Forage accumulation and canopy structure of deferred marandu grass fertilized with nitrogen / Acúmulo de forragem e estrutura do dossel de Capim-Marandu diferido e adubado com nitrogênio

Nitrogen fertilization of deferred pastures increases the production of forage that will be used in winter, which benefits cattle farmers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the forage accumulation and canopy structure of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (marandu grass) during the deferment period in response to nitrogen fertilization. Two fertilization strategies of marandu grass were evaluated: fertilization with 200 kg N/ha divided into three applications at intervals of 30 days (two applications before and one at the beginning of the deferment period), and fertilization with a single dose of 50 kg N/ha at the beginning of the deferment period. A completely randomized design consisting of two treatments and four replicates was used. At the beginning of the deferment period, the structural characteristics of the marandu canopy did not differ between nitrogen doses. During the deferment period, the production of forage (P=0.0388), green leaf blade (P=0.0041) and green stem (P=0.0095) was higher for plants fertilized with 200 kg N/ha compared to those fertilized with 50 kg N/ha. The nitrogen doses did not influence leaf blade or stem senescence, with mean values of 1,497 and 1,432 kg dry matter/ha, respectively...(AU)

A adubação nitrogenada em pastos diferidos aumenta a produção de forragem que será utilizada na época de inverno, o que representa benefício para o pecuarista. Esse trabalho foi conduzido para avaliar o acúmulo de forragem e a estrutura dos dosséis de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (capim-marandu) durante o período de diferimento, em resposta à adubação nitrogenada. Foram avaliadas duas estratégias de adubação do capim-marandu: adubação de 200 kg/ha de N parcelada em três aplicações a cada 30 dias (duas aplicações antes e uma no início do período de diferimento) e adubação em dose única de 50 kg/ha de N no início do período de diferimento. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos e quatro repetições. No início do período de diferimento, as características estruturais do dossel de capim-marandu não variaram entre as doses de nitrogênio. Durante o período de diferimento, as produções de forragem (P=0,0388), de lâmina foliar viva (P=0,0041) e de colmo vivo (P=0,0095) foram maiores nas plantas adubadas com 200 kg/ha de N do que naquelas adubadas com 50 kg/ha de N. A senescência da lâmina foliar e do colmo não foram influenciadas pelas doses de nitrogênio, com valores médios de 1497 e 1432 kg/ha de matéria seca, respectivamente...(AU)

Forage accumulation and canopy structure of deferred marandu grass fertilized with nitrogen / Acúmulo de forragem e estrutura do dossel de Capim-Marandu diferido e adubado com nitrogênio

Nitrogen fertilization of deferred pastures increases the production of forage that will be used in winter, which benefits cattle farmers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the forage accumulation and canopy structure of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (marandu grass) during the deferment period in response to nitrogen fertilization. Two fertilization strategies of marandu grass were evaluated: fertilization with 200 kg N/ha divided into three applications at intervals of 30 days (two applications before and one at the beginning of the deferment period), and fertilization with a single dose of 50 kg N/ha at the beginning of the deferment period. A completely randomized design consisting of two treatments and four replicates was used. At the beginning of the deferment period, the structural characteristics of the marandu canopy did not differ between nitrogen doses. During the deferment period, the production of forage (P=0.0388), green leaf blade (P=0.0041) and green stem (P=0.0095) was higher for plants fertilized with 200 kg N/ha compared to those fertilized with 50 kg N/ha. The nitrogen doses did not influence leaf blade or stem senescence, with mean values of 1,497 and 1,432 kg dry matter/ha, respectively...

A adubação nitrogenada em pastos diferidos aumenta a produção de forragem que será utilizada na época de inverno, o que representa benefício para o pecuarista. Esse trabalho foi conduzido para avaliar o acúmulo de forragem e a estrutura dos dosséis de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (capim-marandu) durante o período de diferimento, em resposta à adubação nitrogenada. Foram avaliadas duas estratégias de adubação do capim-marandu: adubação de 200 kg/ha de N parcelada em três aplicações a cada 30 dias (duas aplicações antes e uma no início do período de diferimento) e adubação em dose única de 50 kg/ha de N no início do período de diferimento. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos e quatro repetições. No início do período de diferimento, as características estruturais do dossel de capim-marandu não variaram entre as doses de nitrogênio. Durante o período de diferimento, as produções de forragem (P=0,0388), de lâmina foliar viva (P=0,0041) e de colmo vivo (P=0,0095) foram maiores nas plantas adubadas com 200 kg/ha de N do que naquelas adubadas com 50 kg/ha de N. A senescência da lâmina foliar e do colmo não foram influenciadas pelas doses de nitrogênio, com valores médios de 1497 e 1432 kg/ha de matéria seca, respectivamente...

Caracterização de perfilhos em relação à planta daninha no pasto de capim-braquiária / Effects of weed plants on tiller characteristics in brachiaria pasture

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da planta daninha Solanum sisymbrifolium (joá-bravo) sobre o número e as características de perfilhos de Urochroa decumbens cv. Basilisk em pasto sob lotação contínua com bovinos. Foram avaliados dois locais do mesmo pasto, sendo um próximo, localizado a 0,5 m do caule principal da planta daninha, e outro distante, onde não havia ocorrência desta planta em 2,0 m de raio, por meio da quantificação do número, peso e morfologia dos perfilhos. O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso com três repetições. No local distante da planta daninha houve maior densidade populacional de perfilhos com desfolhação e sem o meristema apical. Os números de perfilhos basais e aéreos foram menores próximo da planta daninha. Este local também apresentou menores números de perfilhos vegetativos, reprodutivos, vivos, mortos e totais, quando comparado ao local distante da planta daninha. Os pesos de perfilhos vegetativos e reprodutivos foram maiores no local próximo do que no distante da planta daninha. Os perfilhos próximos da planta daninha apresentaram maiores comprimento do pseudocolmo e de lâmina foliar, superior número de folha viva e inferior número de folha pastejada em relação aos distantes. A ocorrência da planta S. sisymbrifolium ocasiona variabilidade espacial da vegetação no pasto de U. decumbens cv. Basilisk...(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the weed Solanum sisymbriifolium (sticky nightshade) on the number and characteristics of Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk tillers in pasture continuously stocked by cattle. Two sites of the same pasture were evaluated, one site located close (0.5 m) to the main stalk of the weed and the other located at a distance where no weed was growing within a radius of 2.0 m. The number, weight and morphology of the tillers were evaluated in a completely randomized design with three repetitions. At the site distant from the weed, a higher population density of defoliated tillers without apical meristem was observed. The number of basal and aerial tillers was smaller close to the weed plant. This site was also characterized by smaller numbers of vegetative, reproductive, live, dead and total tillers when compared to the site distant from the weed plant. The weight of vegetative and reproductive tillers was higher at the site close to the weed plant. Tillers close to the weed plant exhibited a greater length of the pseudostem and leaf blade, a larger number of live leaves, and fewer grazed leaves compared to distant tillers. The occurrence of S. sisymbriifolium results in spatial variability of vegetation in U. decumbens cv. Basilisk pasture...(AU)

Rebaixamento do capim marandu para o diferimento e seus efeitos sobre índice de área foliar e número de meristemas apicais / Defoliation of marandu grass and effects on leaf area index and number of apical meristems

Objetivou-se compreender como a estratégia de desfolhação prévia ao período de diferimento modifica a estrutura da Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (capim marandu) no início do diferimento. Três estratégias de desfolhação avaliadas foram 15/15 cm: dossel com 15 cm nos três meses antecedentes ao diferimento; 30/15 cm: dossel com 30 cm nos três meses prévios e rebaixado para 15 cm no início do diferimento; 45/15 cm: dossel com 45 cm nos três meses prévios e rebaixado para 15 cm no início do diferimento. O delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições foi utilizado. Em comparação aos dosséis com 30/15 cm e 45/15 cm, o dossel com 15/15 cm apresentou maior (P<0,0001) número de perfilho, sobretudo perfilhos com meristema apical (P=0,0004) após o corte, bem como superior massa de forragem (P=0,0071), porcentagem de lâmina foliar viva (P=0,0005), altura da planta estendida (P=0,0304), índice de horizontalidade (P=0,0110) e índice de área foliar remanescente (P<0,0001) após o corte para 15 cm. Por sua vez, os dosséis mais altos (30/15 cm e 45/15 cm) apresentaram maior peso dos perfilhos (P=0,0399), percentual de colmos vivos (P<0,0001), colmos mortos (P=0,0049) e lâminas foliares mortas (P<0,0077), e massa de serrapilheira (P=0,0028) após o corte. A manutenção do capim marandu com 15 cm por três meses antes do diferimento promove maior índice de área foliar e número de perfilhos com meristema apical no dossel forrageiro, características que podem contribuir para aumentar o crescimento da planta durante o período de diferimento...(AU)

The objective of this study was to understand how the strategy of defoliation prior to deferred grazing modifies the structure of Brachiaria brizantha cv. marandu (marandu grass) at the beginning of deferment. The following three defoliation strategies wer e evaluated: 15/15 cm canopy height of 15 cm in the three months prior to deferment; 30/15 cm canopy height of 30 cm in the preceding three months and defoliation to 15 cm at the beginning of deferment; 45/15 cm canopy height of 45 cm in the three preceding months and defoliation to 15 cm at the beginning of deferment. A complete randomized design with four replications was used. When compared to the 30/15 and 45/15 cm canopies, the 15/15 cm canopy exhibited a larger number of tillers (P<0.0001), especially tillers with apical meristem (P=0.0004), as well as a higher forage mass (P=0.0071), percentage of leaves (P=0.0005), extended plant height (P=0.0304), horizontality index (P=0.011), and remnant leaf area index (P<0.0001) after defoliation to 15 cm. On the other hand, higher canopies (30/15 cm and 45/15 cm) had a greater tiller weight (P=0.0399), percentage of live stems (P<0.0001), dead stems (P=0.0049) and dead leaves (P<0.0077), and leaf litter mass (P=0.0028) after defoliation. The maintenance of marandu grass at 15 cm for three months before deferred grazing promotes an increase in the leaf area index and in the number of tillers with apical meristem in the forage canopy. These characteristics may contribute to increase plant growth during deferred grazin..(AU)

Caracterização de perfilhos em relação à planta daninha no pasto de capim-braquiária / Effects of weed plants on tiller characteristics in brachiaria pasture

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da planta daninha Solanum sisymbrifolium (joá-bravo) sobre o número e as características de perfilhos de Urochroa decumbens cv. Basilisk em pasto sob lotação contínua com bovinos. Foram avaliados dois locais do mesmo pasto, sendo um próximo, localizado a 0,5 m do caule principal da planta daninha, e outro distante, onde não havia ocorrência desta planta em 2,0 m de raio, por meio da quantificação do número, peso e morfologia dos perfilhos. O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso com três repetições. No local distante da planta daninha houve maior densidade populacional de perfilhos com desfolhação e sem o meristema apical. Os números de perfilhos basais e aéreos foram menores próximo da planta daninha. Este local também apresentou menores números de perfilhos vegetativos, reprodutivos, vivos, mortos e totais, quando comparado ao local distante da planta daninha. Os pesos de perfilhos vegetativos e reprodutivos foram maiores no local próximo do que no distante da planta daninha. Os perfilhos próximos da planta daninha apresentaram maiores comprimento do pseudocolmo e de lâmina foliar, superior número de folha viva e inferior número de folha pastejada em relação aos distantes. A ocorrência da planta S. sisymbrifolium ocasiona variabilidade espacial da vegetação no pasto de U. decumbens cv. Basilisk...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the weed Solanum sisymbriifolium (sticky nightshade) on the number and characteristics of Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk tillers in pasture continuously stocked by cattle. Two sites of the same pasture were evaluated, one site located close (0.5 m) to the main stalk of the weed and the other located at a distance where no weed was growing within a radius of 2.0 m. The number, weight and morphology of the tillers were evaluated in a completely randomized design with three repetitions. At the site distant from the weed, a higher population density of defoliated tillers without apical meristem was observed. The number of basal and aerial tillers was smaller close to the weed plant. This site was also characterized by smaller numbers of vegetative, reproductive, live, dead and total tillers when compared to the site distant from the weed plant. The weight of vegetative and reproductive tillers was higher at the site close to the weed plant. Tillers close to the weed plant exhibited a greater length of the pseudostem and leaf blade, a larger number of live leaves, and fewer grazed leaves compared to distant tillers. The occurrence of S. sisymbriifolium results in spatial variability of vegetation in U. decumbens cv. Basilisk pasture...

Acúmulo de forragem do capim-marandu em função das fezes bovinas durante o ano / Accumulation of marandu forage over the year as a function of cattle feces

É possível que os efeitos das fezes sobre o acúmulo de forragem do pasto dependam do clima, específico em cada estação do ano. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar a dinâmica do acúmulo de forragem da Brachiaria brizantha cv. marandu durante as estações do ano e em locais próximos ou distantes das fezes depositadas pelos bovinos na pastagem. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram calculadas as seguintes variáveis-respostas: taxa de crescimento de folha (TCF), taxa de crescimento de colmo (TCC), taxa de crescimento total (TCT), taxa de senescência foliar (TSF), taxa de acúmulo de folha (TAF), taxa de acúmulo total (TAT) e utilização do pasto (UP). As fezes bovinas influenciaram a TCF, a TCT, a TAF e a TAT, com maiores valores (P<0,05) nas plantas próximas (64, 78, 54 e 68 kg/ha/dia de MS, respectivamente) em relação às distantes das fezes (51, 69, 41 e 58 kg/ha/dia de MS, respectivamente). Com exceção da TSF, que foi maior (P<0,05) no inverno (20 kg/ha/dia de MS), todas as demais características tiveram maiores valores no verão. A UP foi inferior (P<0,05) no inverno (11,9%), em comparação às demais estações do ano (88,7; 93,6 e 85,1% na primavera, verão e outono, respectivamente). Independentemente da estação do ano, a deposição de fezes bovinas no pasto de Brachiaria brizantha cv. marandu aumenta o crescimento da planta forrageira. O clima apresenta maior influência em relação à presença das fezes sobre o acúmulo de forragem do capim marandu...

It is possible that the effects of feces on pasture forage accumulation depend on the climate, which is specific in each season of the year. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of Brachiaria brizantha cv. marandu forage accumulation during the seasons of the year and at sites close to or distant from feces deposited by grazing cattle. A randomized block design with four replicates was used. The following response variables were calculated: leaf growth rate (LGR), stem growth rate (SGR), total growth rate (TGR), leaf senescence rate (LSR), leaf accumulation rate (LAR), total accumulation rate (TAR), and forage utilization. Cattle feces influenced LGR, TGR, LAR and TAR, with higher rates (P<0.05) being observed in plants close to feces (64, 78, 54 and 68 kg DM/ha/day, respectively) compared to those distant from feces (51, 69, 41 and 58 kg DM/ha/day, respectively). Except for LSR which was higher (P<0.05) in winter (20 kg DM/ha/day), all other variables showed higher values in summer. Forage utilization was lower (P<0.05) in winter (11.9%) compared to the other seasons of the year (88.7, 93.6 and 85.1% in spring, summer and autumn, respectively). The deposition of cattle feces on Brachiaria brizantha cv. marandu pasture increases forage growth, irrespective of the season of the year. The climate exerts greater influence on marandu forage accumulation than the presence of cattle feces...

Rebaixamento do capim marandu para o diferimento e seus efeitos sobre índice de área foliar e número de meristemas apicais / Defoliation of marandu grass and effects on leaf area index and number of apical meristems

Objetivou-se compreender como a estratégia de desfolhação prévia ao período de diferimento modifica a estrutura da Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (capim marandu) no início do diferimento. Três estratégias de desfolhação avaliadas foram 15/15 cm: dossel com 15 cm nos três meses antecedentes ao diferimento; 30/15 cm: dossel com 30 cm nos três meses prévios e rebaixado para 15 cm no início do diferimento; 45/15 cm: dossel com 45 cm nos três meses prévios e rebaixado para 15 cm no início do diferimento. O delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições foi utilizado. Em comparação aos dosséis com 30/15 cm e 45/15 cm, o dossel com 15/15 cm apresentou maior (P<0,0001) número de perfilho, sobretudo perfilhos com meristema apical (P=0,0004) após o corte, bem como superior massa de forragem (P=0,0071), porcentagem de lâmina foliar viva (P=0,0005), altura da planta estendida (P=0,0304), índice de horizontalidade (P=0,0110) e índice de área foliar remanescente (P<0,0001) após o corte para 15 cm. Por sua vez, os dosséis mais altos (30/15 cm e 45/15 cm) apresentaram maior peso dos perfilhos (P=0,0399), percentual de colmos vivos (P<0,0001), colmos mortos (P=0,0049) e lâminas foliares mortas (P<0,0077), e massa de serrapilheira (P=0,0028) após o corte. A manutenção do capim marandu com 15 cm por três meses antes do diferimento promove maior índice de área foliar e número de perfilhos com meristema apical no dossel forrageiro, características que podem contribuir para aumentar o crescimento da planta durante o período de diferimento...

The objective of this study was to understand how the strategy of defoliation prior to deferred grazing modifies the structure of Brachiaria brizantha cv. marandu (marandu grass) at the beginning of deferment. The following three defoliation strategies wer e evaluated: 15/15 cm – canopy height of 15 cm in the three months prior to deferment; 30/15 cm – canopy height of 30 cm in the preceding three months and defoliation to 15 cm at the beginning of deferment; 45/15 cm – canopy height of 45 cm in the three preceding months and defoliation to 15 cm at the beginning of deferment. A complete randomized design with four replications was used. When compared to the 30/15 and 45/15 cm canopies, the 15/15 cm canopy exhibited a larger number of tillers (P<0.0001), especially tillers with apical meristem (P=0.0004), as well as a higher forage mass (P=0.0071), percentage of leaves (P=0.0005), extended plant height (P=0.0304), horizontality index (P=0.011), and remnant leaf area index (P<0.0001) after defoliation to 15 cm. On the other hand, higher canopies (30/15 cm and 45/15 cm) had a greater tiller weight (P=0.0399), percentage of live stems (P<0.0001), dead stems (P=0.0049) and dead leaves (P<0.0077), and leaf litter mass (P=0.0028) after defoliation. The maintenance of marandu grass at 15 cm for three months before deferred grazing promotes an increase in the leaf area index and in the number of tillers with apical meristem in the forage canopy. These characteristics may contribute to increase plant growth during deferred grazin..

Effects of potassium oxalate on knoop hardness of etch-and-rinse adhesives.

The objective of this study was to determine whether the hardness of etch-and-rinse adhesives may be affected by the pretreatment of acid-etched dentin with potassium oxalate desensitizer. Unerupted human third molars were cut into crown segments by removing the occlusal enamel and roots. The pulp chamber of these crown segments was connected to a syringe barrel filled with phosphate-buffered saline so that the moisture of dentin was maintained during the bonding procedures. Three etch-and-rinse adhesives-two two-step systems (Adper Single Bond 2 [SB], One-Step [OS]) and one three-step system (Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose [MP])-were applied to acid-etched dentin that had been treated (experimental groups) or not (control groups) with potassium oxalate (BisBlock). The Knoop hardness (KHN) of adhesives was taken at different sites of the outer surface of the adhesive-bonded dentin. The KHN of the three tested adhesives applied to acid-etched dentin treated with potassium oxalate was significantly lower than that exhibited by the respective controls (not treated with oxalate; p<0.05). Regardless of the adhesive, the treatment with potassium oxalate reduced the adhesives' KHN (p<0.05), with the OS system exhibiting the lowest KHN compared with the MP and SB systems.

Yellow fever vaccination in organ transplanted patients: is it safe? A multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Yellow fever (YF) may be very serious, with mortality reaching 50%. Live attenuated virus YF vaccine (YFV) is effective, but may present, although rare, life-threatening side effects and is contraindicated in immunocompromised patients. However, some transplant patients may inadvertently receive the vaccine. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to all associated doctors to the Brazilian Organ Transplantation Association through its website, calling for reports of organ transplanted patients who have been vaccinated against YF. RESULTS: Twelve doctors reported 19 cases. None had important side effects. Only one had slight reaction at the site of YFV injection. Eleven patients were male. Organs received were 14 kidneys, 3 hearts, and 2 livers. Twelve patients received organs from deceased donors. Mean age at YFV was 45.6 ± 13.6 years old (range 11-69); creatinine: 1.46 ± 0.62 mg/dL (range 0.8-3.4); post-transplant time: 65 ± 83.9 months (range 3-340); and time from YFV at the time of survey: 45 ± 51 months (range 3-241). Immunosuppression varied widely with different drug combinations: azathioprine (7 patients), cyclosporine (8), deflazacort (1), mycophenolate (10), prednisone (11), sirolimus (3), and tacrolimus (4). CONCLUSIONS: YFV showed no important side effects in this cohort of solid organ transplanted patients. However, owing to the small number of studied patients, it is not possible to extend these findings to the rest of the transplanted population, assuring safety. Therefore, these data are not strong enough to safely recommend YFV in organ transplanted recipients, as severe, even life-threatening side effects may occur.

Utilização do óleo de alho e da amoxilina, metronidazol e omeprazol no controle de Helicobacter spp. em cães / Use of garlic oil and amoxicillin, metronidazole, and omeprazol in the control of Helicobacter spp. in dogs

Avaliaram-se a eficácia do óleo de alho e da terapia tripla (amoxicilina, metronidazol e omeprazol) no tratamento de 21 cães infectados por Helicobacter spp., que apresentavam alterações histológicas nas biopsias endoscópicas da mucosa gástrica e reação positiva ao teste de urease. Os animais foram distribuídos, aleatoriamente, em três grupos de sete cães, os quais receberam os seguintes tratamentos: grupo 1 - cápsulas vazias; grupo 2 - 500mg de óleo de alho em cápsulas, diariamente, por um período de 30 dias; grupo 3 - amoxicilina, metronidazol e omeprazol, respectivamente, nas doses de 20mg/kg a cada 12 horas, 25mg/kg e 20mg/kg a cada 24 horas, durante 15 dias. Ao final dos tratamentos, os cães foram submetidos à endoscopia com realização de biopsias da mucosa gástrica. O tratamento com amoxicilina, metronidazol e omeprazol resultou em erradicação de Helicobacter spp. tanto na região fúndica quanto na pilórica. No grupo 2, houve redução da degeneração glandular na região fúndica em dois animais e em outros dois na pilórica. O tratamento com óleo de alho não foi eficaz em erradicar Helicobacter spp., apenas reduziu a sua colonização em quatro dos animais tratados.

The efficacy of garlic oil and triple therapy (amoxicillin, metronidazole, and omeprazol) were evaluated in the treatment of 21 dogs infected by Helicobacter spp., which presented histological alterations of the gastric mucosa according to endoscopic biopsies and positive reaction to urease test. The animals were randomly distributed into three groups of seven dogs each, and received the following treatment, group 1 - empty capsules; group 2 - 500mg of garlic oil capsules daily for a period of 30 days; and group 3 - amoxicillin, metronidazole, and omeprazol, in doses of 20mg/kg every 12 hours, 25mg/kg and 20mg/kg every 24 hours, respectively, for 15 days. By the end of the treatment, the dogs were subjected to new endoscopic procedure with gastric mucosa biopsies. Treatment with amoxicillin, metronidazole, and omeprazol resulted in eradication of Helicobacter spp. both in fundic and pyloric regions. The garlic oil treatment reduced glandular degeneration in the fundic region in two animals and in the pylorus region in two other animals, and it was inefficient in eradicating Helicobacter spp. in dogs as it only reduced the colonization in some of the treated animals.

Utilização do óleo de alho e da amoxilina, metronidazol e omeprazol no controle de Helicobacter spp. em cães / Use of garlic oil and amoxicillin, metronidazole, and omeprazol in the control of Helicobacter spp. in dogs

Avaliaram-se a eficácia do óleo de alho e da terapia tripla (amoxicilina, metronidazol e omeprazol) no tratamento de 21 cães infectados por Helicobacter spp., que apresentavam alterações histológicas nas biopsias endoscópicas da mucosa gástrica e reação positiva ao teste de urease. Os animais foram distribuídos, aleatoriamente, em três grupos de sete cães, os quais receberam os seguintes tratamentos: grupo 1 - cápsulas vazias; grupo 2 - 500mg de óleo de alho em cápsulas, diariamente, por um período de 30 dias; grupo 3 - amoxicilina, metronidazol e omeprazol, respectivamente, nas doses de 20mg/kg a cada 12 horas, 25mg/kg e 20mg/kg a cada 24 horas, durante 15 dias. Ao final dos tratamentos, os cães foram submetidos à endoscopia com realização de biopsias da mucosa gástrica. O tratamento com amoxicilina, metronidazol e omeprazol resultou em erradicação de Helicobacter spp. tanto na região fúndica quanto na pilórica. No grupo 2, houve redução da degeneração glandular na região fúndica em dois animais e em outros dois na pilórica. O tratamento com óleo de alho não foi eficaz em erradicar Helicobacter spp., apenas reduziu a sua colonização em quatro dos animais tratados.(AU)

The efficacy of garlic oil and triple therapy (amoxicillin, metronidazole, and omeprazol) were evaluated in the treatment of 21 dogs infected by Helicobacter spp., which presented histological alterations of the gastric mucosa according to endoscopic biopsies and positive reaction to urease test. The animals were randomly distributed into three groups of seven dogs each, and received the following treatment, group 1 - empty capsules; group 2 - 500mg of garlic oil capsules daily for a period of 30 days; and group 3 - amoxicillin, metronidazole, and omeprazol, in doses of 20mg/kg every 12 hours, 25mg/kg and 20mg/kg every 24 hours, respectively, for 15 days. By the end of the treatment, the dogs were subjected to new endoscopic procedure with gastric mucosa biopsies. Treatment with amoxicillin, metronidazole, and omeprazol resulted in eradication of Helicobacter spp. both in fundic and pyloric regions. The garlic oil treatment reduced glandular degeneration in the fundic region in two animals and in the pylorus region in two other animals, and it was inefficient in eradicating Helicobacter spp. in dogs as it only reduced the colonization in some of the treated animals.(AU)

Classificação da função motora e do desempenho funcional de crianças com paralisia cerebral / Classification of motor function and functional performance in children with cerebral palsy

OBJETIVOS: Classificar crianças com paralisia cerebral (PC) utilizando sistemas de classificação de mobilidade e de função manual; comparar os grupos de crianças com PC nos desfechos de função motora grossa e de desempenho funcional; avaliar a associação entre as classificações funcionais e os escores obtidos nos desfechos investigados. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Trinta crianças com PC foram classificadas pelos sistemas Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) e Manual Abilities Classification System (MACS) e divididas em três grupos, de acordo com a sua classificação em cada um destes sistemas em leve, moderado e grave. A função motora grossa foi documentada pelo teste Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66), e as habilidades funcionais e assistência do cuidador em autocuidado e em mobilidade, pelo teste Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI). RESULTADOS: O teste one-way ANOVA demonstrou diferenças significativas entre os grupos nos resultados do GMFM-66 e do teste PEDI. Testes de comparação post-hoc (Scheffé) revelaram que crianças com comprometimento moderado (GMFCS) apresentaram habilidades funcionais e receberam assistência do cuidador semelhantes às crianças leves. Entretanto, crianças moderadas (MACS) assemelharam-se às graves. Índices de correlação de Spearman rank demonstraram associação inversa, significativa e de magnitude forte entre as classificações funcionais e os resultados dos testes PEDI e GMFM-66. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados sugerem que as classificações funcionais MACS e GMFCS são bons indicadores da função manual e da mobilidade de crianças com PC, podendo ser úteis nos processos de avaliação e planejamento de intervenção.

OBJECTIVE: To classify children with cerebral palsy (CP) using classification systems for mobility and manual function; to compare groups of children with CP regarding gross motor function and functional performance outcomes; and to evaluate associations between the functional classifications and the scores obtained in the outcomes that were investigated. METHODS: Thirty children with CP were classified using the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) and the Manual Abilities Classification System (MACS), and were divided into three groups, based on their classification (mild, moderate or severe) in each of these systems. Gross motor function was documented using the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66) test, while functional abilities and the caregiver's assistance regarding self-care and mobility were documented using the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI). RESULTS: One-way ANOVA showed that the groups were significantly different regarding the GMFM-66 and PEDI results. Post-hoc comparison tests (Scheffé) revealed that the children with moderate impairment (GMFCS) had functional abilities and caregiver support that were similar to those of the mildly impaired children. However, the moderate children (MACS) were not different from the severe children. Spearman rank correlations showed strong and significant inverse associations between the functional classifications and the results from the PEDI and GMFM-66 tests. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the MACS and GMFCS functional classifications are good indicators of the manual function and mobility of children with CP. These classifications may be useful in the processes of evaluation and intervention planning.

In vivo preservation of the hybrid layer by chlorhexidine.

Host-derived proteases have been reported to degrade the collagen matrix of incompletely-resin-infiltrated dentin. This study tested the hypothesis that interfacial degradation of resin-dentin bonds may be prevented or delayed by the application of chlorhexidine (CHX), a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, to dentin after phosphoric acid-etching. Contralateral pairs of resin-bonded Class I restorations in non-carious third molars were kept under intra-oral function for 14 months. Preservation of resin-dentin bonds was assessed by microtensile bond strength tests and TEM examination. In vivo bond strength remained stable in the CHX-treated specimens, while bond strength decreased significantly in control teeth. Resin-infiltrated dentin in CHX-treated specimens exhibited normal structural integrity of the collagen network. Conversely, progressive disintegration of the fibrillar network was identified in control specimens. Auto-degradation of collagen matrices can occur in resin-infiltrated dentin, but may be prevented by the application of a synthetic protease inhibitor, such as chlorhexidine.

Chlorhexidine preserves dentin bond in vitro.

Loss of hybrid layer integrity compromises resin-dentin bond stability. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may be partially responsible for hybrid layer degradation. Since chlorhexidine inhibits MMPs, we hypothesized that chlorhexidine would decelerate the loss of resin-dentin bonds. Class I preparations in extracted third molars were sectioned into two halves. One half was customarily restored (etch-and-rinse adhesive/resin composite), and the other was treated with 2% chlorhexidine after being acid-etched before restoration. Specimens were stored in artificial saliva with/without protease inhibitors. Microtensile bond strengths and failure mode distribution under SEM were analyzed immediately after specimens' preparation and 6 months later. With chlorhexidine, significantly better preservation of bond strength was observed after 6 months; protease inhibitors in the storage medium had no effect. Failure analysis showed significantly less failure in the hybrid layer with chlorhexidine, compared with controls after 6 months. In conclusion, this in vitro study suggests that chlorhexidine might be useful for the preservation of dentin bond strength.

A laparoscopic approach to allograft nephrectomy and bilateral native nephrectomy: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic surgery is rapidly emerging as the standard of care for a variety of urological conditions, even among patients who have undergone prior renal transplantation. We describe the technique of bilateral native nephrectomy and allograft nephrectomy by laparoscopy. CASE REPORT: A 32-year-old man with end-stage renal disease who had undergone a cadaveric renal transplant presented with chronic graft dysfunction. He had received a living donor kidney transplant with a postoperative course complicated by persistent proteinuria and refractory hypertension. Our nephrology service indicated the need for bilateral native nephrectomy and allograft nephrectomy for better blood pressure control following a second transplant. Bilateral native nephrectomy was performed following the previous reported techniques for pure laparoscopic nephrectomy. Allograft nephrectomy started by dissection of the iliac vessels to identify the vascular anastomosis. The hilum of the transplanted kidney was accessed. The renal vessels were clipped and transected. The ureter was identified and clipped. All three kidneys were removed from the abdominal cavity through a 3-cm skin incision. RESULTS: The left nephrectomy took 25 minutes and the right nephrectomy, 40 minutes. The estimated blood loss was 300 mL and the total operative time was 210 minutes. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and was discharged on the third postoperative day. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate the feasibility of laparoscopic allograft nephrectomy and bilateral native nephrectomy in a transplant recipient.

Adhesive permeability affects coupling of resin cements that utilise self-etching primers to dentine.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of an experimental bonding technique that reduces the permeability of the adhesive layer on the coupling of resin cements to dentine. METHODS: Extracted human third molars had their mid to deep dentin surface exposed flat by transversally sectioning the crowns. Resin composite overlays were constructed and cemented to the surfaces using either Panavia F (Kuraray) or Bistite II DC (Tokuyama) resin cements mediated by their respective one-step or two-step self-etch adhesives. Experimental groups were prepared in the same way, except that the additional layer of a low-viscosity bonding resin (LVBR, Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus, 3M ESPE) was placed on the bonded dentine surface before luting the overlays with the respective resin cements. The bonded assemblies were stored for 24 h in water at 37 degrees C and subsequently prepared for microtensile bond strength testing. Beams of approximately 0.8 mm(2) were tested in tension at 0.5 mm/min in a universal tester. Fractured surfaces were examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additional specimens were prepared and examined with TEM using a silver nitrate-staining technique. RESULTS: Two-way ANOVA showed significant interactions between materials and bonding protocols (p<0.05). When bonded according to manufacturer's directions, Panavia F produced bond strengths that were significantly lower than Bistite II DC (p<0.05). The placement of an additional layer of a LVBR improved significantly the bond strengths of Panavia F (p<0.05), but not of Bistite II DC (p>0.05). SEM observation of the fractured surfaces in Panavia F showed rosette-like features that were exclusive for specimens bonded according to manufacturer's directions. Such features corresponded well with the ultrastructure of the interfaces that showed more nanoleakage associated with the more permeable adhesive interface. The application of the additional layer of the LVBR reduced the amount of silver impregnation for both adhesives suggesting that reduced permeability of the adhesives resulted in improved coupling of the resin cements to dentin. CONCLUSIONS: Placement of an intermediate layer of a LVBR between the bonded dentine surface and the resin cements resulted in improved coupling of Panavia F to dentine.

Effects of HEMA/solvent combinations on bond strength to dentin.

Re-expansion of dried demineralized dentin is required to optimize resin adhesion. This study tested the hypothesis that bond strengths to dentin depend upon the ability of experimental HEMA(2-hydroxy-ethyl-methacrylate)/solvent primers to re-expand the matrix. Dentin surfaces were acid-etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 20 sec, air-dried for 30 sec, primed with either 35/65% (v/v) HEMA/water, HEMA/methanol, HEMA/ethanol, or HEMA/propanol for 60 sec, and bonded with 4-META-TBBO(4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride-tri-n-butyl borane) adhesive. After storage in water for 1 day at 37 degrees C, the samples were prepared for microtensile bond strength testing. We used transmission electron microscopy to measure the width of interfibrillar spaces in the hybrid layers. The HEMA/ethanol primer and the HEMA/propanol primer produced the highest and the lowest bond strengths, respectively (p < 0.05). Bond strengths were directly correlated with the width of the interfibrillar spaces (p < 0.05). Bond strengths are related to the ability of the primer to maintain the re-expansion of collapsed demineralized dentin matrix.

Degradation of resin-dentin bonds using NaOCl storage.

OBJECTIVE: Several recent studies have reported collagen hydrolysis within bonds over the long-term. This may be one reason for the degradation of the bonds. This study therefore aimed to determine the effects of NaOCl on adhesive system bonds (total-etch bonding system vs. self-etching primer system) to dentin in order to accelerate the durability testing. METHODS: Resin-dentin bonded specimens were produced using Liner Bond 2V (Kuraray), a self-etching primer system, and OptiBond SOLO (Kerr), a total-etch bonding system, according to the manufacturers' instructions. The bonded specimens were serially sectioned in both x and y directions across the adhesive interface to obtain beams (adhesive area: 0.9 mm(2)). The specimens were immersed in 10% NaOCl solution for 1-5h after being stored in water at 37 degrees C for 24h. Control specimens were tested without exposure to NaOCl. After storage, micro-tensile bond tests were performed. Results were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Fisher's PLSD tests (p<0.05). All fractured surfaces were observed by SEM, and examined using an image analyzer. RESULTS: The bond strengths decreased with increasing storage time in NaOCl. Fractography showed that NaOCl had a greater effect on the bond structure of OptiBond SOLO than on that of Liner Bond 2V, although both adhesives were susceptible. SIGNIFICANCE: Deterioration of the bonds was responsible for the effect of NaOCl on the hybrid layer. This deterioration may occur in humans in cases of deproteinization within the bonds.

Effect of storage time on microtensile strength of polyacid-modified resin composites.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the cohesive microtensile strength of four polyacid-modified resin composites (PAMRC: Dyract, Dyract AP, Freedom and F2000) after 24h and 6 months of storage in water using the microtensile technique. METHODS: Blocks measuring 1.5 cm x 1.5 cm x 1.0 cm were constructed incrementally for each material using a silicone matrix. The blocks were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 h and were then serially sectioned in both x and y directions to obtain several beams measuring 1.0 cm x 1.0 mm x 1.0 mm. Each beam was gently trimmed from two sides with ultra-fine diamond burs to reduce the cross-sectional area to a 'neck' of approximately 0.4mm(2) located in the middle of their length. The beams (18-22 per material) were randomly divided and tested in tension either after 24 h or after 6 months of storage in water at 37 degrees C in a Vitrodyne testing machine at 0.6 mm/min. RESULTS: Mean microtensile strengths (MPa) at 24 h were: 48.7+/-13.8 for Dyract AP; 36.5+/-14.1 for Dyract; 38.2+/-14.5 for Freedom and 48.6+/-7.2 for F2000. There was no statistically significant difference among the materials (p>0.05). At 6 months, only Dyract AP showed significant increase in microtensile strength (p<0.05) while the other materials showed no differences in microtensile strength with time (p>0.05). SIGNIFICANCE: The results indicate that storage in water for 6 months caused no reduction of the microtensile strength of PAMRC materials.