RESUMEN
Human milk (HM) constitutes the first immunological barrier and the main source of nutrients and bioactive components for newborns. Immune factors comprise up to 10% of the protein content in HM, where antibodies are the major components (mainly IgA, IgG, and IgM). In addition, antibacterial enzymes such as lysozyme and immunoregulatory factors such as soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14) and transforming growth factor ß2 (TGF-ß2) are also present and play important roles in the protection of the infant's health. Donor milk processed in HM banks by Holder pasteurization (HoP; 62.5°C, 30 min) is a safe and valuable resource for preterm newborns that are hospitalized, but is reduced in major immunological components due to thermal inactivation. We hypothesized that high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and high-pressure homogenization (HPH) are 2 processes that can be used on HM to reduce total bacteria counts while retaining immunological components. We studied the effects of HHP (400, 450, and 500 MPa for 5 min applied at 20°C) and HPH (200, 250, and 300 MPa, milk inlet temperature of 20°C) applied to mature HM, on microbiological and immunological markers (IgA, IgG, IgM, sCD14, and TGF-ß2), and compared them with those of traditional HoP in HM samples from healthy donors. The HHP processing between 400 and 500 MPa at 20°C reduced counts of coliform and total aerobic bacteria to undetectable levels (<1.0 log cfu/mL) while achieving approximately 100% of immunological component retention. In particular, comparing median percentages of retention of immunological components for 450 MPa versus HoP, we found 101.5 versus 50.5% for IgA, 89.5 versus 26.0% for IgM, 104.5 versus 75.5% for IgG, 125.0 versus 72.5% for lysozyme, 50.6 versus 0.1% for sCD14, and 88.5 versus 61.1% for TGF-ß2, respectively. Regarding HPH processing, at a pressure of 250 MPa and inlet temperature of 20°C, the process showed good potential to reduce coliforms to undetectable levels and total aerobic bacteria to levels slightly above those obtained by HoP. The median percentages of retention of immunological markers for HPH versus HoP were 71.5 versus 52.0%, 71.0 versus 27.0%, 104.0 versus 66.5%, and 30.9 versus 0.2%, for IgA, IgM, IgG, and sCD14, respectively; results did not significantly differ for lysozyme and TGF-ß2. The HPH at 300 MPa produced higher inactivation of immunological components, similar to values achieved with HoP.
Asunto(s)
Leche Humana/inmunología , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Presión Hidrostática , Bancos de Leche Humana , Pasteurización , Temperatura , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The dominant oculo-pharyngeal muscular dystrophy mutation consists of an expanded (GCN)(12-17) in the coding region of the PolyA Binding Protein Nuclear 1 gene. A founder effect has been demonstrated in Canadian and Bukhara Jewish populations with relatively high prevalence of this disease. Since the oculo-pharyngeal muscular dystrophy prevalence was remarkably high in Southern Uruguay, a founder effect was hypothesized. To identify the ancestral haplotype we determined the (GCN) repeat number and the variants of four intragenic SNPs in Uruguayan OPMD families and a control sample. All families carrying the mutation (GCG)(11)(GCA)(3)(GCG) shared a common ancestral haplotype and the age of the mutation was estimated in 37-53 generations by a composite likelihood method. One family carrying the (GCG)(9)(GCA)(3)(GCG) allele had a different haplotype. The genealogical and molecular data suggested that the common ancestors were Canary Islands' settlers that arrived in Uruguay in the XIX century.
Asunto(s)
Efecto Fundador , Distrofia Muscular Oculofaríngea/genética , Mutación/genética , Proteína II de Unión a Poli(A)/genética , Expansión de Repetición de Trinucleótido/genética , Análisis Mutacional de ADN , Salud de la Familia , Femenino , Genealogía y Heráldica , Pruebas Genéticas , Haplotipos , Heterocigoto , Humanos , Masculino , Distrofia Muscular Oculofaríngea/metabolismo , Distrofia Muscular Oculofaríngea/fisiopatología , Linaje , Fenotipo , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , UruguayRESUMEN
Se hace una investigación en el Hospital docente San Lorenzo de Los Mina, de los años 1994 al 1996, 26,400 casos. Encontramos 95 pacientes condilomatosis (0.35//), el 84// en pacientes embarazadas, 15// en pacientes ginecológicas, el 66.25// habían tenido mas de dos cónyuges, un 33.75// uno solo. Al 67.5// se le hizo cesárea, en 32.5 parto vaginal. El 58// estaba en edades de 14 a 19 años, el 57// tenían su primer embarazo, el 67// no fueron a consulta. El 75// procedían de la zona urbana y solo el 25// de la rural
