Impact of mediterranean diet promotion on environmental sustainability: a longitudinal analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This article aims to estimate the differences in environmental impact (greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions, land use, energy used, acidification and potential eutrophication) after one year of promoting a Mediterranean diet (MD). METHODS: Baseline and 1-year follow-up data from 5800 participants in the PREDIMED-Plus study were used. Each participant's food intake was estimated using validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires, and the adherence to MD using the Dietary Score. The influence of diet on environmental impact was assessed through the EAT-Lancet Commission tables. The influence of diet on environmental impact was assessed through the EAT-Lancet Commission tables. The association between MD adherence and its environmental impact was calculated using adjusted multivariate linear regression models. RESULTS: After one year of intervention, the kcal/day consumed was significantly reduced (-125,1 kcal/day), adherence to a MD pattern was improved (+0,9) and the environmental impact due to the diet was significantly reduced (GHG: -361 g/CO2-eq; Acidification:-11,5 g SO2-eq; Eutrophication:-4,7 g PO4-eq; Energy use:-842,7 kJ; and Land use:-2,2 m2). Higher adherence to MD (high vs. low) was significantly associated with lower environmental impact both at baseline and one year follow-up. Meat products had the greatest environmental impact in all the factors analysed, both at baseline and at one-year follow-up, in spite of the reduction observed in their consumption. CONCLUSIONS: A program promoting a MD, after one year of intervention, significantly reduced the environmental impact in all the factors analysed. Meat products had the greatest environmental impact in all the dimensions analysed.

Health-related quality of life and mortality in the 'Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra' prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To study the association between health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and all-cause mortality in a healthy middle-aged Mediterranean cohort. METHODS: We included 15,390 participants -mean age 42.8 years at first HRQoL ascertainment, all university graduates-. HRQoL was assessed with the self-administered Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36) twice, with a 4-year gap. We used multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models to address the relation between self-reported health and Physical or Mental Component Summary (PCS-36 or MCS-36) and mortality, and their interaction with prior comorbidities or adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet). RESULTS: Over 8.7 years of median follow-up time, 266 deaths were identified. Hazard ratio (HR) for the excellent vs. poor/fair category in self-reported health was 0.30 (95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.16-0.57) in the model with repeated measurements of HRQoL. Both the PCS-36 (HRquartile4(Q4)vs.Q1 0.57 [95%CI, 0.36-0.90], ptrend < 0.001; HRper+10points: 0.64 [95%CI, 0.54-0.75]) and the MCS-36 (HRQ4vs.Q1 0.67 [95%CI, 0.46-0.97], ptrend = 0.025; HRper+10points: 0.86 [95%CI, 0.74-0.99]) were inversely associated with mortality in the model with repeated measurements of HRQoL. Previous comorbidities or adherence to the MedDiet did not modify these associations. CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported HRQoL -assessed as self-reported health, PCS-36 and MCS-36- obtained with the Spanish version of the SF-36 were inversely associated with mortality risk, regardless of the presence of previous comorbidities or adherence to the MedDiet.

Acilcarnitinas en plasma y riesgo de insuficiencia cardiaca y fibrilación auricular: el estudio Prevención con dieta mediterránea / Plasma acylcarnitines and risk of incident heart failure and atrial fibrillation: the Prevención con dieta mediterránea study

Introducción y objetivos La desregulación del metabolismo de los ácidos grasos en la mitocondria es un mecanismo involucrado en el desarrollo de insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) y fibrilación auricular (FA). Se evaluó la asociación entre la concentración plasmática de acilcarnitinas y la incidencia de IC o FA y si la dieta mediterránea (DietMed) puede atenuar la asociación entre las acilcarnitinas y el riesgo de IC o FA. Métodos Dos estudios de casos y controles anidados en el ensayo Prevención con dieta mediterránea (PREDIMED). Se incluyó a participantes con elevado riesgo cardiovascular en España: 326 casos incidentes de IC y 509 de FA se emparejaron individualmente con 1 a 3 controles. Las acilcarnitinas en plasma se midieron con espectrometría de masas en tándem con cromatografía líquida de alta resolución. Se ajustaron modelos de regresión logística condicional para estimar las OR multivariables y los IC95%. Se evaluaron interacciones multiplicativas y aditivas por el grupo de intervención, obesidad (índice de masa corporal ≥ 30) y diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Resultados Las altas concentraciones de acilcarnitinas de cadena mediana y larga se asociaron con un mayor riesgo de IC (respectivamente, ORporDE ajustada=1,28; IC95%, 1,09-1,51, y ORporDE ajustada=1,21; IC95%, 1,04-1,42). Se observó una asociación significativa entre las acilcarnitinas de cadena larga y el riesgo de FA: 1,20 (1,06-1,36). Se encontró una interacción aditiva entre las acilcarnitinas de cadena larga y la FA con la DietMed suplementada con aceite de oliva virgen extra (p de interacción=0,036) y con la obesidad (p=0,022) de forma inversa y directa respectivamente. Conclusiones En las personas con alto riesgo cardiovascular, las altas concentraciones de acilcarnitinas de cadena larga se asocian con mayor riesgo de IC y FA incidentes. Una intervención con DietMed+aceite de oliva virgen extra puede reducir el riesgo asociado con las acilcarnitinas de cadena larga (AU)

Introduction and objectives Fatty acid metabolic dysregulation in mitochondria is a common mechanism involved in the development of heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF). We evaluated the association between plasma acylcarnitine levels and the incidence of HF or AF, and whether the mediterranean diet (MedDiet) may attenuate the association between acylcarnitines and HF or AF risk. Methods Two case-control studies nested within the Prevención con dieta mediterránea (PREDIMED) trial. High cardiovascular risk participants were recruited in Spain: 326 incident HF and 509 AF cases individually matched to 1 to 3 controls. Plasma acylcarnitines were measured with high-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Conditional logistic regression models were fitted to estimate multivariable OR and 95%CI. Additive and multiplicative interactions were assessed by intervention group, obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2), and type 2 diabetes. Results Elevated levels of medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines were associated with increased HF risk (adjusted ORperDE, 1.28; 95%CI, 1.09-1.51 and adjusted ORperDE, 1.21; 95%CI, 1.04-1.42, respectively). A significant association was observed for AF risk with long-chain acylcarnitines: 1.20 (1.06-1.36). Additive interaction of the association between long-chain acylcarnitines and AF by the MediDiet supplemented with extra virgin olive oil (P for additive interaction=.036) and by obesity (P=.022) was observed in an inverse and direct manner, respectively. Conclusions Among individuals at high cardiovascular risk, elevated long-chain acylcarnitines were associated with a higher risk of incident HF and AF. An intervention with MedDiet+extra-virgin olive oil may reduce AF risk associated with long-chain acylcarnitines (AU)

Caffeinated coffee consumption and risk of atrial fibrillation in two Spanish cohorts.

AIMS: The association between caffeinated coffee consumption and atrial fibrillation remains unclear. Recent studies suggest an inverse association only between a moderate caffeinated coffee consumption and atrial fibrillation, but others have reported no association. The aim of our study was to prospectively assess the association between caffeinated coffee consumption and atrial fibrillation in two Spanish cohorts, one of adults from a general population and another of elderly participants at high cardiovascular risk. METHODS AND RESULTS: We included 18,983 and 6479 participants from the 'Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra' (SUN) and 'Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea' (PREDIMED) cohorts, respectively. Participants were classified according to their caffeinated coffee consumption in three groups: ≤3 cups/month, 1-7 cups/week, and >1 cup/day. We identified 97 atrial fibrillation cases after a median follow-up of 10.3 years (interquartile range 6.5-13.5), in the SUN cohort and 250 cases after 4.4 years median follow-up (interquartile range 2.8-5.8) in the PREDIMED study. No significant associations were observed in the SUN cohort although a J-shaped association was suggested. A significant inverse association between the intermediate category of caffeinated coffee consumption (1-7 cups/week) and atrial fibrillation was observed in PREDIMED participants with a multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio = 0.53 (95% confidence interval 0.36-0.79) when compared with participants who did not consume caffeinated coffee or did it only occasionally. No association was found for higher levels of caffeinated coffee consumption (>1 cup per day), hazard ratio = 0.79 (95% confidence interval 0.49-1.28). In the meta-analysis of both PREDIMED and SUN studies, the hazard ratio for intermediate consumption of caffeinated coffee was 0.60 (95% confidence interval 0.44-0.82) without evidence of heterogeneity. Similar findings were found for the association between caffeine intake and atrial fibrillation risk. CONCLUSION: Intermediate levels of caffeinated coffee consumption (1-7 cups/week) were associated with a reduction in atrial fibrillation risk in two prospective Mediterranean cohorts.

Leisure-time physical activity, sedentary behavior, and risk of breast cancer: Results from the SUN ('Seguimiento Universidad De Navarra') project.

Evidence is still limited on the influence of sedentary lifestyles on breast cancer (BC) risk. Also, prospective information on the combined effects of both sedentariness and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) is scarce. We aimed to assess the association of higher sedentary behavior and LTPA (separately and in combination) with the risk of BC in a middle-aged cohort of university graduates. The SUN Project is a follow-up study initiated in 1999 with recruitment permanently open. Baseline assessments included a validated questionnaire on LTPA and sedentary habits. Subsequently, participants completed biennial follow-up questionnaires. Multivariable adjusted Cox models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) for incident BC according to LTPA, TV-watching, the joint classification of both, and a combined 8-item multidimensional active lifestyle score. We included 10,812 women, with 11.8 years of median follow-up of. Among 115,802 women-years of follow-up, we confirmed 101 incident cases of BC. Women in the highest category of LTPA (>16.5 MET-h/week) showed a significantly lower risk of BC (HR = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.34-0.90) compared to women in the lowest category (≤6 MET/h-week). Women watching >2 h/d of TV sh owed a higher risk (HR = 1.67; 95% CI:1.03-2.72) than those who watched TV <1 h/d. Women in the highest category (6-8 points) of the multidimensional combined 8-item score showed a lower BC risk (HR = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.15-0.79) than those in the lowest category (<2 points) group. There was no significant supra-multiplicative interaction between TV-watching and LTPA. Both low LTPA and TV-watching >2 h/d may substantially increase BC risk, independently of each other.

Alloiococcus otitidis, ¿patógeno exclusivo del oído medio? / Alloiococcus otitidis, exclusive pathogen of the middle ear?

La bronquitis bacteriana persistente (BBP) se define como tos húmeda de más de tres semanas de evolución, aislamiento de patógeno en cultivo de una muestra de líquido broncoalveolar y desaparición de la tos con tratamiento con amoxicilina y ácido clavulánico durante al menos dos semanas. Si bien han aumentado el número de casos descritos desde su descripción en 2006, sigue siendo una enfermedad infradiagnosticada a pesar de que el diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz previenen la progresión a formas más graves, que pueden llegar a ser irreversibles. En la literatura se describen múltiples agentes etiológicos, siendo los más frecuentes Haemophilus influenzae no tipable, Streptococcus pneumoniae y Moraxella catarrhalis. No obstante, no hay ningún caso descrito de Alloiococcus otitidis como agente causal de BBP. Este microorganismo se ha aislado principalmente en patología del oído medio

Persistent bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is defined by the presence of wet cough for longer than 3 weeks, isolation of the pathogen in bronchoalveolar cultures and resolution of the cough with treatment with amoxicillin and clavulanic acid for at least two weeks. Although the number of updated cases has increased since its description in 2006, it remains an underdiagnosed disease despite the fact that early diagnosis and treatment prevents the evolution to more serious forms which can become irreversible. Multiple etiologic agents are found in the literature, the most frequent are non-typable Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis. However, there is no reported case of Alloidococcus otitidis as the causative agent of PBB. This microorganism has been isolated mainly in middle ear pathology

PREvention of recurrent arrhythmias with Mediterranean diet (PREDIMAR) study in patients with atrial fibrillation: Rationale, design and methods.

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. Catheter ablation aims to restore sinus rhythm. However, relapses occur in up to 30% of patients. A Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) enriched with extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) substantially reduced the incidence of AF in the PREDIMED trial. The PREDIMAR will test a similar intervention in secondary prevention. Methods: PREDIMAR is a multicenter, randomized, single-blind trial testing the effect of a MedDiet enriched with EVOO to reduce tachyarrhythmia relapses after AF ablation. The primary outcome is the recurrence of any sustained atrial tachyarrhythmia after ablation (excluding those occurring only during the first 3 months after ablation). The target final sample size is 720 patients (360 per group) recruited from 4 Spanish hospitals. A remote intervention, maintained for 2 years, is delivered to the active intervention group including periodic phone calls by a dietitian and free provision of EVOO. The control group will receive delayed intervention after trial completion. Routine electrocardiogram (ECG) and Holter ECG are performed, and a portable cardiac rhythm monitoring device is provided to be worn by participants during 15 months. Results: Recruitment started in March 2017. Up to July 2019, 609 patients were randomized (average inclusion rate: 5.3 patients/wk). Retention rates after 18 months are >94%. Conclusions: If our hypothesis is confirmed, the utility of the MedDiet enriched with EVOO in slowing the progression of AF will be proven, preventing recurrences and potentially reducing complications.

Mediterranean alcohol-drinking pattern, low to moderate alcohol intake and risk of atrial fibrillation in the PREDIMED study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There is ongoing controversy about the effect of a low to moderate alcohol consumption on atrial fibrillation (AF). Our aim is to assess the association between adherence to a Mediterranean alcohol drinking pattern and AF incidence. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total 6527 out of the 7447 participants in the PREDIMED trial met our inclusion criteria. A validated frequency food questionnaire was used to measure alcohol consumption. Participants were classified as non-drinkers, Mediterranean alcohol drinking pattern (MADP) (10-30 g/d in men and 5-15 g/day in women, preferably red wine consumption with low spirits consumption), low-moderate drinking (<30 g/day men y and < 15 g/day women), and heavy drinking. We performed multivariable Cox regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of incident AF according to alcohol drinking patterns. After a mean follow up of 4.4 years, 241 new incident AF cases were confirmed. Alcohol consumption was not associated to AF incidence among low-moderate drinkers (HR: 0.96; 95%CI: 0.67-1.37), adherents to MADP (HR: 1.15 95%CI: 0.75-1.75), or heavy drinkers (HR: 0.92; 95%CI: 0.53-1.58), compared with non-drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: In a high cardiovascular risk adult population, a Mediterranean alcohol consumption pattern (low to moderate red wine consumption) was not associated with an increased incidence of AF. CLINICAL TRIALS: URL: http://www.controlled-trials.com. Unique identifier: ISRCTN35739639.

Olive oil intake and risk of atrial fibrillation in the SUN cohort.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A Mediterranean-type diet enriched with extra virgin olive oil has been associated with a reduction in the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in a population at high cardiovascular risk. However, no study has replicated these findings. In our study, we analyzed the association between olive oil consumption and AF in the SUN project, a cohort with young Spanish adults at low cardiovascular risk. METHODS AND RESULTS: We included all participants without prevalent AF at baseline (18,118 participants). Incident AF cases were confirmed by a cardiologist following a prespecified protocol. We used multivariable repeated-measurement Cox models adjusted for possible confounders (sex, age, BMI, and several classic cardiovascular risk factors). After a mean follow-up of 10.1 years, 94 AF incident cases were confirmed. Comparing to the lowest category of consumption (<7.9 g/d), the multivariable models showed hazard ratios (IC 95%) of 1.52 (0.93-2.48) for low-to-moderate, 1.44 (0.83-2.47) for moderate-to-high and 1.27 (0.56-2.86) for high olive oil intake. In a subgroup analysis stratified by overweight, an inverse although non-significant association was found only among overweight participants when we compared the highest vs the lowest category of consumption (p for interaction = 0.043). CONCLUSION: No association between olive oil and AF was found in this low-risk cohort, although the effect of extra-virgin olive oil on AF prevention especially among people with overweight deserves further investigation.

Dietary inflammatory index and incidence of breast cancer in the SUN project.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer, and diet is suspected to play a role in its development. Dietary factors may mediate this process through modulation of inflammation, though findings from previous studies have not been consistent. We aimed to longitudinally assess the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII®), a frequently used method to assess the inflammatory potential of the diet, and incident BC. METHODS: We included 10,713 middle-aged, Spanish female university graduates from the SUN cohort. DII® scores were derived from a validated 136-item food-frequency questionnaire, and it was based on scientific evidence on the relationship between diet and inflammatory biomarkers. Diagnosis of BC was reported by the participant or, if deceased, by the next of kin or identified from death certificates. Self-reports of BC were confirmed by revision of medical reports by an experienced oncologist. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between quartiles of DII® and incident BC. RESULTS: After 10.3 years of median follow-up, we identified 100 confirmed and 168 probable incident BC cases. The multivariable-adjusted HR for participants in the 4th quartile to the 1st quartile was 1.44 (95% CI 0.76-2.72; p-trend: 0.339) when confirmed cases were analyzed, and 1.20 (95% CI 0.72-1.99; p-trend: 0.757) for the probable cases. We neither observed statistically significant differences in regard to menopausal status. CONCLUSIONS: The apparent increase in risk between DII® scores and BC in our cohort was not statistically significant, which could be partly explained by the small number of observed cases.

Coffee consumption and risk of hypertension in the SUN Project.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Evidence on coffee consumption and its association with the incidence of hypertension is still inconsistent. The aim of this study was to examine the association of regular or decaffeinated coffee consumption with the risk of developing hypertension in a middle-aged Mediterranean cohort. METHODS: The SUN Project is a prospective open cohort with more than 22,500 Spanish university graduates. For the present study, we analyzed data from 13,374 participants initially free of hypertension (mean follow-up 9.1 years). The consumption of regular and decaffeinated coffee was obtained at baseline using a previously validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Validated, self-reported medical diagnoses of hypertension were collected biennially. We used Cox regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for incident hypertension according to baseline coffee consumption. We assessed the interaction with sex and baseline adherence to the Mediterranean diet. RESULTS: Among 121,397 person-years of follow-up, a total of 1757 participants developed hypertension. Overall, coffee consumption -either caffeinated or decaffeinated- was not significantly associated with the risk of hypertension. Only among women, higher consumption of regular coffee was associated with a 26% lower risk of hypertension (>=2 cups/d vs. never/seldom, 95% CI 9%-39%; p for interaction: 0.0236). Women with a low baseline adherence to the Mediterranean diet showed the strongest risk reduction (HR ≥ 2 cups/d vs. never/seldom 0.58, 95% CI (0.41-0.82) p for interaction = 0.0452). CONCLUSION: In the SUN project we found an inverse association between regular coffee consumption and the risk of hypertension in women, which was strongest among women with a suboptimal food pattern (low adherence to the Mediterranean diet).

Tumoración cervical de larga evolución: schwannoma / Long evolution cervical tumor: Schwannoma

No disponible

¿La ingesta o suplementación con ácidos grasos omega-3 a partir de los 65 años influye en la función cognitiva? Resultados de una revisión sistemática / Does Omega-3 supplementation after the age of 65 influence cognitive function? Results of a systematic review

Fundamento: El porcentaje de poblacion de edad avanzada aumenta progresivamente y con ello las enfermedades asociadas a la edad como el deterioro cognitivo (DC) y la demencia. Distintos estudios sugieren que dietas ricas en acidos grasos poliinsaturados omega-3 (AGPI w-3) pueden reducir el riesgo de DC y demencia. El objetivo fue evaluar si existe evidencia sobre la relación entre la suplementacion con AGPI w-3 en pacientes ≥ 65 anos y la funcion cognitiva. Material y métodos: Se recuperaron 582 articulos relacionados con acidos grasos o AGPI w-3 y DC o demencia y se incluyeron seis estudios en esta revision. Resultados: Los estudios son heterogeneos respecto a poblacion estudiada, medicion de la exposicion y desenlace, no pudiendo realizarse una sintesis cuantitativa. Dos encontraron que la suplementacion con AGPI w-3 prevenia la enfermedad de Alzheimer y mejoraba el rendimiento cognitivo. Dos encontraron mejoria solo en la clasificacion analogica visual y fluencia verbal y otros dos no encontraron evidencia de proteccion. Conclusiones: No se encontro evidencia para sustentar o negar que la suplementacion con AGPI w-3 a partir de los 65 anos mejora el rendimiento cognitivo o previene la demencia (AU)

Background: The percentage of the older population is progressively increasing as are diseases associated with aging such as cognitive decline (CD) and dementia. Observational epidemiological studies suggest that diets rich in omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (w3-PUFA) might reduce the risk of CD and dementia. Methods: We used the PubMed data base to search for articles related to w3-PUFA and CD or dementia. Initially we identified 582 articles, after applying the eligibility criterion we included six studies in this systematic review. Results: The studies included were heterogeneous regarding population, measurement of exposure and outcome. Therefore, it was not possible to conduct a quantitative analysis. Two studies found that w3-PUFA supplementation decreased the risk of Alzheimer and improved cognitive performance. Two studies found an improvement in only one of the domains of cognitive performance (visual analogical classification and verbal fluency) and another two did not find any evidence of protection. Conclusions: We found few studies to support or refute the evidence that w3-PUFA supplementation in patients aged 65 or older improves cognitive performance or prevents dementia (AU)

[Does Omega-3 supplementation after the age of 65 influence cognitive function? Results of a systematic review]. / ¿La ingesta o suplementación con ácidos grasos omega-3 a partir de los 65 años influye en la función cognitiva? Resultados de una revisión sistemática.

BACKGROUND: The percentage of the older population is progressively increasing as are diseases associated with aging such as cognitive decline (CD) and dementia. Observational epidemiological studies suggest that diets rich in omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (w3-PUFA) might reduce the risk of CD and dementia. The main objective was to assess whether there is sufficient scientific evidence about the relationship between w3-PUFA supplementation in patients aged 65 or older and cognitive performance. METHODS: We used the Pubmed data base to search for articles related to w3-PUFA and CD or dementia. Initially we identified 582 articles, after applying the eligibility criterion we included six studies in this systematic review. RESULTS: The studies included were heterogeneous regarding population, measurement of exposure and outcome. Therefore, it was not possible to conduct a quantitative analysis. Two studies found that w3-PUFA supplementation decreased the risk of Alzheimer and improved cognitive performance. Two studies found an improvement in only one of the domains of cognitive performance (visual analogical classification and verbal fluency) and another two did not find any evidence of protection. CONCLUSIONS: We found few studies to support or refute the evidence that w3-PUFA supplementation in patients aged 65 or older improves cognitive performance or prevents dementia.

Identificación de eventos centinela en atención primaria / Identification of sentinel events in primary care

Objetivo. Identificar y describir un listado de eventos centinela (EC) en atención primaria (AP). Metodología. Consenso de expertos estructurado mediante 2 cuestionarios online. Los expertos fueron elegidos por su experiencia en AP y conocimientos en seguridad del paciente. El primer cuestionario valoró la adaptación de los EC hospitalarios del National Quality Forum 2006 al ámbito de AP a través de las respuestas: sí, no, sí con adaptación; en este último caso se permitió una nueva redacción de los mismos y además el cuestionario permitía la incorporación de nuevos EC. El segundo cuestionario incluyó los EC con respuesta positiva (sí, sí con adaptación>55%) para que los expertos eligieran entre redacción original y alternativa y los nuevos EC descritos. Resultados. De los 47 expertos convocados 44 respondieron a ambos cuestionarios. Se identificaron en total 17 EC para AP. Primer cuestionario: de 28 EC hospitalarios 12 se consideraron adaptables para AP; 11 de ellos con redacción alternativa. Treinta y ocho expertos propusieron algún EC nuevo referidos principalmente a: problemas con la medicación/vacunas, retrasos/ausencia en la atención, retraso diagnóstico y problemas con pruebas diagnósticas, resumidos en 5 EC. Segundo formulario: los expertos escogieron en más del 65% la redacción alternativa de los 11 EC adaptados a AP. Los 5 nuevos EC fueron considerados adecuados con respuesta positiva entre 70-85%. Conclusión. Se identificaron 17 EC para AP, lo que disponer de un listado de EC permitirá llevar a cabo una mejor gestión del riesgo sanitario (AU)

Objective. To identify and describe a list of sentinel events (SEs) for Primary Care (PC). Methododology. A structured experts' consensus was obtained by using two online questionnaires. The participants were selected because of their expertise in PC and patient safety. The first questionnaire assessed the suitability of the hospital SEs established in the National Quality Forum 2006 for use in PC via responses of "yes", "no", or "yes but with modification". In the latter case, a re-wording of the SE was requested. Additionally, inclusion of new SEs was also allowed. The second questionnaire included those SEs with positive responses ("yes", "yes with modification"), so that the experts could choose between the original and alternative drafts, and evaluate the newly described SEs. Results. The questionnaires were completed by 44 out of a total of the 47 experts asked to participate, and a total of 17 SEs were identified as suitable for PC. For the first questionnaire, 12 of the 28 hospital SEs were considered adaptable to PC, of which 11 were re-drafts. Thirty-seven experts proposed new SEs. These mainly concerned problems with medication and vaccines, delay, or lack of assistance, diagnostic delays, and problems with diagnostic tests, and were finally summarised in 5 SEs. In the second questionnaire, ≥65% of the experts chose the alternative wording against the original cases for the 11 SEs suitable for PC. The 5 newly included SEs were considered adequate with a positive response of 70-85%. Conclusion. Having a list of SEs available in PC will help to improve the management of health care risks (AU)

[Identification of sentinel events in primary care]. / Identificación de eventos centinela en atención primaria.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and describe a list of sentinel events (SEs) for Primary Care (PC). METHODODOLOGY: A structured experts' consensus was obtained by using two online questionnaires. The participants were selected because of their expertise in PC and patient safety. The first questionnaire assessed the suitability of the hospital SEs established in the National Quality Forum 2006 for use in PC via responses of "yes", "no", or "yes but with modification". In the latter case, a re-wording of the SE was requested. Additionally, inclusion of new SEs was also allowed. The second questionnaire included those SEs with positive responses ("yes", "yes with modification"), so that the experts could choose between the original and alternative drafts, and evaluate the newly described SEs. RESULTS: The questionnaires were completed by 44 out of a total of the 47 experts asked to participate, and a total of 17 SEs were identified as suitable for PC. For the first questionnaire, 12 of the 28 hospital SEs were considered adaptable to PC, of which 11 were re-drafts. Thirty-seven experts proposed new SEs. These mainly concerned problems with medication and vaccines, delay, or lack of assistance, diagnostic delays, and problems with diagnostic tests, and were finally summarised in 5 SEs. In the second questionnaire, ≥65% of the experts chose the alternative wording against the original cases for the 11 SEs suitable for PC. The 5 newly included SEs were considered adequate with a positive response of 70-85%. CONCLUSION: Having a list of SEs available in PC will help to improve the management of health care risks.

Association between a dietary carbohydrate index and cardiovascular disease in the SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) Project.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Beyond the quantity of carbohydrate intake, further research is needed to know the relevance of carbohydrate quality following operational indices. No previous longitudinal study has assessed the association between an index for quality of dietary carbohydrate intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Here, we examined the association between a carbohydrate quality index (CQI) and the risk of CVD. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used a validated semi-quantitative 136-item food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in a prospective follow-up study of 17,424 middle-aged adults from Spain. The CQI was defined by four criteria: dietary fiber intake, glycemic index, whole-grain/total-grain carbohydrate ratio, and solid/total carbohydrate ratio. We observed 129 incident cases of CVD during 10.1 y of median follow-up. An inverse association for CQI was found (hazard ratio = 0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.25-0.78 for the highest versus the lowest tertile, p for trend = 0.008). Participants in the highest tertile of the whole-grain/total-grain carbohydrate ratio had 47% lower risk of CVD (95% CI: 0.33-0.85, p for trend = 0.008). Participants with higher baseline CQI and higher baseline energy from carbohydrates had the lowest risk of CVD. CONCLUSION: In this Mediterranean cohort, a better quality of dietary carbohydrates measured by the CQI, showed a significant inverse association with the incidence of CVD. Specially, a higher proportion of carbohydrates from whole grains was strongly inversely associated with CVD. "Heart-healthy" diets should be focused not only on carbohydrate quantity but also on a multidimensional assessment of the type and quality of carbohydrates.

Yogurt consumption and abdominal obesity reversion in the PREDIMED study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Evidence on the association yogurt consumption and obesity is not conclusive. The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the association between yogurt consumption, reversion of abdominal obesity status and waist circumference change in elderly. METHODS AND RESULTS: 4545 individuals at high cardiovascular risk were prospectively followed. Total, whole-fat and low-fat yogurt consumption were assessed using food frequency questionnaires. Generalized estimating equations were used to analyze the association between yogurt consumption and waist circumference change (measured at baseline and yearly during the follow-up). Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs of the reversion rate of abdominal obesity for each quintile of yogurt consumption compared with the lowest quintile. After multivariable adjustment, the average yearly waist circumference change in the quintiles of whole-fat yogurt consumption was: Q1: 0.00, Q2: 0.00 (-0.23 to 0.23), Q3: -0.15 (-0.42 to 0.13), Q4: 0.10 (-0.21 to 0.42), and Q5: -0.23 (-0.46 to -0.00) cm; p for trend = 0.05. The ORs for the reversion of abdominal obesity for whole-fat yogurt consumption were Q1: 1.00, Q2: 1.40 (1.04-1.90), Q3: 1.33 (0.94-1.89), Q4: 1.21 (0.83-1.77), and Q5: 1.43 (1.06-1.93); p for trend = 0.26. CONCLUSION: Total yogurt consumption was not significantly associated with reversion of abdominal obesity status and a lower waist circumference. However, consumption of whole-fat yogurt was associated with changes in waist circumference and higher probability for reversion of abdominal obesity. Therefore, it seems that whole-fat yogurt has more beneficial effects in management of abdominal obesity in elderly population at high cardiovascular risk.