbanas e de mineração. No entanto, as florestas apresentaram o menor número de focos de calor por unidade de área, especialmente dentro de áreas protegidas, e todos os focos em floresta foram observados após uma seca severa em 2015. O desempenho dos índices de incêndio variou em função do uso do solo e da estação meteorológica utilizada, mostrando a importância da escolha da localização apropriada da estação, conforme o objetivo do monitoramento. O Índice de Seca Keetch-Byram apresentou o melhor desempenho para predizer a ocorrência de incêndios considerando todos os usos do solo, e para as áreas de floresta e desmatadas separadamente. Apesar de sua simplicidade, o índice de Angstrom se destacou por seu desempenho na predição de dias com mais de seis focos de calor detectados.(AU)

Assessment of fire hazard weather indices in theeastern Amazon: a case study for different land uses / Avaliação dos índices climáticos de perigo de incêndio na Amazôniaoriental: um estudo de caso para diferentes usos do solo

The fire frequency in the Amazon increased rapidly after the 1990s due to deforestation and forest degradation, and it is expected to increase in response to climate change. We analyzed the fire occurrence and assessed seven fire hazard indices in the municipality of Canaã dos Carajás, in the eastern Amazon, for different land use and land cover (LULC) types. We used data from three weather stations located at different heights to compare the performance of the indices using skill scores and success percentages for each LULC. Overall most hotspots occurred in deforested areas and native forests, which were the main LULC types, while few were observed in rupestrian fields, urban areas, and mining areas. However, forests presented the lowest number of hotspots per unit area, especially inside protected areas, and all hotspots in forest areas were observed after a severe drought in 2015. The performance of the fire indices varied as a function of the LULC class and the weather station considered, which indicates the importance of choosing the most appropriate location of the station according to the purpose of the monitoring. The Keetch-Byram Drought Index showed the best performance for predicting fire occurrence for all LULC classes, and forests and deforested areas individually. Despite its simplicity, the Angstrom index stood out due to its good performance in the prediction of days with more than six hotspots.

A frequência dos incêndios na Amazônia aumentou rapidamente após a década de 1990 devido ao desmatamento e degradação florestal, e espera-se que continue aumentando em resposta às mudanças climáticas. Analisamos a ocorrência de incêndios e avaliamos sete índices de perigo de incêndio no município de Canaã dos Carajás, na Amazônia oriental, para diferentes tipos de uso e cobertura do solo. Usamos dados de três estações meteorológicas situadas em diferentes altitudes para comparar o desempenho dos índices usando skill scores e porcentagens de sucesso para cada uso do solo. Em geral, a maior parte dos focos de calor ocorreu em áreas desmatadas e florestas nativas, que têm as maiores áreas de cobertura no município, enquanto poucos focos foram observados nas áreas de campo rupestre, urbanas e de mineração. No entanto, as florestas apresentaram o menor número de focos de calor por unidade de área, especialmente dentro de áreas protegidas, e todos os focos em floresta foram observados após uma seca severa em 2015. O desempenho dos índices de incêndio variou em função do uso do solo e da estação meteorológica utilizada, mostrando a importância da escolha da localização apropriada da estação, conforme o objetivo do monitoramento. O Índice de Seca Keetch-Byram apresentou o melhor desempenho para predizer a ocorrência de incêndios considerando todos os usos do solo, e para as áreas de floresta e desmatadas separadamente. Apesar de sua simplicidade, o índice de Angstrom se destacou por seu desempenho na predição de dias com mais de seis focos de calor detectados.

Assessment of fire hazard weather indices in the eastern Amazon: a case study for different land uses

RESUMO A frequência dos incêndios na Amazônia aumentou rapidamente após a década de 1990 devido ao desmatamento e degradação florestal, e espera-se que continue aumentando em resposta às mudanças climáticas. Analisamos a ocorrência de incêndios e avaliamos sete índices de perigo de incêndio no município de Canaã dos Carajás, na Amazônia oriental, para diferentes tipos de uso e cobertura do solo. Usamos dados de três estações meteorológicas situadas em diferentes altitudes para comparar o desempenho dos índices usando skill scores e porcentagens de sucesso para cada uso do solo. Em geral, a maior parte dos focos de calor ocorreu em áreas desmatadas e florestas nativas, que têm as maiores áreas de cobertura no município, enquanto poucos focos foram observados nas áreas de campo rupestre, urbanas e de mineração. No entanto, as florestas apresentaram o menor número de focos de calor por unidade de área, especialmente dentro de áreas protegidas, e todos os focos em floresta foram observados após uma seca severa em 2015. O desempenho dos índices de incêndio variou em função do uso do solo e da estação meteorológica utilizada, mostrando a importância da escolha da localização apropriada da estação, conforme o objetivo do monitoramento. O Índice de Seca Keetch-Byram apresentou o melhor desempenho para predizer a ocorrência de incêndios considerando todos os usos do solo, e para as áreas de floresta e desmatadas separadamente. Apesar de sua simplicidade, o índice de Angstrom se destacou por seu desempenho na predição de dias com mais de seis focos de calor detectados.

ABSTRACT The fire frequency in the Amazon increased rapidly after the 1990s due to deforestation and forest degradation, and it is expected to increase in response to climate change. We analyzed the fire occurrence and assessed seven fire hazard indices in the municipality of Canaã dos Carajás, in the eastern Amazon, for different land use and land cover (LULC) types. We used data from three weather stations located at different heights to compare the performance of the indices using skill scores and success percentages for each LULC. Overall most hotspots occurred in deforested areas and native forests, which were the main LULC types, while few were observed in rupestrian fields, urban areas, and mining areas. However, forests presented the lowest number of hotspots per unit area, especially inside protected areas, and all hotspots in forest areas were observed after a severe drought in 2015. The performance of the fire indices varied as a function of the LULC class and the weather station considered, which indicates the importance of choosing the most appropriate location of the station according to the purpose of the monitoring. The Keetch-Byram Drought Index showed the best performance for predicting fire occurrence for all LULC classes, and forests and deforested areas individually. Despite its simplicity, the Angstrom index stood out due to its good performance in the prediction of days with more than six hotspots.

Habitat Loss Does Not Always Entail Negative Genetic Consequences.

Although habitat loss has large, consistently negative effects on biodiversity, its genetic consequences are not yet fully understood. This is because measuring the genetic consequences of habitat loss requires accounting for major methodological limitations like the confounding effect of habitat fragmentation, historical processes underpinning genetic differentiation, time-lags between the onset of disturbances and genetic outcomes, and the need for large numbers of samples, genetic markers, and replicated landscapes to ensure sufficient statistical power. In this paper we overcame all these challenges to assess the genetic consequences of extreme habitat loss driven by mining in two herbs endemic to Amazonian savannas. Relying on genotyping-by-sequencing of hundreds of individuals collected across two mining landscapes, we identified thousands of neutral and independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in each species and used these to evaluate population structure, genetic diversity, and gene flow. Since open-pit mining in our study region rarely involves habitat fragmentation, we were able to assess the independent effect of habitat loss. We also accounted for the underlying population structure when assessing landscape effects on genetic diversity and gene flow, examined the sensitivity of our analyses to the resolution of spatial data, and used annual species and cross-year analyses to minimize and quantify possible time-lag effects. We found that both species are remarkably resilient, as genetic diversity and gene flow patterns were unaffected by habitat loss. Whereas historical habitat amount was found to influence inbreeding; heterozygosity and inbreeding were not affected by habitat loss in either species, and gene flow was mainly influenced by geographic distance, pre-mining land cover, and local climate. Our study demonstrates that it is not possible to generalize about the genetic consequences of habitat loss, and implies that future conservation efforts need to consider species-specific genetic information.