Association between severe chronic kidney disease defined by cystatin-c and creatinine and clinical outcomes in an elderly population - an observational study / Associação entre doença renal crônica grave definida por cistatina-c e creatinina e desfechos clínicos em uma população idosa - um estudo observacional

ABSTRACT Introduction: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on serum cystatin-C (sCys) seems as accurate as when based on serum creatinine (sCr), but sCys seems a better predictor of adverse outcomes. We aimed to study whether sCys could be a reliable tool for the prediction of adverse outcomes in elderly patients with severe chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: A group of 348 elderly patients with non-end-stage CKD (stages 1-4, according to eGFR-EPI sCr and/or sCys), referred to our consultation unit during 2016, was retrospectively studied and divided into four exclusive categories: CKD_stage4_neither (eGFR-sCr≥30mL/min; eGFR-sCys≥30mL/min), CKD_stage4_sCr_only (eGFR-sCr<30mL/min), CKD_stage4_sCys_only (eGFR-sCys<30mL/min) and CKD_stage4_combined (eGFRsCr<30mL/min; eGFR-sCys<30mL/min). Baseline characteristics, predictors of death, and clinical events (cardiovascular events and admissions for cardiovascular, acute kidney injury or infectious events) were explored until December 2018. Results: A 77±7.4 year-old cohort, with a modified Charlson Comorbidty Index (mCCI) of 3 (IQR:1-4), was followed-up during 29 (IQR: 26-33) months. There were no significant differences between the characteristics of the stage 4 groups. Survival analysis was stratified by follow-up at 12 months, and in the first year, survival curves of CKD_stage4_sCys_only and CKD_stage4_combined groups were significantly lower than the other groups (p=0.028). Adjusting for age, sex, and mCCI, CKD_stage4_sCys_only, conversely to CKD_stage4_sCr_only, had higher rates of clinical events (p<0.05) than CKD_stage4_neither group. Conclusion: In elderly patients with discordant CKD staging, sCys-based eGFR seems to be a better predictor of adverse outcomes than sCr-based eGFR. Patients with stage 4 CKD defined by sCr alone seem to behave similar to those with less severe CKD.

RESUMO Introdução: A taxa estimada de filtração glomerular (TFGe) com base na cistatina-C sérica (Cis-C) parece ser tão precisa quanto aquela baseada na creatinina sérica (Cr), mas cis-C parece ser um melhor preditor de resultados adversos. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar se a cis-C poderia ser uma ferramenta confiável para a previsão de desfechos adversos em pacientes idosos com doença renal crônica grave (DRC). Métodos: Um grupo de 348 pacientes idosos com DRC em estágio não terminal (estágios 1-4, de acordo com TFGe-EPI Cr e/ou Cis-C), encaminhados para nossa unidade de consulta durante 2016, foi estudado retrospectivamente e dividido em quatro categorias exclusivas: DRC_estágio 4 nenhum (TFGe-Cr≥30mL/min; TFGe -Cis-C≥30mL/min), DRC_estágio 4_Cr apenas (TFGe-Cr <30mL/min), DRC_estágio 4 _Cis-C_apenas (TFGe-Cis-C <30 mL/min), DRC_estágio4_combinado (TFGe-Cis-C <30mL/min. TFGe-Cr <30mL/min). Características basais, preditores de óbito e eventos clínicos (eventos cardiovasculares e internações por doenças cardiovasculares, lesão renal aguda ou eventos infecciosos) foram explorados até dezembro de 2018. Resultados: Uma coorte de 77 ± 7,4 anos, com índice de comorbidade de Charlson modificado (mCCI) de 3 (IQR: 1-4), foi acompanhada durante 29 (IQR: 26-33) meses. Não houve diferenças significativas entre as características dos grupos no estágio 4. A análise de sobrevida foi estratificada pelo acompanhamento aos 12 meses, sendo que no primeiro ano, as curvas de sobrevida dos grupos DRC_estágio4_Cis-C_apenas e DRC_estágio4_ combinado foram significativamente inferiores quando comparadas com os restantes grupos (p = 0,028). Ajustando para idade, sexo e mCCI, DRC_estágio4_Cis-C_apenas, ao contrário do grupo DRC_estágio4_Cr_apenas, teve maiores taxas de eventos clínicos (p <0,05) do que o grupo DRC_estágio4_nenhum. Conclusão: Em pacientes idosos com estadiamento discordante da DRC, a TFGe baseada na Cis-C parece ser um melhor preditor de resultados adversos do que a TFGe baseada na Cr. Pacientes com DRC em estágio 4, definida apenas por Cr, parecem se comportar de forma semelhante àqueles com DRC menos grave.

Parametric evaluation of impedance curve in radiofrequency ablation: A quantitative description of the asymmetry and dynamic variation of impedance in bovine ex vivo model.

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a treatment for liver tumors with advantages over the traditional treatment of surgical resection. This procedure has the shortest recovery time in early stage tumors. The objective of this study is to parameterize the impedance curve of the RFA procedure in an ex vivo model by defining seven parameters (t1/2, tminimum, tend, Zinitial, Z1/2, Zminimum and Zend). Based on these parameters, three performance indices are defined: one to identify the magnitude of impedance curve asymmetry (δ), one Drop ratio (DR) describing the percentage of impedance decrease until the minimum impedance point is reached, and Ascent Ratio (AR) describing the magnitude of increase in impedance from the minimum impedance point to its maximum point. Fifty ablations were performed in a bovine ex vivo model to measure and evaluate the proposed parameters and performance index. The results show that the groups had an average δ of 29.02%, DR of 22.41%, and AR of 545.33% for RFA without the use of saline or deionized solutions. The saline solution and deionized water-cooled groups indicated the correlation of performance indices δ, DR, and AR with the obtained final ablation volume. Therefore, by controlling these parameters and indices, lower recurrence is achieved.

Association between severe chronic kidney disease defined by cystatin-c and creatinine and clinical outcomes in an elderly population - an observational study.

INTRODUCTION: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on serum cystatin-C (sCys) seems as accurate as when based on serum creatinine (sCr), but sCys seems a better predictor of adverse outcomes. We aimed to study whether sCys could be a reliable tool for the prediction of adverse outcomes in elderly patients with severe chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS: A group of 348 elderly patients with non-end-stage CKD (stages 1-4, according to eGFR-EPI sCr and/or sCys), referred to our consultation unit during 2016, was retrospectively studied and divided into four exclusive categories: CKD_stage4_neither (eGFR-sCr≥30mL/min; eGFR-sCys≥30mL/min), CKD_stage4_sCr_only (eGFR-sCr<30mL/min), CKD_stage4_sCys_only (eGFR-sCys<30mL/min) and CKD_stage4_combined (eGFRsCr<30mL/min; eGFR-sCys<30mL/min). Baseline characteristics, predictors of death, and clinical events (cardiovascular events and admissions for cardiovascular, acute kidney injury or infectious events) were explored until December 2018. RESULTS: A 77±7.4 year-old cohort, with a modified Charlson Comorbidty Index (mCCI) of 3 (IQR:1-4), was followed-up during 29 (IQR: 26-33) months. There were no significant differences between the characteristics of the stage 4 groups. Survival analysis was stratified by follow-up at 12 months, and in the first year, survival curves of CKD_stage4_sCys_only and CKD_stage4_combined groups were significantly lower than the other groups (p=0.028). Adjusting for age, sex, and mCCI, CKD_stage4_sCys_only, conversely to CKD_stage4_sCr_only, had higher rates of clinical events (p<0.05) than CKD_stage4_neither group. CONCLUSION: In elderly patients with discordant CKD staging, sCys-based eGFR seems to be a better predictor of adverse outcomes than sCr-based eGFR. Patients with stage 4 CKD defined by sCr alone seem to behave similar to those with less severe CKD.

Demographic, clinical characteristics and cardiovascular disease burden in a Portuguese cohort of older chronic kidney disease patients.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an independent risk factor for several unfavorable outcomes including cardiovascular disease (CVD), particularly in the elderly, who represent the most rapidly growing segment of the end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) population. Portugal has the highest European unadjusted incidence and prevalence rates of ESKD. In 2012, we started to follow a cohort of elderly CKD patients, we describe their baseline characteristics, risk profile, and cardiovascular disease burden. METHODS: All CKD patients aged 65 years and older referred to our department during 2012 were enrolled. Baseline data included: demographic, CKD stage, medication, comorbid conditions. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by the CKD-EPI formula. RESULTS: A total of 416 patients, 50% referred by primary care physicians, aged 77 ± 7 years, 52% male, with a median eGFR of 32 mL/min/1.73m2 participated in the study. Fifty percent had diabetes (DM), 85% dyslipidemia, 96% hypertension; 26% were current/former smokers, and 24% had a body mass index > 30 kg/m2. The prevalence of CVD was 62% and higher in stage 4-5 patients; in diabetics, it gradually increased with CKD progression (stage 3a < stage 3b < stage 4-5) (39, 58, 82%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: At baseline, our CKD elderly cohort had a higher burden of CVD. The prevalence of CVD was greater than in other European CKD cohorts. Lower level of eGFR was associated with a greater burden of CVD and was more pronounced in diabetics, highlighting the importance of strategically targeting cardiovascular risk reduction in these patients.

Demographic, clinical characteristics and cardiovascular disease burden in a Portuguese cohort of older chronic kidney disease patients / Dados demográficos, características clínicas e peso da doença cardiovascular em uma coorte portuguesa de pacientes idosos com doença renal crônica

ABSTRACT Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an independent risk factor for several unfavorable outcomes including cardiovascular disease (CVD), particularly in the elderly, who represent the most rapidly growing segment of the end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) population. Portugal has the highest European unadjusted incidence and prevalence rates of ESKD. In 2012, we started to follow a cohort of elderly CKD patients, we describe their baseline characteristics, risk profile, and cardiovascular disease burden. Methods: All CKD patients aged 65 years and older referred to our department during 2012 were enrolled. Baseline data included: demographic, CKD stage, medication, comorbid conditions. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by the CKD-EPI formula. Results: A total of 416 patients, 50% referred by primary care physicians, aged 77 ± 7 years, 52% male, with a median eGFR of 32 mL/min/1.73m2 participated in the study. Fifty percent had diabetes (DM), 85% dyslipidemia, 96% hypertension; 26% were current/former smokers, and 24% had a body mass index > 30 kg/m2. The prevalence of CVD was 62% and higher in stage 4-5 patients; in diabetics, it gradually increased with CKD progression (stage 3a < stage 3b < stage 4-5) (39, 58, 82%; p < 0.001). Conclusions: At baseline, our CKD elderly cohort had a higher burden of CVD. The prevalence of CVD was greater than in other European CKD cohorts. Lower level of eGFR was associated with a greater burden of CVD and was more pronounced in diabetics, highlighting the importance of strategically targeting cardiovascular risk reduction in these patients.

RESUMO Introdução: Doença renal crônica (DRC) é fator de risco independente para vários desfechos desfavoráveis, incluindo doença cardiovascular (DCV), particularmente em idosos, o segmento de crescimento mais rápido da população com doença renal terminal (DRT). Portugal tem a maior incidência europeia não-ajustada e a maior prevalência de DRT. Neste artigo caracterizamos uma coorte de idosos com DRC, referenciados para a nefrologia, com particular ênfase para o risco e carga de doença cardiovascular. Métodos: Foram incluídos todos os pacientes com DRC com 65 anos ou mais encaminhados ao nosso departamento em 2012. Os dados basais incluíram: demografia, estágio da DRC, medicação e comorbidades. A taxa de filtração glomerular (TFGe) foi calculada pela fórmula CKD-EPI. Resultados: Metade dos 416 pacientes incluídos foram encaminhados por médicos da atenção primária; sua idade era 77 ± 7 anos; 52% eram homens; a TFGe mediana era de 32 mL /min/1,73 m2. Metade tinha diabetes (DM), 85% dislipidemia, 96% hipertensão; 26% eram fumantes atuais/ antigos; 24% tinham índice de massa corporal > 30 kg/m2. A prevalência de DCV foi de 62%, sendo maior entre pacientes nos estágios 4-5; em diabéticos, aumentou gradualmente com a progressão da DRC (estágio 3a < estágio 3b < estágio 4-5) (39%, 58%, 82%; p < 0,001). Conclusões: A coorte de idosos com DRC apresentava inicialmente maior carga de DCV. A prevalência de DCV foi maior que em outras coortes europeias com DRC. Níveis menores de TFGe foram associados a carga maior de DCV e foram mais pronunciados entre diabéticos, destacando a importância de objetivar estrategicamente a redução do risco cardiovascular nesses pacientes.

Standardized Passiflora incarnata L. Extract Reverts the Analgesia Induced by Alcohol Withdrawal in Rats.

Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae) has been traditionally used for treatment of anxiety, insomnia, drug addiction, mild infections, and pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a commercial extract of P. incarnata in the analgesia induced by alcohol withdrawal syndrome in rats. In addition, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and interleukin-10 levels were evaluated in prefrontal cortex, brainstem, and hippocampus. Male adult rats received by oral gavage: (1: water group) water for 19 days, 1 day interval and water (8 days); (2: P. incarnata group) water for 19 days, 1 day interval and P. incarnata 200 mg/kg (8 days); (3: alcohol withdrawal group) alcohol for 19 days, 1 day interval and water (8 days); and (4: P. incarnata in alcohol withdrawal) alcohol for 19 days, 1 day interval and P. incarnata 200 mg/kg (8 days). The tail-flick and hot plate tests were used as nociceptive response measures. Confirming previous study of our group, it was showed that alcohol-treated groups presented an increase in the nociceptive thresholds after alcohol withdrawal, which was reverted by P. incarnata, measured by the hot plate test. Besides, alcohol treatment increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor and interleukin-10 levels in prefrontal cortex, which was not reverted by P. incarnata. Considering these results, the P. incarnata treatment might be a potential therapy in the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Análises físico-químicas de dezesseis marcas de farinhas de trigo tipo 1 enriquecidas, comercializadas no Distrito Federal / Physico-chemical analysis of sixteen brands of flour type 1 marketed in Distrito Federal

Condimentos ou especiarias são amplamente usados no processamento de alimentos em todo o mundo devido suas propriedades organolépticas. Segundo a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, condimentos ou temperos são produtos constituídos de uma ou diversas substâncias sápidas, de origem natural, com ou sem valor nutritivo, empregado nos alimentos com o fim de modificar ou exaltar o seu sabor. Na cidade de Palmas-TO é muito comum o comércio deste tipo de alimento nas feiras espalhadas por todo o município. No entanto, se esse tipo de alimento não for cultivado, colhido, processado e principalmente, comercializado em condições higienicossanitárias satisfatórias ao ponto de reduzir a contaminação microbiológica ao máximo, podem ser causadores de DVA's (doenças veiculadas por alimentos). Sabendo que um alimento seguro é aquele que não oferece riscos à saúde do consumidor, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar microbiologicamente amostras de condimentos obtidos em feira livre da cidade de Palmas-TO. Foram coletadas amostras de alecrim, orégano, colorau, alho, pimenta do reino, coentro, cominho, açafrão, sálvia, manjericão, manjerona e cebolinha. As amostras foram analisadas quanto à contagem de bolores e leveduras, pesquisa de coliformes totais, termotolerantes e Escherichia coli e pesquisa de Estafilococos coagulase positiva. O máximo valor encontrado para coliformes totais foi de >2400 NMP. g' obtido na amostra de coentro. O coentro, colorau e manjericão estavam com quantidades de coliformes termotolerantes superiores ao permitido pela legislação (5xl02 NMP. g'), sendo que no alho e orégano foi constatada ausência destes. Uma amostra de manjerona analisada apresentou Escherichia coli. Este condimento foi também o que apresentou o maior valor para bolores e leveduras dentre todas as amostras pesquisadas. (AU)

Condiments and spices are widely used in food processing around the world due to its sensory atributes. According to the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) condiments or spices are products made of one or several tasty natural substances, with or without nutritional importance used in. food in order to change or improve taste. In the city of Palmas, in Tocantins, it is very common to find this type of food in the market. However, if such food is not grown, harvested, processed and mainly sold in hygiene conditions that allow reduce of microbial contamination, it may cause foodborne illnesses. Knowing that safe food is the one that doesn 't put consumer health at risk, this study is aimed at analyzing microbiological samples of the condiments taken in the markets of Palmas in Tocantins. Samples were collected from rosemary, oregano, paprika, garlic black pepper, coriander; cumin, saffron, salvia, basil, marjoram and chive. The samples were analyzed according to Yeast and Molds Counts, Total Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Coagulase positive Staphylococcus sp. The maximum value found for total coliforms was >2400NMPg-' obtained in a coriander samples. The coriander; paprika and basil had amounts of fecal coliform above those allowed by law (5xl (j2NMPg-' ), while there were none in garlic and oregano showed. A sample of marjoram showed Escherichia coli. This condiment was also presented the highest value for yeasts and molds of all samples. (AU)

Análises físico-químicas e testes de fraudes em leite pasteurizado integral no Distrito Federal / Physicochemical analysis and fraud testing in whole pasteurized milk in the Federal District

O leite é um alimento com excepcional potencialidade para o uso na alimentação humana, pois representa uma fonte de nutrientes fundamentais para o organismo, além de fonte protéica de elevado valor biológico. Porém, para fazer parte de uma dieta saudável, é imprescindível que se apresente íntegro, ausente de qualquer substância nociva e sinais de degradação. O estudo foi realizado em dez marcas de leite pasteurizado integral, comercializados no Distrito Federal. Avaliaram-se as características físico-químicas de acidez, gordura, densidade, extrato seco total, extrato seco desengordurado, crioscopia, estabilidade ao etanol, pesquisa da atividade das enzimas fosfatase e peroxidase, além de fraudes por adição de substâncias como amido, uréia, formol, sacarose, peróxido de hidrogênio, hipocloritos e bicarbonatos. O trabalho foi analisado estatisticamente por blocos casualizados em arranjo de parcela subdividida 10x2. Os dados foram analisados pela variância entre marcas e entre lotes distintos para avaliar o efeito destes sobre a qualidade do produto, e pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade pelo programa Sanest®. Também foi realizado teste de correção simples entre as variáveis paramétricas analisadas. Os resultados demonstraram que houve variações para todos os parâmetros do leite, o que comprova a ausência de normas rigorosas para garantia da qualidade e integridade do produto destinado ao consumo.

Milk is a food with exceptional potential for use in food, as it represents a fundamental source of nutrients for the body, as well as protein source of high biological value. But to be part of a healthy diet, it is imperative to present full, absent of any harmful substance and signs of degradation. The study was conducted in ten brands of pasteurized milk, marketed in the Federal District. They are the physical and chemical characteristics of acidity, fat, density, total dry extract, dry extract defatted, crioscopia, stability to ethanol, search the activity of enzymes and peroxidase phosphatase, and fraud by the addition of substances such as starch, urea, formalin, sucrose, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorites and bicarbonates. The study was statistically analyzes by randomized blocks array of plot subdivided into 10x2, and data analysis was done by analysis of variance between brands and between different batches to assess the effect of these on the quality of the product, and by Tukey test a 5% probability by the program Sanest. It was also performed a test for simple correlation between variables parametric analyzed. The results showed that variations occur in all parameters of milk, with suggest therefore that all brands do not follow strict rules to guarantee the quality and integrity of the product intended for consumption.

Avaliação de potenciais indicadores do risco de incidência de cárie em crianças de 6 a 11 anos da cidade de Juiz de Fora, MG / Analysis of potential indicators for assessing the risk of caries in children 6 to 11 years of the city of Juiz de Fora/MG/Brazil

A saliva possui a ação protetora sobre os dentes controlando a microbiota oral, com uma composição mista como resultado da contribuição das várias glândulas bucais, apresenta íons capazes de realizar a manutenção do pH variando entre 6,4 e 6,9 . A manutenção e progressão da lesão cariosa é uma função dinâmica pode ser associada presença dos Lactobacillus, que têm poder de adesão sobre a superfície dentária e podem estabelecer a lesão inicial, gerando componentes ácidos, capazes de aumentar a acidez da saliva. Neste trabalho, 160 amostras de saliva foram coletadas de crianças de 6 a 11 anos alunos da escola Estadual Mercedes Nery Santos, localizada na cidade de Juiz de fora, MG. Foi possível perceber um aumento do fluxo salivar nas crianças dos 4, 5 e 6º anos do ensino fundamental, porém este aumento não foi estatisticamente significativo. A capacidade tampão da saliva foi maior nas amostras dos alunos dos 1,2 e 3º anos, mostrando uma baixa correlação entre fluxo salivar e capacidade tampão. As análises microbiológicas revelaram uma baixa prevalência de Lactobacillus acidophilus nestas amostras. Estes dados, associados aos valores de fluxo salivar e CTS, sugerem que as crianças participantes apresentam uma susceptibilidade moderada-baixa para o aparecimento de cárie.