The "Planning Health in School" Programme (PHS-pro) to Improve Healthy Eating and Physical Activity: Design, Methodology, and Process Evaluation.

Few interventions have successfully promoted healthy eating and active living among children with effective changes in anthropometric health outcomes. Well-designed interventions involving multiple strategies to convert the knowledge already available into action are needed for preventing childhood obesity. In this study, an educational programme called "Planning Health in School" (PHS-pro) was designed, implemented and evaluated to contribute to the prevention of obesity in childhood. The PHS-pro aimed at improving the eating behaviours and lifestyles of Portuguese grade-6 children towards healthier nutritional status. This paper describes and evaluates the PHS-pro concerning: (i) the research design within the theoretical framework grounded on "The Transtheoretical Model" and the stages of change; (ii) the educational components and the application of the participatory methodology to engage children to meet their needs, as active participants in their change process; and (iii) the process evaluation of the intervention. The implementation of the PHS-pro took into account the views and inputs of the participants for evaluating the educational components that should be considered in the designing of interventions aiming to be effective strategies. From the health promotion perspective, this study is important because it examines new approaches and pathways to effectively prevent overweight and obesity in children.

Defining Life Skills in health promotion at school: a scoping review.

Background: Life Skills have been central to Health Promotion interventions and programmes with children and adolescents for over 40 years. School is a strategic setting for Life Skills education. Recently, policy-and decision-makers have focused on Life Skills development for youth. Research on Life Skills has gained momentum. Different terms are used to discuss and define Life Skills. Research identifies a lack of conceptual definition. The purpose of this study is to identify the definitions in the literature in English and French, and to reach a conceptual and consensual definition. Method: The Scoping Review methodology was used. Three research questions aim to identify how Life Skills are defined in the field of health promotion at school, to see whether a conceptual and consensual definition exists, and, if relevant, to propose a conceptual definition. The search was conducted in 5 databases by 3 reviewers. This study focused on full-text publications in English or French, human studies, health promotion in school, school pupils, teacher training, and with a definition of Life Skills. Publications on after-school activities, higher education outside teacher training, adult education, other than peer-reviewed scientific papers were excluded. Results: 48 publications were included in English and 7 in French. NVIVO was used to determine and compare the French and English terms used for Life Skills and their definitions. According to the three research questions, (i) the terms used to define Life Skills are diverse and numerous, with different purposes at school in relation to health promotion, and different taxonomies, and relate to different areas of research; (ii) no consensual, conceptual definition of Life Skills was found; (iii) further semantic, epistemological and ontological clarifications are required. Conclusion: Some conceptual definitions of Life Skills exist without consensus. Life Skills being at the crossroads between different fields could explain this and is illustrated by the multiplicity and diversity of the terms employed, and the various taxonomies and purposes used at school in health promotion. This may also explain why they are difficult to evaluate. Defining Life Skills consensually cannot be achieved due to the diversity of research perspectives from different fields.

The Impact of the 'Planning Health in School' Programme on a Pair of Twins with Obesity.

This case study describes the impact of the 'Planning Health in School' programme (PHS-pro) on the nutritional status and lifestyle behaviours of two twins with obesity. As part of a larger research project involving 449 adolescents in grade-6, PHS-pro aims at preventing obesity and guiding children towards healthy behaviours. Twins were evaluated for anthropometric measurements-height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and lifestyle behaviours before (baseline) and after (8 months) PHS-pro and at a follow-up (one-year later). At the baseline, both twins were obese according to the international cut-off points of Cole. After PHS-pro, improvements in anthropometric parameters were found: the boy decreased his BMI by 10% and lost 9.0 cm in WC, while remaining obese; the girl decreased her BMI by 8% and lost 8.7 cm in WC, changing to the overweight category. At the follow-up, a slight increase in the anthropometric parameters was found in both twins; however, they did not return to the baseline values. The programme successfully promoted positive changes in behaviours and improved nutritional status, showing the long-term effects of the PHS-pro. Although it is a school-based intervention to prevent obesity, the PHS-pro is helpful in weight reduction even in children already with obesity.

Promoção de estilos de vida saudáveis na primeira infância: A voz de familiares e peritos / Promotion of healthy lifestyles in early childhood: The perspectives of family members and experts / Promoción de estilos de vida saludables en la primera infancia: La voz de los familiares y los expertos

Resumo Enquadramento: é reconhecida a importância da promoção de estilos de vida saudáveis nos primeiros anos de vida. Na atualidade, a identificação de áreas prioritárias de intervenção em saúde que promovam estilos de vida saudáveis, são um desafio inadiável. Objetivo: Conhecer a perspetiva de familiares e peritos quanto às áreas prioritárias de intervenção relacionadas com a promoção de estilos de vida saudáveis na primeira infância. Metodologia: Estudo qualitativo, exploratório e descritivo, com recurso a sessões de grupos focais. Participaram no estudo sete peritos das áreas da saúde, social, educação, media e três familiares de crianças pequenas. Foram desenvolvidas entrevistas semi-estruturadas e a análise de conteúdo foi efetuada seguindo os pressupostos de Bardin. Resultados: Emergiram duas grandes áreas prioritárias, nomeadamente determinantes da alimentação e do movimento (atividade física, comportamento sedentário e sono). Conclusão: Os determinantes da alimentação e do movimento são áreas de intervenção que se revelam como prioritárias. O envolvimento dos cuidadores (ex., pais, educadores de infância) é indispensável para a promoção de estilos de vida saudáveis.

Abstract Background: The importance of promoting healthy lifestyles in the first years of life is recognized. Identifying priority areas for intervention related to the promotion of healthy lifestyles is an urgent challenge. Objective: To explore the perspectives of family members and experts on priority areas for intervention related to the promotion of healthy lifestyles in early childhood. Methodology: Qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive study, using focus group sessions. Seven experts from the health, social, education, and media areas and three family members of young children participated in the study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and Bardin's content analysis technique was used. Results: Two major priority areas emerged: determinants of diet and determinants of movement (physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep). Conclusion: The determinants of diet and movement are priority areas for intervention. The involvement of caregivers (e.g., parents, early childhood educators) is essential to promoting healthy lifestyles.

Resumen Marco contextual: Se reconoce la importancia de promover estilos de vida saludables en los primeros años de vida. Actualmente, la identificación de áreas prioritarias de intervención en la salud que promuevan estilos de vida saludables es un reto ineludible. Objetivo: Conocer la perspectiva de los familiares y de los expertos sobre las áreas prioritarias de intervención relacionadas con la promoción de estilos de vida saludables en la primera infancia. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo, mediante sesiones de grupos focales. En el estudio participaron siete expertos de los ámbitos sanitario, social, educativo, medios de comunicación y tres familias de niños pequeños. Se desarrollaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y se realizó un análisis de contenido siguiendo los supuestos de Bardin. Resultados: Se identificaron dos áreas prioritarias principales, a saber, determinantes de la dieta y del movimiento (actividad física, comportamiento sedentario y sueño). Conclusión: Los determinantes de la dieta y el movimiento son áreas prioritarias de intervención. La implicación de los cuidadores (por ejemplo, los padres, los educadores de las escuelas infantiles) es indispensable para la promoción de estilos de vida saludables.

Effectiveness of the "Planning Health in School" Programme on Children's Nutritional Status.

Effective interventions for guiding children to change behaviours are needed to tackle obesity. We evaluated the effectiveness of the 'Planning Health in School' programme (PHS-pro) on children's nutritional status. A non-randomised control group pretest-posttest trial was conducted at elementary schools of a sub-urban municipality in Porto's metropolitan area (Portugal). A total of 504 children of grade-6, aged 10-14, were assigned in two groups: children of one school as the intervention group (IG), and three schools as the control group (CG). Anthropometric measures included height, weight, waist circumference (WC), BMI and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and lifestyle behaviours (self-reported questionnaire) were assessed at baseline and after PHS-pro. IG children grew significantly taller more than CG ones (p < 0.001). WC had reduced significantly in IG (-0.4 cm) whereas in the CG had increased (+0.3 cm; p = 0.015), and WHtR of IG showed a significant reduction (p = 0.002) compared with CG. After PHS-pro, IG children consumed significantly fewer soft drinks (p = 0.043) and ate more fruit and vegetables daily than CG. Physical activity time increased significantly in IG (p = 0.022), while CG maintained the same activity level. The PHS-pro did improve anthropometric outcomes effectively leading to better nutritional status and appears to be promising in reducing overweight and obesity.

Children Learn, Children Do! Results of the "Planning Health in School", a Behavioural Change Programme.

The 'Planning Health in School' programme (PHS-pro) is a behavioural change intervention to assess and improve the eating habits of children, particularly the intake of fruit and vegetables, and to guide them towards healthy choices. The programme and its educational components are based on the Transtheoretical Model of stages of change to integrate nutritional literacy and build up problem-solving and decision-making skills. Children (n = 240, ages 10-12) of one large suburban school in Porto's metropolitan area (Portugal) were evaluated throughout PHS-pro implementation during one school year in a repeated time-series design. Children's outcome evaluations were conducted through seven 3-day food records for nine eating behaviour, documented after each learning module and through participatory activities which analysed attitudes, preferences and expectations. Changes were observed in children's eating behaviour, supported by changes in motivation as perceived in their attitudes and expectations. Significant changes were found in a higher consumption of vegetable soup (p = 0.003), milk products (p = 0.024), and fruit (p = 0.008), while the consumption of high-energy dense food (p = 0.048) and soft drinks (p = 0.042) significantly decreased. No positive effects on fried food, water, vegetables and bread consumption were found. The PHS-pro intervention proved to be effective in developing healthy eating behaviour in young people.

The ethics of shared Covid-19 risks: an epistemological framework for ethical health technology assessment of risk in vaccine supply chain infrastructures.

This article addresses the topic of shared responsibilities in supply chains, with a specific focus on the application of the Internet of Things (IoT) in e-health environments, and Industry 4.0 issues-concerning data security, privacy, reliability and management, data mining and knowledge exchange as well as health prevention. In this article, we critically review methodologies and guidelines that have been proposed to approach these ethical aspects in digital supply chain settings. The emerging framework presents new findings on how digital technologies affect vaccine shared supply chain systems. Through epistemological analysis, the article derives new insights for transparency and accountability of supply chain cyber risk from Internet of Things systems. This research devises a framework for ethical awareness, assessment, transparency and accountability of the emerging cyber risk from integrating IoT technologies on shared Covid-19 healthcare supply chain infrastructure.

Evolution during Three Ripening Stages of Évora Cheese.

The variability and heterogeneity found in Évora cheeses, Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), can affect consumers' choices. Assessing the ripening conditions and their effect can be helpful. To study the effect of ripening duration in Évora cheese PDO, sensory and chemical analyses were performed in cheese samples subjected to 30, 60, and 120 days of ripening under controlled conditions (temperature 14 to 15 °C and humidity 65 to 70%). Sensory analysis was conducted with a homogenous panel previously familiarized with the product after a short training period, and chemical analyses including pH, moisture, NaCl content, aw, and salt-in-moisture were determined. Panelists were able to distinguish the differences in the organoleptic characteristics of the three cheese stages, and chemical determinations showed significant differences between stages. Interrater agreement was higher in the sensory evaluation of cheeses with a longer maturation period. As expected, cheeses in the 120 days ripening period presented lower pH, moisture, and water activity and had higher salt-in-moisture content. This stage received the highest scores in hardness and color of the crust, intensity, pungency of the aroma, intensity of taste and piquancy, and firmness and granular characteristics of texture. Overall acceptance of cheese samples was positive, regardless of the ripening stage, which probably reflects both the homogeneity of taster profiles and the previous knowledge of this particular product. The degree of ripeness influences the physical, chemical, and sensory characteristics but does not affect the acceptance of this product by the consumer.

Mortality and Morbidity of Beef Calves in Free-Range Farms in Alentejo, Portugal-A Preliminary Study.

Extensive cow-calf beef cattle farms play a significant role in Portuguese livestock production, but records of important production variables, such as calf mortality, are scarce. To assess herd-level calf mortality and its potential economic impact, farmers from the Alentejo region were asked to fill a questionnaire regarding herd size, feeding and reproductive management practices, calf mortality (from birth to weaning), and detection of the main morbidity causes, as well as of sudden, unexplained deaths during the previous 12 months. Farmers were also requested to quantitatively assess the economic impact of calf mortality on their annual revenue. In the majority of farms, the herd size was larger than 100 animals. The median stocking rate was 0.41 adult animals/hectare, and 70% of farmers stated their farm was self-sufficient in forage. The percent of live births that resulted in weaned calves averaged 94.3%, which led to the assumption of a 5.7% calf mortality rate from birth to weaning. In the previous 12 months, 78.8% of the farms identified at least one case of calf diarrhea, 60.7% identified at least one case of respiratory disease, and 82.1% had at least one sudden, unexplained calf death. As expected, farmers that assessed a higher impact of calf losses on their annual economic revenue were also those who reported higher incidences of calf diarrhea, respiratory disease, and sudden, unexplained deaths. One-quarter of the farmers were unable to assess the economic impact of calf mortality on the farm's revenue. Herd size appears to have a predictive value on calf mortality in the first month of life, and from 30 days to weaning. The number of sudden, unexplained calf deaths seems to have a predictive value on overall calf mortality (from birth to weaning), suggesting that the farms' management practices probably play an important role in calf mortality throughout the suckling period. Further studies are needed to fully understand calf mortality in Portuguese extensive rearing systems.

Educação para a saúde nas escolas portuguesas: diretrizes dos setores da saúde e da educação / Health education in Portuguese schools: guidelines from the health and education sectors / Educación para la salud en las escuelas portuguesas: directrices para los sectores de la salud y la educación

Enquadramento: Em Portugal, todas as escolas do ensino básico e secundário são consideradas Escolas Promotoras de Saúde. Objetivos: Analisar as linhas orientadoras para a implementação de escolas promotoras de saúde, emanadas pelos setores da saúde e da educação e verificar se se coadunam com as linhas orientadoras internacionais. Metodologia: Estudo de natureza qualitativa, com recurso a análise de conteúdo dos documentos oficiais utilizando o software NVivo® 11 Pro. Resultados: Ambos os setores (saúde e educação) preocupam-se com as Medidas a adotar para proporcionar condições de organização e de cooperação; têm os Objetivos claramente delineados e coincidentes; consideram relevante as Metodologias/estratégias ativas, especialmente a metodologia por projeto; apresentam Áreas/temas de intervenção idênticas e consideram a Avaliação essencialmente quantitativa. Conclusão: Os documentos da saúde e da educação são convergentes e complementares, havendo articulação entre ambos os setores para uma eficiente implementação de escolas promotoras de saúde.

Background: In Portugal, all elementary and secondary schools are considered to be Health Promoting Schools. Objective: To analyze the guidelines for the implementation of health promoting schools, issued by the health and education sectors, and assess whether they are consistent with international guidelines. Methodology: Qualitative study, with content analysis of official documents using NVivo®11 Pro software. Results: Both sectors (health and education) care about the Measures to be taken in order to provide organizational and cooperative conditions; define the Objectives clearly, which are coincident; consider active Methodologies/strategies, particularly project methodologies; present similar Areas/themes of intervention; and consider the Assessment essentially quantitative. Conclusion: The health and education documents are convergent and complementary, with articulation between both sectors for an efficient implementation of health promoting schools.

Marco contextual: En Portugal, todas las escuelas de enseñanza primaria y secundaria se consideran escuelas promotoras de la salud. Objetivos: Analizar las líneas orientadoras para implementar escuelas promotoras de la salud, emitidas por los sectores de la salud y la educación, y verificar si están acordes con las líneas orientadoras internacionales. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo, para el cual se utilizó el análisis de contenido de documentos oficiales con el software NVivo® 11 Pro. Resultados: Ambos sectores (salud y educación) se ocupan de las Medidas por adoptar para proporcionar condiciones organizativas y de cooperación; tienen los Objetivos claramente delineados y coincidentes; consideran relevantes las Metodologías/estrategias activas, especialmente la metodología por proyecto; presentan Áreas/temas de intervención idénticos y consideran la Evaluación esencialmente cuantitativa. Conclusión: Los documentos de salud y educación son convergentes y complementarios, con articulación entre ambos sectores para una implementación eficiente de las escuelas promotoras de la salud.

Costs and benefits of a school-based health intervention in Portugal.

School-based programmes for preventing childhood obesity have been shown to be effective in improving eating habits and nutritional status, but few intervention programmes with a controlled design have included an economic evaluation. In this study, we conducted a cost-consequence analysis to evaluate the costs and the health benefits of the 'Planning Health in School' programme (PHS-pro) implemented in the Northern region of Portugal to 449 children of 10-14 years old. Previous study has showed that after PHS-pro, several anthropometric measures significantly improved in the intervention group (height, waist circumference and waist-height ratio) compared with the control group, followed by significant improvements on soft drinks, fruit and vegetables daily consumptions. Costs were estimated according the two phases of the programme: designing and preparation of schools, and school setting implementation, and included all the direct costs on human and material resources. PHS-pro total costs were estimated as 7915.53€/year with an intervention cost of 36.14€/year/child attending the programme. This is much lower than the direct costs for treating an obese adult in Portugal, which was calculated as 3849.15€/year. A scale-up costing projection for implementing the PHS-pro to a larger young population was estimated to be even lower: 18.18€/year/child. This cost-consequence analysis provided evidence that the PHS-pro was economically feasible especially if compared with the medical costs for treating adult obesity. The PHS-pro can be a beneficial investment and may give a promising contribution to addressing overweight over childhood and adolescence, which are developmental stages that determine adulthood chronic diseases.

Eating habits associated with nutritional deviation in elementary school students / Hábitos alimentares associados ao desvionutricional em estudantes de educação básica

The objective of this study was to identify and analyze the index of nutritional deviation in primary schoolchildrenfrom a city in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, to promote healthy eating. A questionnaire and anthropometricevaluation of 540 students were carried out. Body Mass Index (BMI) was measured according to the parameters of theWorld Health Organization (WHO). The results indicated that 67.9% of the students were of adequate weight and 32%had nutritional diversion: underweight (6.6%); overweight (14.4%); or obesity (10.9%). School H showed the highestpercentage of students with deviated nutritional status (43.2%): 9.2% were obese, 21.7% were overweight, and 12.3%were underweight. However, when comparing the schools by year of study, the 8th-grade classroom A of school G showedthe greatest nutritional diversion (55%). High nutritional diversion provides evidence of a health risk, since they consumelow amount of fruits and vegetables and have high consumption of foods which have high caloric values

O objetivo do estudo foi identificar e analisar o índice de desvio nutricional em estudantes de educação básica, de ummunicípio do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), na perspectiva de promoção da alimentação saudável. Realizou-se um questionárioe avaliação antropométrica de 540 estudantes. Foi identificado Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) de acordo com osparâmetros da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). Os resultados indicaram que 67,9% dos estudantes apresentarampeso adequado e 32% tem desvio nutricional, entre baixo peso (6,6%), sobrepeso (14,4%) ou obesidade (10,9%). A escolaH foi a que apresentou um maior percentual de estudantes com desvio do estado nutricional (43,2%), sendo 9,2% comobesidade, 21,7% com sobrepeso e 12,3% com baixo peso. Porém, ao comparar as turmas, foi o 8º ano A da escola G queteve maior desvio nutricional, com 55%. O elevado desvio nutricional evidenciou risco para a saúde, visto que consomembaixa quantidade de frutas e verduras e elevado consumo de alimentos de alto valor calórico

Hyperactivity and memory/learning deficits evoked by developmental exposure to nicotine and/or ethanol are mitigated by cAMP and cGMP signaling cascades activation.

Pregnant smoking women are frequently episodic drinkers. Here, we investigated whether ethanol exposure restricted to the brain growth spurt period when combined with chronic developmental exposure to nicotine aggravates memory/learning deficits and hyperactivity, and associated cAMP and cGMP signaling disruption. To further investigate the role of these signaling cascades, we verified whether vinpocetine (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) ameliorates the neurochemical and behavioral outcomes. Swiss mice had free access to nicotine (NIC, 50 µg/ml) or water to drink during gestation and until the 8th postnatal day (PN8). Ethanol (ETOH, 5 g/kg, i.p.) or saline were injected in the pups every other day from PN2 to PN8. At PN30, animals either received vinpocetine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle before being tested in the step-down passive avoidance or open field. Memory/learning was impaired in NIC, ETOH and NIC + ETOH mice, and vinpocetine mitigated ETOH- and NIC + ETOH-induced deficits. Locomotor hyperactivity identified in ETOH and NIC + ETOH mice was ameliorated by vinpocetine. While cyclic nucleotides levels in cerebral cortex and hippocampus were reduced by NIC, ETOH and NIC + ETOH, this outcome was more consistent in the latter group. As observed for behavior, vinpocetine normalized NIC + ETOH nucleotides levels. pCREB levels were also increased in response to vinpocetine, with stronger effects in the NIC + ETOH group. Exposure to both drugs of abuse worsens behavioral and neurochemical disruption. These findings and the amelioration of deleterious effects by vinpocetine support the idea that cAMP and cGMP signaling contribute to nicotine- and ethanol-induced hyperactivity and memory/learning deficits.

Generic health literacy measurement instruments for children and adolescents: a systematic review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Health literacy is an important health promotion concern and recently children and adolescents have been the focus of increased academic attention. To assess the health literacy of this population, researchers have been focussing on developing instruments to measure their health literacy. Compared to the wider availability of instruments for adults, only a few tools are known for younger age groups. The objective of this study is to systematically review the field of generic child and adolescent health literacy measurement instruments that are currently available. METHOD: A systematic literature search was undertaken in five databases (PubMed, CINAHL, PsycNET, ERIC, and FIS) on articles published between January 1990 and July 2015, addressing children and adolescents ≤18 years old. Eligible articles were analysed, data was extracted, and synthesised according to review objectives. RESULTS: Fifteen generic health literacy measurement instruments for children and adolescents were identified. All, except two, are self-administered instruments. Seven are objective measures (performance-based tests), seven are subjective measures (self-reporting), and one uses a mixed-method measurement. Most instruments applied a broad and multidimensional understanding of health literacy. The instruments were developed in eight different countries, with most tools originating in the United States (n = 6). Among the instruments, 31 different components related to health literacy were identified. Accordingly, the studies exhibit a variety of implicit or explicit conceptual and operational definitions, and most instruments have been used in schools and other educational contexts. While the youngest age group studied was 7-year-old children within a parent-child study, there is only one instrument specifically designed for primary school children and none for early years. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the reported paucity of health literacy research involving children and adolescents, an unexpected number of health literacy measurement studies in children's populations was found. Most instruments tend to measure their own specific understanding of health literacy and not all provide sufficient conceptual information. To advance health literacy instruments, a much more standardised approach is necessary including improved reporting on the development and validation processes. Further research is required to improve health literacy instruments for children and adolescents and to provide knowledge to inform effective interventions.

Health literacy in childhood and youth: a systematic review of definitions and models.

BACKGROUND: Children and young people constitute a core target group for health literacy research and practice: during childhood and youth, fundamental cognitive, physical and emotional development processes take place and health-related behaviours and skills develop. However, there is limited knowledge and academic consensus regarding the abilities and knowledge a child or young person should possess for making sound health decisions. The research presented in this review addresses this gap by providing an overview and synthesis of current understandings of health literacy in childhood and youth. Furthermore, the authors aim to understand to what extent available models capture the unique needs and characteristics of children and young people. METHOD: Six databases were systematically searched with relevant search terms in English and German. Of the n = 1492 publications identified, N = 1021 entered the abstract screening and N = 340 full-texts were screened for eligibility. A total of 30 articles, which defined or conceptualized generic health literacy for a target population of 18 years or younger, were selected for a four-step inductive content analysis. RESULTS: The systematic review of the literature identified 12 definitions and 21 models that have been specifically developed for children and young people. In the literature, health literacy in children and young people is described as comprising variable sets of key dimensions, each appearing as a cluster of related abilities, skills, commitments, and knowledge that enable a person to approach health information competently and effectively and to derive at health-promoting decisions and actions. DISCUSSION: Identified definitions and models are very heterogeneous, depicting health literacy as multidimensional, complex construct. Moreover, health literacy is conceptualized as an action competence, with a strong focus on personal attributes, while also recognising its interrelatedness with social and contextual determinants. Life phase specificities are mainly considered from a cognitive and developmental perspective, leaving children's and young people's specific needs, vulnerabilities, and social structures poorly incorporated within most models. While a critical number of definitions and models were identified for youth or secondary school students, similar findings are lacking for children under the age of ten or within a primary school context.

Práticas de educação em saúde de estudantes de enfermagem e de outros cursos de ensino superior / Health education practices of nursing students and of other higher education courses

As práticas de Educaçãoem Saúdesão influenciadas pela abordagem que cada profissional adota, uma vez que implicam um diferente relacionamento com o utente, moldando a forma como se desenvolvem. Objetivo: Caracterizar as práticas de Educaçãoem Saúde dos estudantes de três cursos de enfermagem e de outros quatro cursos de ensino superior ligados ao sector da saúde (Medicina) e ao setor da educação (Professores do Ensino Básico, Educadores de Infância e de Serviço Social). Metodologia: Estudo descritivo-correlacional e transversal, de abordagem quantitativa, onde participaram 709 estudantes (62,6% do universo), dos 1° e 4° anos, que preencheram um questionáriodesenvolvido e validado para o efeito. Resultados: Apenas 40,9% dos estudantes assinalaram terem realizado experiênciaprática durante o curso, principalmente os do 4° ano. A maior parte faz Educaçãoem SaúdeMuitas vezes (41,7%), especialmente Saúde infantil (23,1%). Estudantes com conceito Abrangente de Promoção da Saúdedesenvolvem esta atividade com maior frequência do que os de conceito Reducionista ou Misto. Os estudantes dos três cursos de enfermagem praticam educaçãoem saúdecom mais frequência e em áreas mais diversificadas do que os colegas dos outros cursos. As caraterísticas das práticas de educaçãoem saúdeparecem ser influenciadas pelas variáveis Curso, Ano e Tipo de conceito de Promoção da Saúde. Os resultados obtidos poderão contribuir para melhorar o desempenho docente e as práticas de Educaçãoem Saúde.

Practices in Health Education are influenced by the approach that each professional adopts, since they imply a different relationship with the user, shaping the way the approaches develop. Objective: To characterize the Health Education practices of students from three nursing courses and four other higher education courses related to health sector (Medicine) and education (Basic Education Teachers, Childhood Educators and Social Services). Methodology: A descriptive-correlational and cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, where 709 students participated (62.6 % of the universe), of the 1st and 4th years, who completed a questionnaire developed and validated for this purpose. Results: Only 40.9 % of students indicated they had conducted practical experience during the course, especially the 4th year students. Most of them developed Health Education Often (41.7 %), especially Child health (23.1 %). Students with Broad concept of Health Promotion developed this activity more frequently than the concept Reductionist or Mixed. Students of the three nursing courses practiced health education more often and in more diverse areas than their colleagues from other courses.

Las prácticas de educación para la salud están influenciadas por el enfoque profesional que cada uno adopta, lo que implica una relación diferente con el usuario de acuerdo a cómo se desarrollan. Objetivo: Caracterizar las prácticas de Educación para la Salud de los estudiantes en tres cursos de enfermería y cuatro cursos de la educación superior, vinculados al sector de la salud (medicina) y al sector de la educación (maestros, educadores niños y servicios sociales). Metodología: Estudio descriptivo-correlacional y transversal con un enfoque cuantitativo; involucró a 709 estudiantes del 1° y del 4° grados que diligenciaron un cuestionario, el cual fue validado. Resultados: Sólo el 40,9% de los estudiantes informa haber tenido experiencia práctica durante el curso, sobre todo los de 4° grado. La mayoría reporta que realizó acciones de Educación para la Salud Muchas veces (41,7%), especialmente Salud infantil (23,1%). Los estudiantes manejaban un concepto Global de la Promoción de la Salud; realizaban prácticas de educación en salud con mayor frecuencia de los que tienen un concepto Reduccionista o Mixto. Los estudiantes de enfermería desarrollaron esta actividad con más frecuencia y en áreas más diversas que los de otros cursos. Las características de la práctica de la Educación para la Salud parecen estar influenciados por las variables Curso, Año y Tipo de concepto de Promoción de la Salud. Los resultados obtenidos contribuyen a mejorar el desempeño de los docentes y las prácticas de la educación para la salud.

[Radiation organizing pneumonia: report of one case]. / Neumonía en organización por radiación en el paciente con cáncer de mama: caso clínico.

We report a 64-years-old woman who underwent sparing mastectomy with adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer. One month after the end of radiotherapy, she presented with malaise, fever, fatigue, cough and migratory bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on serial radiological images. The microbiological studies of broncha alveolar lavage were negative. The patient under went a trans bronchial biopsy and the pathological diagnosis was compatible with an organizing pneumonia presumably associated with radiotherapy. Systemic steroid treatment was successful with rapid and complete resolution of clinical and radiographic manifestations.

Neumonía en organización por radiación en el paciente con cáncer de mama: Caso clínico / Radiation organizing pneumonia: Report of one case

We report a 64 years-old woman who underwent sparing mastectomy with adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer. One month after the end of radiotherapy, she presented with malaise, fever, fatigue, cough and migratory bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on serial radiological images. The microbiological studies of broncha alveolar lavage were negative. The patient under went a trans bronchial biopsy and the pathological diagnosis was compatible with an organizing pneumonia presumably associated with radiotherapy. Systemic steroid treatment was successful with rapid and complete resolution ofclinical and radiographic manifestations.