Mapeamento comparativo de nervos periféricos em caninos e bovinos / Comparative mapping of peripheral nerves in dogs and cattle

O estudo dos dados anatômicos é fundamental para possibilitar ao médico veterinário o reconhecimento de pequenas estruturas, como os nervos nos animais, oferecendo subsídio para construção do conhecimento do profissional principalmente em técnicas anestésicas e cirúrgicas. Para investigar e mapear os nervos do plexo braquial (nervo radial, nervo musculocutâneo, nervo ulnar, nervo mediano), nervo isquiático, nervo tibial, nervo femoral e os nervos para bloqueio paravertebral, foram utilizados um cadáver canino adulto, de peso aproximado de 8kg, e um cadáver de bezerro Holandês, de peso aproximado de 40kg. O mapeamento dos nervos é de grande importância, já que conhecer bem essas estruturas permite ao veterinário um bom desenvolvimento de suas atividades profissionais a fim de exercer funções mais complexas durante a anestesia e cirurgia veterinária, uma vez que, identificados os pontos de referência anatômicos, é possível trabalhar com mais clareza nas técnicas de bloqueios dos nervos periféricos.(AU)

Knowledge of animal anatomy is essential for the veterinarian to identify small structures such as nerves, thus providing a solid background for the professional especially for surgical and anesthetic techniques. To investigate and map the nerves of the brachial plexus (radial, musculocutaneous, ulnar, median), sciatic, tibial, femoral and the nerves for paravertebral blocking in bovine, embalmed specimens were used. One adult male dog weighing approximately 8kg and one 40kg male calf were used. Nerve mapping is fundamental due to its interdisciplinary nature, thus providing the veterinarian with a major improvement in his/her professional activities which permits allows one to perform complex tasks in anesthesia and veterinary surgery. Knowledge ofanatomical reference points increases clarity and precision in techniques involving peripheral nerve blocks.(AU)

Mapeamento comparativo de nervos periféricos em caninos e bovinos / Comparative mapping of peripheral nerves in dogs and cattle

O estudo dos dados anatômicos é fundamental para possibilitar ao médico veterinário o reconhecimento de pequenas estruturas, como os nervos nos animais, oferecendo subsídio para construção do conhecimento do profissional principalmente em técnicas anestésicas e cirúrgicas. Para investigar e mapear os nervos do plexo braquial (nervo radial, nervo musculocutâneo, nervo ulnar, nervo mediano), nervo isquiático, nervo tibial, nervo femoral e os nervos para bloqueio paravertebral, foram utilizados um cadáver canino adulto, de peso aproximado de 8kg, e um cadáver de bezerro Holandês, de peso aproximado de 40kg. O mapeamento dos nervos é de grande importância, já que conhecer bem essas estruturas permite ao veterinário um bom desenvolvimento de suas atividades profissionais a fim de exercer funções mais complexas durante a anestesia e cirurgia veterinária, uma vez que, identificados os pontos de referência anatômicos, é possível trabalhar com mais clareza nas técnicas de bloqueios dos nervos periféricos.(AU)

Knowledge of animal anatomy is essential for the veterinarian to identify small structures such as nerves, thus providing a solid background for the professional especially for surgical and anesthetic techniques. To investigate and map the nerves of the brachial plexus (radial, musculocutaneous, ulnar, median), sciatic, tibial, femoral and the nerves for paravertebral blocking in bovine, embalmed specimens were used. One adult male dog weighing approximately 8kg and one 40kg male calf were used. Nerve mapping is fundamental due to its interdisciplinary nature, thus providing the veterinarian with a major improvement in his/her professional activities which permits allows one to perform complex tasks in anesthesia and veterinary surgery. Knowledge ofanatomical reference points increases clarity and precision in techniques involving peripheral nerve blocks.(AU)

Eosinophils and mast cells in the oviduct of heifers under natural and superovulated estrous cycles

Quantification of mucosal eosinophils and mast cells in the oviducts from 22 crossbred heifers was performed in both natural (estrus, metaestrus and diestrus) and superovulated (estrus and metaestrus) estrous cycles. The number of cells/square millimeter of mucosa was obtained through counts at different regions of the oviduct (infundibulum, ampulla, ampullary/isthmic transition and isthmus). Differences were not found (P > 0.05) among numbers of cells at the different phases of the natural estrous cycle nor between natural or superovulated cycles. When all animals were separated into two phases of the estrous cycle (estrus and metaestrus), the number of eosinophils at the ampullary/isthmic transition and isthmus was higher (P < 0.01) at the estrus cycle phase, and the number at the infundibulum was higher (P < 0.001) during the metaestrus phase than at estrus. The number of mast cells was highest at the isthmus regardless of the estrus phase, and highest at the infundibulum (P < 0.001) and ampulla (P < 0.05) during the metaestrus phase. Significant correlations were found between the number of mast cells and plasma progesterone levels at the infundibulum (P < 0.001; r = 0.69) and ampulla (P < 0.03; r = 0.51). No correlation was seen between numbers of eosinophils and mast cells, progesterone and 17β-estradiol concentrations. Therefore, the distribution of mucosal eosinophils in the oviduct of heifers is apparently not related to the circulating levels of 17β-estradiol and progesterone; however, the highest number of mast cells found at the metaestrus phase of the cycle, at least for the infundibulum and ampulla, appears to be related to the high circulating progesterone plasma levels in metaestrus phase compared to estrus phase. No differences were found between animals subjected or not to superovulation.(AU)

Eosinophils and mast cells in the oviduct of heifers under natural and superovulated estrous cycles

Quantification of mucosal eosinophils and mast cells in the oviducts from 22 crossbred heifers was performed in both natural (estrus, metaestrus and diestrus) and superovulated (estrus and metaestrus) estrous cycles. The number of cells/square millimeter of mucosa was obtained through counts at different regions of the oviduct (infundibulum, ampulla, ampullary/isthmic transition and isthmus). Differences were not found (P > 0.05) among numbers of cells at the different phases of the natural estrous cycle nor between natural or superovulated cycles. When all animals were separated into two phases of the estrous cycle (estrus and metaestrus), the number of eosinophils at the ampullary/isthmic transition and isthmus was higher (P < 0.01) at the estrus cycle phase, and the number at the infundibulum was higher (P < 0.001) during the metaestrus phase than at estrus. The number of mast cells was highest at the isthmus regardless of the estrus phase, and highest at the infundibulum (P < 0.001) and ampulla (P < 0.05) during the metaestrus phase. Significant correlations were found between the number of mast cells and plasma progesterone levels at the infundibulum (P < 0.001; r = 0.69) and ampulla (P < 0.03; r = 0.51). No correlation was seen between numbers of eosinophils and mast cells, progesterone and 17β-estradiol concentrations. Therefore, the distribution of mucosal eosinophils in the oviduct of heifers is apparently not related to the circulating levels of 17β-estradiol and progesterone; however, the highest number of mast cells found at the metaestrus phase of the cycle, at least for the infundibulum and ampulla, appears to be related to the high circulating progesterone plasma levels in metaestrus phase compared to estrus phase. No differences were found between animals subjected or not to superovulation.

Análise histológica e histoquímica de cistos intra-epiteliais de tubas uterinas de novilhas mestiças / Histological and histochemical analysis of intraepithelial cysts of the uterine tubes of crossbred heifers

Tubas uterinas de 21 novilhas mestiças Bos taurus taurus Bos taurus indicus, em diferentes fases do ciclo estral natural (estro, metaestro e diestro) ou induzido pelo tratamento superovulatório (estro e metaestro superovulados), foram avaliadas quanto à presença de cistos intra-epiteliais e à caracterização histoquímica de seu conteúdo. Verificou-se a ocorrência de cistos intra-epiteliais nas tubas uterinas em todos os animais, mais freqüentes nas regiões do infundíbulo e ampola. Eles ocorreram nos lados direito e esquerdo, ipsi- e contralateral ao ovário ativo (folículo pré-ovulatório ou corpo lúteo), nas fases estrogênica e progesterônica do ciclo. No conteúdo cístico, houve predominância de mucinas neutras e ácidas carboxiladas, sendo as mucinas sulfatadas presentes em menor intensidade, e não se observou glicogênio. Os resultados sustentam a hipótese de que esses cistos formam-se pela fusão de luminações intracitoplasmáticas e/ou vacúolos ciliados do epitélio tubário.

Análise histológica e histoquímica de cistos intra-epiteliais de tubas uterinas de novilhas mestiças / Histological and histochemical analysis of intraepithelial cysts of the uterine tubes of crossbred heifers

Tubas uterinas de 21 novilhas mestiças Bos taurus taurus x Bos taurus indicus, em diferentes fases do ciclo estral natural (estro, metaestro e diestro) ou induzido pelo tratamento superovulatório (estro e metaestro superovulados), foram avaliadas quanto à presença de cistos intra-epiteliais e à caracterização histoquímica de seu conteúdo. Verificou-se a ocorrência de cistos intra-epiteliais nas tubas uterinas em todos os animais, mais freqüentes nas regiões do infundíbulo e ampola. Eles ocorreram nos lados direito e esquerdo, ipsi- e contralateral ao ovário ativo (folículo pré-ovulatório ou corpo lúteo), nas fases estrogênica e progesterônica do ciclo. No conteúdo cístico, houve predominância de mucinas neutras e ácidas carboxiladas, sendo as mucinas sulfatadas presentes em menor intensidade, e não se observou glicogênio. Os resultados sustentam a hipótese de que esses cistos formam-se pela fusão de luminações intracitoplasmáticas e/ou vacúolos ciliados do epitélio tubário. (AU)

Uterine tubes from 21 crossbred heifers (Bos taurus taurus × Bos taurus indicus) at different phases of the natural estrus cycle (estrus, metaestrus and diestrus) or submitted to superovulation (superovulated estrus and metaestrus) were evaluated for the presence of intraepithelial cysts and for histochemical labelling of its contents. All studied animals had intraepithelial cysts mainly in the infundibular and ampullary regions. Such cysts were present regardless of the side of the uterine tube, ipsi- or contralateral to the active ovary (preovulatory follicle or corpus luteum) or of the cycle phase (estrogenic or progesteronic). Histochemical analysis revealed that neutral and acid mucins were the major substances found within the cysts. Sulphated mucins were present in low amounts and glycogen was absent. These results suggest that these cysts are probably formed by the fusion of intracytoplasmic lumina and/or ciliated vacuoles of the uterine tube epithelium.(AU)

Effect of pinealectomy, adrenalectomy, pinealectomy plus adrenalectomy upon the quantification of spermatogenic cells of adult rats

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of pinealectomy, adrenalectomy and pinealectomy-adrenalectomy upon the quantification of spermatogenic cells of rats. As such, 32 adult Wistar rats with a mean body weight of 331.7± 15.5g were assigned into one of the following treatments: (a) a sham-operated control group, consisting of nine animals; (b) ten pinealectomized animals; (c) seven adrenalectomized animals and (d) six pinealectomized plus adrenalectomized animals. No significant differences were observed between groups for the following parameters: body, testes, prostate and seminal vesicle weights, seminiferous tubular diameter, number of cells per seminiferous tubular cross sections (primary spermatocytes at pachytene, round spermatids, Sertoli cells) and numbers of germ cells per Sertoli cell (primary spermatocytes at pachytene and round spermatids ). Although no increase in testicular weight was observed following pinealectomy, a significant (P<0.05) increase of approximately 11.5 percent in the number of round spermatids per Sertoli cell (Sertoli cell ratio) occurred thus suggesting that short-term pinealectomy abolishes the antigonadal effect of the pineal gland upon adult Wistar rat testes

Effect of pinealectomy, adrenalectomy, pinealectomy plus adrenalectomy upon the quantification of spermatogenic cells of adult rats / Efeito da pinealectomia, adrenalectomia, pinealectomia mais adrenalectomia sobre a quantificação de células espermatogênicas de ratos adultos

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of pinealectomy, adrenalectomy and pinealectomy-adrenalectomy upon the quantification of spermatogenic cells of rats. As such, 32 adult Wistar rats with a mean body weight of 331.7± 15.5g were assigned into one of the following treatments: (a) a sham-operated control group, consisting of nine animals; (b) ten pinealectomized animals; (c) seven adrenalectomized animals and (d) six pinealectomized plus adrenalectomized animals. No significant differences were observed between groups for the following parameters: body, testes, prostate and seminal vesicle weights, seminiferous tubular diameter, number of cells per seminiferous tubular cross sections (primary spermatocytes at pachytene, round spermatids, Sertoli cells) and numbers of germ cells per Sertoli cell (primary spermatocytes at pachytene and round spermatids ). Although no increase in testicular weight was observed following pinealectomy, a significant (P<0.05) increase of approximately 11.5% in the number of round spermatids per Sertoli cell (Sertoli cell ratio) occurred thus suggesting that short-term pinealectomy abolishes the antigonadal effect of the pineal gland upon adult Wistar rat testes.(AU)

Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar os efeitos da pinealectomia, da adrenalectomia e da adrenalectomia mais pinealectomia na quantificação das células espermatogênicas de ratos. Assim, 32 ratos adultos Wistar com peso corporal médio de 331,7± 15,5g foram alocados em um dos seguintes tratamentos: (a) um grupo controle simulado, composto de nove animais; (b) dez animais pinealectomizados; (c) sete animais adrenalectomizados e (d) seis animais pinealectomizados+adrenalectomizados. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre grupos para os seguintes parâmetros: pesos corporal, dos testículos, da próstata e das vesículas seminais, diâmetro dos túbulos seminíferos, número de células por corte transversal de túbulo seminífero (espermatócitos primários em paquíteno, espermátides arredondadas, células de Sertoli) e números de células espermáticas por célula de Sertoli (espermatócitos primários em paquíteno e espermátides arredondadas). Apesar do peso testicular não ter aumentado após a pinealectomia, houve aumento significativo (P<0,05) de aproximadamente 11,5% no número de espermátides arredondadas por célula de Sertoli (índice de célula de Sertoli), sugerindo que após curto intervalo a pinealectomia abole o efeito anti-gonádico da pineal sobre os testículos de ratos Wistar adultos.(AU)

Plasma and testicular testosterone levels, volume density and number of Leydig cells and spermatogenic efficiency of rabbits.

Plasma and tissue testosterone concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay in 12 eight-month-old sexually mature New Zealand White rabbits and evaluated for possible associations with spermatogenic efficiency as well as with volume density and number of Leydig cells. Testicular tissue was processed histologically and histometry was performed in order to quantify germ cells, Sertoli cells and Leydig cells. Spermatogenic efficiency, reported as the ratios among germ cells (spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes and round spermatids) and by the ratio of germ cells to Sertoli cells, was not associated with testosterone levels. However, Leydig cell parameters such as number of Leydig cells per gram of testis, total number of Leydig cells per testis and percent cell volume of Leydig cell nuclei were correlated significantly with testosterone levels. The statistically significant correlation (r = 0.82, P<0.05) observed between testosterone levels and the number of Leydig cells per gram of testis suggests that, in the rabbit, the latter parameter can serve as a criterion for monitoring testosterone levels in this species under normal conditions.

Plasma and testicular testosterone levels, volume density and number of Leydig cells and spermatogenic efficiency of rabbits

Plasma and tissue testosterone concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay in 12 eight-month-old sexually mature New Zealand White rabbits and evaluated for possible associations with spermatogenic efficiency as well as with volume density and number of Leydig cells. Testicular tissue was processed histologically and histometry was performed in order to quantify germ cells, Sertoli cells and Leydig cells. Spermatogenic efficiency, reported as the ratios among germ cells (spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes and round spermatids) and by the ratio of germ cells to Sertoli cells, was not associated with testosterone levels. However, Leydig cell parameters such as number of Leydig cells per gram of testis, total number of Leydig cells per testis and percent cell volume of Leydig cell nuclei were correlated significantly with testosterone levels. The statistically significant correlation (r = 0.82, P<0.05) observed between testosterone levels and the number of Leydig cells per gram of testis suggests that, in the rabbit, the latter parameter can serve as a criterion for monitoring testosterone levels in this species under normal conditions